retortn.1
/rᵻˈtɔːt/, U.S. /rəˈtɔrt/, /riˈtɔrt/ 1. Chemistry. A (usually glass) container with a bulb and a long downward-curving neck, used in distilling liquids and in other chemical operations. Also figurative. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > still > [noun] > vessel of
alembicc1405
retort1527
bagpipe1558
cornute1605
refrigeratory1605
campane1662
cornue1672
refrigerant1678
culb1683
vesica1683
blind-head1743
ambix1781
refrigerator1798
still-tub1826
wash-cistern1853
wash-warmer1900
the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > general vessels > retorts or stills
limbeckc1350
cucurbitc1386
alembicc1405
serpentaryc1450
pelican1527
retort1527
gourd1582
cucurbittel1605
horse-belly1660
long neck1660
philosophical egg1660
infuser1688
chapel1694
rencounter1694
1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon i. iii. sig. a.iii/1 Ye must haue also croked glasses named retorte.
1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner Newe Jewell of Health iv. f. 258 The Retort then set into ashes, fixing a large receiuer to it.
1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. v. 21 Those saltes, being put into a retort,..stilleth forth a volatile salt.
1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 35 Let it be put into a Retort, and distilled in sand.
1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 164 The black Oil of Tartar by the Retort is admirable for the Cure of Scabs.
1796 E. Hamilton Lett. Hindoo Rajah (1811) II. 107 My friend had forgotten the necessary management of a retort, which, for want of his attention, burst in pieces.
1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 227 The bottom of the retort is then gently heated by means of a lamp, and the extremity of its neck introduced under an inverted cylinder filled with water.
1874 A. H. Sayce Princ. Compar. Philol. vi. 217 We must throw our words into the retort of the comparative method.
1917 S. Leacock Frenzied Fiction viii. 146 It was among the retorts and test-tubes of his physical laboratory that we were privileged to interview the Great Scientist.
1960 K. Blixen Shadows on Grass (1961) 60 I was up at great height,..a small figure in the tremendous retort of earth and air, yet one with it.
1990 H. L. Klawans Newton's Madness iii. 36 In these experiments a saltlike substance appeared in the neck of the retort.
2. Mining and Manufacturing Technology. A container (usually of metal or earthenware) in which material is heated as part of a metallurgical or industrial process, e.g. the separation of a metal from its ore, the making of steel, or the distillation of volatile products from coal, wood, shale, etc.In early use (with reference to the purification of mercury) perhaps not distinct from sense 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > [noun] > furnaces for melting or refining metals > furnaces for treating iron > for producing steel
retort1634
blister-steel furnace1831
Siemens furnace1866
society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > vessels > for producing gas
retort1634
society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > vessels > for separating mercury
retort1634
1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxvi. xxxii. 1066 Then set the Retort [L. retorta, Fr. retorte] over a Fornace, and let the distillation be made first with a gentle fire, then increased by little and little, so that the receiver may waxe a little reddish.
1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker iv. 314 in Fleta Minor i Put it [sc. quicksilver ore] into a Retort or other..Instrument.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Mercury To this Mercury, &c.; they add the Scoria of Iron, putting the whole in large Iron Retorts, and so distilling it.
1782 J. Watt Let. 13 Dec. in E. Robinson & D. McKie Partners in Sci. (1970) 118 He undersaturated some very caustic lime with an ounce of Water, and subjected it to a white heat in an earthen retort.
1805 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. June 73 The distillation was performed in iron retorts, and the gas conducted through tinned iron and copper tubes.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 805 Large retorts, styled cucurbits, of cast iron, in which the ore of mercury is subjected to distillation.
1868 F. H. Joynson Metals in Constr. 76 By introducing bars of wrought-iron along with carbon into retorts.
1938 R. Hum Chem. for Engin. Students xvi. 386 The gas leaving the retort passes up the ascension pipe to the hydraulic main.
1967 A. H. Cottrell Introd. Metall. viii. 103 Fireclay retorts..charged with zinc oxide and powdered coal or coke, are inserted into a furnace at 1200–1400°C.
2002 High Country News 4 Mar. 8/1 Shale would be mined and heated in large ovens, or retorts, to cook the keragen out.
3. A container in which canned or packaged foodstuff is sterilized by heating either directly or under pressure.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > [noun] > utensils for preserving > vessel for heat sterilization
retort1871
1871 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 20 Jan. 153/1 The tins..were put into what might be called a steam-tight retort.
1912 A. W. Bitting Canning of Foods 23 The cans are collected in large iron baskets,..and three baskets fill a retort.
1951 M. B. Jacobs Chem. & Technol. Food III. 1874 The position of the can in the retort during a still cook has been found to be significant.
2004 W. B. McCloskey Raiders i. ii. 22 Odors in the warehouse building progressed from brassy slime to heavy fish steam down by the retorts that cooked the sealed cans.
Compounds
C1.
a. General attributive, as retort cap, retort furnace, retort glass, retort house, retort process, etc.See also retort bench at bench n. 10d.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > [noun] > other furnaces
retort furnace1688
stew1688
reheating furnace1818
reheating oven1839
water oven1848
Siemens producer1866
decomposing furnace1876
reheat furnace1931
exfoliator1944
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. xi. 424/1 He beareth Sable, a Stillers Retort, or a Retort Glass, Argent.
1734 Builder's Dict. II. at Varnish Take two Quarts of Spirit of Wine, and put it into a Retort Glass.
1789 C. R. Hopson tr. J. C. Wiegleb Gen. Syst. Chem. i. iv. 75 Professor Weigel's description of a new retort-furnace is worthy of the Reader's attention.
1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. xv. 359 Retort caps are cylinders of thin brass plate.
1837 Pract. Masonry ii. viii. 141 The mouths of the retort are at one side of the benches, and the furnace doors at the other; an arrangement which certainly requires a capacious retort-house.
1881 J. Tyndall Ess. Floating Matter of Air 143 Experiments with pipette-bulbs and retort-flasks.
1924 A. J. Allmand & H. J. T. Ellingham Princ. Appl. Electrochem. (ed. 2) xvi. 308 Flotation concentrates from low-grade ore give trouble in the retort process owing to their fineness.
1973 Sunday Mail Mag. (Brisbane) 10 Dec. 11/3 The retort house, now an empty shell, is still a sound structure.
1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) iv. 88 Almost every type of apparatus suitable for the purpose has been adapted, including..retort furnaces.
2004 S. A. Barringer in J. S. Smith & Y. H. Hui Food Processing xxix. 480/2 Most tomato products undergo a retort process to ensure an adequate shelf life.
b. Similative.
retort-shaped adj.
ΚΠ
1835 Zool. Jrnl. 5 460 The generative organ is retort-shaped and hyaline.
1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 June 3/1 No restaurant nowadays is considered complete which has not its American bar, with its array of retort-shaped bottles.
2001 Wilson Bull. 113 401/2 This family [sc. Troglodytidae] whose members mostly build retort-shaped domed nests.
C2.
retort carbon n. carbon which remains as a residue in the retort when gas has been extracted from coal by heating.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbon > [noun] > remaining as a residue
retort carbon1849
1845 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 27 2 Gas-retort carbon.]
1849 Newton's London Jrnl. 34 32 He gives a body to the same [sc. copal varnish], by grinding finely-powdered retort carbon therewith.
1922 Gas Manuf., Distribution & Use (Brit. Commerc. Gas Assoc.) i. 19/2 The only other residual product left in the retort after the gas has been distilled from the coal is ‘retort carbon’.
2005 Coal Week Internat. (Nexis) 3 Oct. 12 China exported 15,812 mt of retort carbon at a value of $2.2 million.
retort cell n. Botany a kind of large, flask-shaped cortical cell found in the branches and sometimes the stems of various sphagnum mosses.
ΚΠ
1874 Monthly Microsc. Jrnl. July 12 The other branches pendulous and appressed..with all the leaves imbricated; cortical cells elongated, in two strata, the retort-cells perforated but scarcely prominent at apex.
1939 Amer. Midland Naturalist 21 284 Cortical cells of the branches of two kinds, the larger, retort-cells with a neck and a pore, in the axils of the leaves.
1985 R. E. Daniels & A. Eddy Handbk. European Sphagna 14 Where distinct retort cells are present, the remaining unmodified cortical cells are normally imperforate.
retort pouch n. a type of flexible container in which food is sterilized by heating in a retort (sense 3).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > [noun] > utensils for preserving > vessel for heat sterilization > specific pouch
retort pouch1972
1972 Food Technol. Aug. 65/1 There has been a need for a commercially sterile, flexible package in which undesirable microorganisms can be eliminated or deactivated. This has been accomplished with Continental Can Company's flexible retort pouch.
1984 Financial Times 10 Feb. 12/7 The use of polyester film is expected to more than double..because of its expanded application in frozen food packaging and retort pouches.
2008 Metro (Nexis) 28 Oct. 19 Breakfast, a main meal and snacks are squished in foil bags called retort pouches.
retort stand n. a stand to which chemical or other laboratory equipment can be fixed when in use, typically consisting of a vertical metal rod mounted on a heavy base.
ΚΠ
1825 F. Joyce Pract. Chem. Mineral. 126 Place a small portion..in a small flask set in the retort stand.
1873 Garden 8 Mar. 178/1 The funnel should be supported on an ordinary retort-stand, and placed near the flowering plants.
1960 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders Pract. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) i. 71 In addition each student will require a lightweight 14″ retort stand.
1992 New Scientist 4 July 22/2 A junior doctor must point the laparoscope so that the surgeon can operate... The doctor, in Finlay's words, is an ‘expensive form of retort stand’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
retortn.2
/rᵻˈtɔːt/, U.S. /rəˈtɔrt/, /riˈtɔrt/ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > proportion of notes or rhythm > [noun] > types of proportion
prolationa1393
imperfection1561
time?1596
induction1597
retort1597
divisive1952
1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke i. 27 The first must serue you in your first singing till you come to this signe :||: where you must begin againe and sing by the retort in halfe tyme.
1614 T. Ravenscroft Briefe Disc. Musicke 13 The Externall Signes..are the Characters of the Degrees, for the Diminishing of the White and Blacke Notes, by Dash and Retort, in the Great and Lesse Motion of the Tact. The Great Diminution and the Externall Signe to signifie it in White, is by a retort of the Semi-Circle with the Character of Prolation thus.
1614 T. Ravenscroft Briefe Disc. Musicke 14 Iambus..by way of Retort to the former [sc. Trochæus] is one short and the other long, a Minime and a Semi-breue.
2.
a. A sharp, incisive reply, a riposte; esp. a reply that turns a charge or argument against its originator.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > a sharp answer, retort
regestion1565
snaphance1598
regest1609
retortion1609
retort1610
retractation1637
riposte1877
comeback1908
answer-back1921
the short answer to (something) is1955
1610 in Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists 139 (margin) M. Smiths retort upon M. Clifton.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 179 Who flashes him this thundring retort, For thy ambition.
1739 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) VIII. 296 The mockers were mocked by that retort.
1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. v. 160 The priest interrupted Vivaldi's retort.
1824 Ld. Byron Deformed Transformed i. ii. 51 That's a fair retort, For I provoked it.
1870 J. H. Burton Hist. Scotl. to 1688 VI. lxx. 496 It was suggested, as a sort of retort against the new demand, that it would be more suitable for the king himself to sign the Covenant.
1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables xiv. 142 ‘You know she's never had any bringing up.’ ‘Well, she's having it now,’ retorted Marilla. The retort silenced Matthew.
1950 S. J. Perelman Swiss Family Perelman xii. 198 The retort surging to the concierge's lips died stillborn at the sight of the Legion of Honor rosette.
2007 C. Feehan Safe Harbor xii. 185 ‘Do you think I'm making it up just to annoy you?’ Hannah bit down hard on her retort... ‘Sometimes, yes I do.’
b. With postmodifying adjective, in echoes of and allusions to quot. a1616, as retort courteous, retort direct, retort discourteous, etc.
ΚΠ
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) v. iv. 71 He sent me word, if I said his beard was not cut well, hee was in the minde it was: this is call'd the retort courteous . View more context for this quotation
1762 North Briton (1763) I. xv. 138 The Duke of Bedford will now have the retort courteous of Newfoundland..in return for what his Grace may say of Quebec.
1795 N. B. Halhed Speech in House Commons 15 Our author, therefore, should not have incurred the risk of the retort discourteous.
1810 S. Green Romance Readers I. 147 She would be an absolute divinity..if she was not so cursed satirical... By heaven, I think I'll go down and..advise her to the retort courteous!
1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 362/2 This last was the retort direct of the ‘nightmare painter’, and it seemed to be barbed with truth.
1908 J. H. Shinn Pioneers Arkansas xxxii. 258 The idea is always to do the other fellow before he does you, and if he does get his oar in first, come back with remark called for brevity, ‘The Retort Courteous’.
1928 A. Huxley Point Counter Point iv. 64 The question..fairly invited the retort discourteous.
1957 Salt Lake Tribune 5 Nov. 14/3 [He] came up with an excellent example of the ‘retort polite’ when a discussion..of the Home Rule issue switched to that of the pronunciation of surnames.
2007 Augusta (Georgia) Chron. (Nexis) 17 Nov. a4 One possibility lies in the Retort Courteous: ‘Pardon me?’ Or there's the Reply Churlish: ‘Who wants to know?’
3.
a. The action or practice of replying in a sharp or incisive manner; the making of a retort (sense 2a). Frequently in in retort.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > a sharp answer, retort > act of giving
retort1611
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. xii. 576/1 Hee afterward added the French Motte..honi soit qvi mal y pense,..in retort or checke of his Courtiers sinister suspition.
1659 T. Pecke Parnassi Puerperium 142 In retort, His wife made Answer.
1793 J. Boswell Principal Corrections Life Johnson 29/1 Johnson's dexterity in retort..was very remarkable.
1808 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 19 518 Dr. Kentish..has laid himself very open to animadversion and retort from me.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxiii. 233 Mrs. Mac Stinger in retort, looked at her all over.
1888 H. James Aspern Papers vi. 70 ‘Well then, go with him as a cicerone!’ said Miss Bordereau with an effort of something like cruelty in her implacable power of retort.
1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xiv. 185 ‘And you’, she cried in retort, ‘why do you always take your soul in your mouth?’
1958 ‘S. Miles’ Lettice Delmer 12 The weather is a topic fraught with risk, And any less impersonal approach..may evoke A ‘Nosey Parker’, snuffled in retort.
1996 Éire—Ireland Spring 52 A reprise of this mutually embittering pattern of English vilification and Irish nationalist retort occurred in the days of Fenianism in the 1860s.
b. With of. Also: an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1665 D. Lloyd States-men & Favourites Eng. 47 Not an insipid changing of words was his gift, but a smart retort of matters, which every body was better pleased with than himself.
1765 G. Colman in tr. Terence Comedies Self-tormentor 222 (note) The original contains a play of words between homo and humani, and a retort of the word alienum.
1783 J. Priestley Theol. & Miscell. Wks. XVIII. App. IV, 521 I have already seen that he is not guarded against a retort of similar civilities.
1819 W. Irving Sketch Bk. ii. 114 Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sarcasm.
1847 R. W. Hamilton Rewards & Punishm. (1853) viii. 357 The retort of an objection is no positive argument.
1877 F. Jacox Script. Prov. xi. 115 Experiencing a retort of the ill-usage they had formerly inflicted.
1919 Classical Philol. Apr. 170 Distinct retorts are Clouds 1417; Birds 1043; Wasps 1230. In Birds 806 it is the retort of one ‘odorous’ comparison for another.
2007 P. F. F. Hood Perfect Proposal 119 She had given no indication of it, no sharp retort of anger that he had told himself to expect.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [noun] > with backwards screwing motion
retort?1770
?1770 J. Clubbe Misc. Tracts I. 100 I found two pateræ not cemented, but skrewed together... Having opened it by retort of the skrew, I discovered an incrustated surface.
5. Retaliation; an instance of this. Frequently in physical retort.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution
yieldinga1340
talion1412
retributiona1425
recompensec1425
recompensationa1513
requitement1548
retaliation1581
lex talionis1597
requital1597
retaling1597
taliationa1601
law of retalion1607
talio1611
retail1615
retorsion1637
repercussion1641
retributing1645
reddition1656
retortion1762
poetical justice1796
utu1828
retort1836
quits1865
poetic justice1991
1836 Bell's Syst. Geogr. (new ed.) IV. 544 The Hindoos..in revenge burnt and broke down a mosque; and the retort of the first aggressors was, to kill a cow and pour her blood into the sacred well.
1840 J. Hildreth tr. E. Dumont Bentham's Theory of Legisl. II. ii. xv. 80 For an insult to a woman, the man to be dressed in women's clothes, and the retort to be inflicted by the hand of a woman.
1844 J. H. Stocqueler Hand-bk. India 198 It is cowardly to raise a hand to one who is incapable of physical retort.
1904 W. Deeping Slanderers xlvii. 377 Mrs. Marjoy's first impulse was to slap this stolid and masterful old gentleman's face. She restrained herself from such a physical retort.
1918 R. Cullum Law of Gun v. 77 There had been..moments..when he had contemplated violent physical retort. When all the fighting instinct in him had been stirred to its remotest depths.
1964 A. Britt Amer. that Was xiii. 141 Terms that demanded prompt physical retort were ‘bastard’ and ‘son of a bitch’.
2007 B. Wyatt-Brown Southern Honor ii. xii. 306 Even judicial experts all but suggested that physical retort was the proper means of retrieving lost honor.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
† retortadj.
Obsolete.
Turned or bent back. Chiefly as past participle.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [adjective] > having backward direction > turned backwards
retort?a1475
retorqued1590
retorted1605
reverting1631
reflex1633
retortive1787
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 55 (MED) Then the see Elesponte retorte [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. brekeþ oute abrode; L. retortus] with grete passage turnethe to the northe.
1556 T. Hill tr. B. Cocles Brief Epitomye Phisiognomie sig. B6b The nose retorte and crokyng upwarde, and long, hauyng the ende congruently grosse.
1571 T. Hill Contempl. Mankinde f. 70v The eyes appearing retorte, if they tende to the right side: doe denote foolishnesse.
1754 S. Derick in tr. Marquis d'Argens Mem. Count Du Beauval Ep. Ded. sig. A 3 Thro' Malice prepense, or by Way of Revenge retort.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
retortv.1
/rᵻˈtɔːt/, U.S. /rəˈtɔrt/, /riˈtɔrt/ I. Senses relating to reply or retaliation in kind.
1.
a. transitive. To throw or hurl (a charge, accusation, epithet, etc.) back (against, †in, on, †to, or upon the originator).
ΚΠ
a1505 R. Henryson Test. Cresseid l. 286 in Poems (1981) 120 With sclander and defame iniurious. Thus hir leuing vnclene and lecherous Scho wald retorte in me and my mother.
1596 J. Harington New Disc. Aiax sig. H7v I shall straight retort all the blame..vpon your selfe.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 49 I do retort that solus in thy Bowels.
1635 J. Reynolds Triumphs Gods Revenge (new ed.) vi. xxx. 449 De Mora..chargeth Palura for abusing & dishonouring of him,..the which Palura retorts to him as a foule scandall.
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iv. v. 86 The Egyptian Authors slanderously retorted these loathsome diseases on the Israelites.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. ii. 14 He asserted that I was heterodox, I retorted the charge.
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 250 Retort the charge, and let the world be told She boasts a confidence she does not hold.
1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 189 The accusation of sinister motives is easily made, and as easily retorted.
1816 J. Wilson City of Plague ii. v. 81 Fool! villain! liar! thus do I retort Thy insupportable words.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People viii. §6. 522 He was still resolute to retort the charge of treason on his foes.
1908 G. C. Macaulay James Thomson ii. 79 Much has been made of his indolence, a fault which he himself admitted in a good-humoured manner, while retorting the charge playfully upon his friends.
1962 M. Trevor Newman 372 He might have retorted the charge of cowardice on them. He never dreamed of doing so.
2000 J. Barrell Imagining King's Death Introd. 38 The accusation of ‘imagining the king's death’ could in one way or another be retorted against the accusers by a similar exploitation of the extra-legal meanings of the word.
b. transitive. To reply in kind to; to answer (a jest, sarcastic remark, insult, etc.) with a similar response. Also with on. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > answer [verb (transitive)] > in kind
retort?1567
rebellow?1611
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > answer [verb (transitive)] > send answer in return > in rebuttal
agiveOE
retort?1567
rejoin1601
surreply1650
counter-puffa1658
riposte1851
surrebut1866
?1567 Def. Priestes Mariages 144 I might retorte his owne checke, that he geueth to the lorde of Cauntorburie.
1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. D1v If I should retort his [sc. Greene's] rime dogrell aright, I must make my verses (as he doth his) run hobling like a Brewers Cart vpon the stones.
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. iii. sig. B2 I scorne to retort the obtuse ieast of a foole.
1658 T. Pecke Advice to Balam's Ass 15 You do well to furnish your Daughters with Complements, I hope they'le retort them upon their Father.
1665 J. Glanvill Sciri Tuum: Authors Defense To T. Albius sig. a4v, in Scepsis Scientifica Nor shall I retort with animosity those less obliging passages.
1738 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) II. 369 Hipponax retorted their pleasantry with such keen strokes of satire, that they hanged themselves.
1754 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) iv. 24 Retort their raillery with raillery, always tempered with good breeding.
1814 I. D'Israeli Quarrels Auth. I. 219 With what good-humour he retorts a piece of sly malice of Pope's.
1848 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 351 We are afraid that if it were worth while to retort the sarcasm on the multitude, it were easy to do so.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues III. 125 I retort your reproach of me.
1962 Calcutta Rev. Sept. 242 Thomas Huxley euphemistically retorted the sarcasm of Bishop Wilberforce who there expressed most crudely the typical theological allergy to the scientific ideas of evolution.
c. transitive. To say or utter by way of retort. Now only with direct speech or that-clause as object.In quot. 1630: to mention by way of retort.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > answer [verb (transitive)] > sharply
returna1500
reply1526
snap1550
pat1575
retort1597
regyre1606
regest1614
retaliate1632
snap1647
repartee1677
riposte1823
to shoot back1974
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > maintain by argument in court [verb (transitive)] > rebut or plead in opposition
counterplead1530
retort1597
rebut1624
1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas xl. 542 The Anabaptistes condemned the graces and workes of God, for the indignity of the persons and subiectes in whome they were founde. Luther retorted vpon them. Then belike matrimony, authority, liberty &c. are not the workes of God.
1625 C. Burges New Discouery Personal Tithes 13 If we vrge them with conscience, they retort a captious answere.
1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth iii. 93 (margin) She executeth the pension assigned to Morgan. And retorteth pensions granted to the Scots.
1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης xii. 119 He thinks to evade that by retorting, that some in England fight against him.
1736 T. Sheridan Let. 23 Feb. in J. Swift Lett. (1768) VI. 122 I cannot help retorting, that I never knew any person so unadviseable as you are.
1760 C. Lennox Lady's Museum No. 1. 22 Marriot, without being disconcerted, retorted very briskly, ‘people who have nothing but advice to offer to their friends in distress, ought to be silent till they are asked for it.’
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiii. 111 ‘What do you mean by that?’ retorted Squeers in great perturbation.
1866 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighb. (1867) I. ix. 254 ‘Do you assert that whatever is useful is beautiful?’ he retorted.
1922 E. von Arnim Enchanted April (1989) 322 Mrs Fisher too had at last come unglued,—Rose protested at the expression, and Lotty retorted that it was in Keats.
1956 E. J. Howard Long View iv. ii. 188 They did not object to his marrying her, was all he would say, to which she had retorted that she was nearly twenty-one.
2006 M. S. Lief & H. M. Caldwell Devil's Advocates i. 29 The District Attorney quickly retorted to the interruption, ‘You shouldn't object to the statement of truth if it's light you're after in the case.’
d. intransitive. To issue a retort or retorts.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [verb (intransitive)] > retort
return1579
retort1603
revie1604
to come back1860
1603 T. Dekker et al. Patient Grissill sig. E3v Falling into the handes of bitter words, we retorted a while, and then drew.
1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 89 You ought not thus to retort upon what My Lord Understanding hath said. View more context for this quotation
1773 R. Graves Spiritual Quixote II. viii. ii. 180 ‘Thou art more fit to sweep chimneys, or black shoes, than to preach the Gospel.’—As Jerry was going to retort with some vehemence, this dispute might probably have proceeded to assault and battery.
1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella II. ii. i. 286 Charles, who could not dissemble his indignation during this discourse, retorted with great acrimony, when it was concluded, on the conduct of Ferdinand.
1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xvi. 271 He must smile and retort, and look perfectly at his ease.
1935 T. Wolfe Of Time & River ix. 106 Mr. Pentland would thereupon retort with an eloquent harangue.
1984 A. Livingstone Lou Andreas Salomé iii. 45 Nietzsche continued to admire Lou's way of thinking and her way of retorting to accusations.
2003 Q Feb. 21/1 Gallagher retorted with some big talk only to have his two front teeth knocked out by the espresso-sippers.
2. transitive. In disputation or discussion: to turn or direct (an argument made) upon or against an opponent; to meet or answer (an argument, etc.) by a similar argument to the contrary. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)] > by counter-charge
answerOE
returna1500
retort?1542
reject1553
recharge1566
contort?1567
invert1584
reband1588
recriminate1603
rebut1624
countercharge1626
occur1660
counterprove1679
?1542 E. Gosynhyll Prayse of all Women sig. A.iii But as to that thou shalt nat tary Lenger than nedes to make reporte As at this tyme them to contrary By any exemple, the nexte to retort.
1589 R. Greene Ciceronis Amor 12 Lentulus retorted the argument vppon Archias.
1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God i. viii. 32 This kinde of Argument either by overthrowing one of the parts, or by retorting it, called..a conuersion.
1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall xxxiii. 255 Our Experiments may..enable us to retort their Arguments against themselves.
a1713 T. Ellwood Hist. Life (1714) 349 So apt is the Comparison in most Respects..that my Adversary in vain Labours to Retort it.
1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers ii. vii. 124 The arguments of Mr Arnauld against the system of Malebranche were often unanswerable, but they were capable of being retorted against his own system.
1788 T. Reid Aristotle's Logic iv. §7. 102 A remarkable property of the Dilemma is that it may sometimes be happily retorted.
1835 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 430 Not a single voice was raised in either House..to retort the argument.
1894 Westm. Gaz. 30 Mar. 1/2 The answer they make to us may very easily be retorted.
1905 W. Ridgeway Origin & Infl. Thoroughbred Horse iii. 89 M. Toussaint maintained that the horse-bones were those of domestic animals... But M. Piètremont retorted the argument.
3. † c. transitive. To bring as a return or consequence to a person. Obsolete. rare.† d. transitive. To do (something) in retaliation. Obsolete.† e. intransitive. To retaliate, esp. in kind. Obsolete.
a. transitive. To cast or visit (an injury, wrong, etc.) back upon, on, or against the originator or (rarely) a third party. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > treat one as he has been treated [verb (transitive)] > return something upon a person
return1484
retortc1559
recoil1578
c1559 Abp. M. Parker in G. Burnet Hist. Ref. II. Rec. ii. iii. 359 And then both the Devil and Man..shall have their Malices retorted upon themselves again.
1614 J. Sylvester tr. J. Bertaut Panaretus 37 in Parl. Vertues Royal Heavns Right-hand..retorting all vpon your Foes..Sends Terrors.
1719 Free-thinker No. 90. 1 They..retort upon the Aggressor the Injury, which they parry from Themselves.
1760 C. Johnstone Chrysal II. ii. ix. 214 Not only escape the ruin meditated against him, but also retort it on the machinators.
1781 W. Cowper Truth 502 Hear, then, how mercy, slighted and defied, Retorts th' affront against the crown of pride.
1811 C. Lamb Good Clerk in Reflector 2 437 Retorting upon the grave Citizens of London their own arts.
1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 373 The aggression against God is retorted upon the aggressor.
1913 Catholic Encycl. XI. 375/1 The hebdomadal board now retorted on Newman the ‘persecution’ dealt out to Hampden.
1971 P. Brockbank in C. Ricks Eng. Drama to 1710 iv. 179 The treachery which they indulge from the highest motives is retorted against them by the French from the lowest.
b. transitive. To requite or pay back (an injury, wrong, etc.) by retaliation. Formerly also: †to repay (a kindness) (obsolete). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > treat one as he has been treated [verb (transitive)] > repay (something) with the like
retort?1567
countervail1583
repay?1586
return1587
rebite1594
regratulate1615
?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter xxviii. 65 As is theyr deede: so let them speede, retort their craftes.
1609 B. Jonson Case is Alterd i. sig. B4 We shall retort these kinde fauours with all allacrity of spirit. View more context for this quotation
1645 J. Milton Tetrachordon 42 So Christ to retort these arrogant inquisitors their own, tooke the course to lay their hautinesse under a severity which they deserv'd.
a1653 Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 154 I will retort..that..wrong.
1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxi. 142 How shall this arm, unequal to the bow, Retort an insult, or repel a foe?
1754 P. Hiffernan Tuner 31 Was it consistent with one of her perturbed spirit to bear such Abuse, and not retort it by some instant Act of Violence?
1781 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal v. ii. 74 Let them laugh on, and retort their malice upon themselves, by shewing them you can be happy in spite of their slander.
1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. v. iii. 395 It was now his time to retort the humiliation.
1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire V. xlvi. 340 They never dared to retort in concert the invasions under which they had suffered.
1926 J. Morier Advent. Hajji Baba of Ispahan lviii. 347 We..greeted him by loud cries of ‘Curses be upon Omar!’ This enraged his domestics, who retorted the insult by blows.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > treat one as he has been treated [verb (transitive)] > bring as a return to one
retort1632
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. viii. 349 This present Duke had wars with his own brother in Law,..the issue whereof, but retorted to the Duke a redoubling disaduantage.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > treat one as he has been treated [verb (transitive)] > do or give in return
retribute?1570
return1584
repay1587
rebite1594
retort1637
retally1639
reciprocate1649
1637 R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose Christian Offices i. 12 Yet did hee not retort ought savouring of revenge.
a1701 C. Sedley Happy Pair (1702) 11 She grows provok'd upon the dismal Change, And turns Dishonest, to retort Revenge.
a1765 W. Dunkin Poet. Wks. (1770) II. 421 Well I merit this, and more, Retort full vengeance on this head.
1864 Advocate & Family Guardian (Amer. Female Guardian Soc.) 1 Mar. 55 I have even heard boys encouraged to show their ‘pluck’, as it is called, by retorting instantaneous revenge for an injury or insult.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > make a return [verb (intransitive)]
returna1325
a Roland for an Oliver1548
reciprocate1600
revie1604
correspond1632
to return the compliment1655
retort1783
1783 B. Franklin Let. 22 July in Paris, 1776–1785 lxvi. 1065 We shall try what can be done..towards setting aside that Proclamation; but, if it should be persisted in, it will then be a Matter worthy the attentive Discussion of Congress, whether it be most prudent to retort with a similar Regulation.
1796 S. Perry Hist. Sketch French Revol. II. 487 If the French..could be goaded to retort with such cruel vengeance on their enemies,..few nations on the earth, under similar provocation will be found less ferocious.
1883 C. Reade in Harper's Mag. Jan. 270/2 He threatened violence. They prepared to retort to it.
4.
a. transitive. To turn back or backwards; to bend or twist back. Also in figurative contexts. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > specific directions > direct in specific directions [verb (transitive)] > direct or turn backwards
returna1450
reverse1523
to turn back1579
retort1583
reverta1657
1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) sig. K2 v If the perswasion of these fewe words, haue brought you to a comprimise, I haue said ynough: if not, whole volumes wil not retort your stiffe neck, to bring you to my bent.
1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Retort, to turne, or wrest backward.
1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis iii. 62 Rabid with anguish, he retorts his looke Vpon the wound.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xix. 470/1 Two Serpents bowed at the heads to the joyning in the middle, from thence to the ends of the Tails Retorted.
1702 C. Beaumont J. Beaumont's Psyche (new ed.) xvi. ccxviii. 257 Retort thine eyes into thy Self, my Dear.
1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity iii, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 492 For Dread and Pain And Grief will find their Shafts elanc'd in vain, And their Points broke, retorted from the Head.
1790 N. Tucker tr. E. Swedenborg Wisdom Angels conc. Divine Providence 589 All Things of their Minds and Bodies were in a State of Retroversion, and could not be contrarywise retorted or wrested.
1803 J. Leyden Scenes of Infancy I. 26 The hardy hunter..With writhing force his [sc. the bison's] neck retorted round.
b. intransitive. To spring back; to rebound, recoil; (also) to twist back. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > rebound > [verb (intransitive)]
to pilt up againa1200
bolt?c1225
rebounda1398
redoundc1500
stot1513
to strike upward1530
band1580
recoil1591
bound1597
result1598
retort1599
resile1641
bandy1658
resiliate1755
ricochet1804
reverberate1817
kick1832
dap1851
bounce1887
bank1962
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > writhe or twist [verb (intransitive)]
wendOE
throwOE
to-writhec1000
windc1000
wrenchc1050
writhec1300
wrenka1400
wrestle?a1400
chervec1440
wring1470
wrele1513
wriggle1573
wrincha1625
curla1637
twingle1647
twine1666
twirl1706
retort1720
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (intransitive)] > twist spirally
retort1720
corkscrew1909
1599 Triall Maist. Dorrell 29 His tongue vsully retorted into his throate so as no parte of it was to bee seene in his mouth.
1631 J. Taylor Sudden Turn Fortunes Wheel Pref. Doth time retort or fortune play the Jade, Or doth the course of fate run retrograde.
1673 W. Penn Spirit of Alexander the Copper-smith 7 It all retorts from our Impenetrable Armour upon himself.
1720 W. Congreve Impossible Thing 9 This Line..Render..so direct, that in no sort It ever may in Rings retort.
5.
a. transitive. To throw or hurl back (a weapon); to turn back (a blow) against the striker. Also in figurative contexts. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > assail with missiles [verb (transitive)] > throw or hurl back
retort1592
1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. ii. sig. D2v Thus I retort the dart thou threwst at me.
1626 G. Sandys tr. Ovid Metamorphosis xii. 239 The Heros caught it, and retorts againe The singing steele.
1667 R. Allestree Causes Decay Christian Piety iii. 39 Satan has not only evaded, but even retorted those blows which were aim'd at him.
1750 J. Wesley Serm. Several Occasions III. 245 To observe how we may retort these fiery Darts of the wicked One.
1759 W. Weston Safety & Perpetuity Brit. State v. 53 The Protestants..enabled the Papists to take ample revenge, and retort their arrows with singular success.
1831 W. Thorpe in Brit. Preacher 1 xxiv. 324 The Saviour should retort the blow inflicted by the destroyer, and, in the language of the apostle, ‘abolish death’.
1857 ‘Inceptor’ Tom of Wiseacre 51 In as brief a space as it would take..a Connaught Irishman to retort a blow dealt out to him by an angry comrade.
b. transitive. To turn (a weapon or blow) back upon (also to) the wielder or striker. Also reflexive. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1597 W. Burton tr. Achilles Tatius Most Delectable & Pleasaunt Hist. Clitiphon & Leucippe ii. 39 Whose medicine is onely to retort the dart vpon the caster.
1600 C. Middleton Legend Duke of Glocester Ep. ded. sig. A2v [I] would like the seauen folde shield of Aiax retort such dartes to them, that throw them.
1635 T. Jackson Humiliation Sonne of God x. 94 The Sonne of God..with this scripture..retorts Satans attempted blow upon himselfe.
a1674 T. Traherne Christian Ethicks (1675) 390 If Wild-fire be thrown, I will..not by throwing it back, give my Enemy the advantage of retorting it upon me.
1712 E. Budgell Spectator No. 389. ¶22 I think the best way of dealing with them, is to retort their own Weapons upon them.
1865 P. Smith Hist. World I. iii. xiv. 489 Pericles was fortunately in a position to retort the blow twofold upon the most eminent men among the Spartans.
1884 W. A. O'Conor Hist. Irish People xxv. §12. 154 He spoke as true sentiments as those of Thersites, but he retorted the blows and sneers of Ulysses.
6.
a. transitive. To reflect (heat or light); to return (a sound) as an echo; to cause (steam) to turn back to water. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (transitive)]
rebounda1450
reflexc1536
reflect1555
return1557
repercuss1604
retort1609
refract1621
reverberate1638
to throw back1698
flash1716
to give back1831
glint1844
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > resonance or sonority > resound [verb (transitive)] > reverberate or echo
answera1425
redoublea1542
rebound1555
return1557
reply1565
report1589
re-echo1595
repercuss?a1597
render1598
reverberate1603
respeak1604
reverb1608
retort1609
reword1609
revoice1610
refract1621
to give back1889
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. iii. 96 As when his vertues ayming vpon others, Heate them and they retort that heate againe To the first giuers.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Heliotrope,..a precious stone which, as a burning glasse, receiueth, and retorteth the Sunne-beames.
1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. v. 230 Crying and howling whilst the Locrian stones, And high Eubœan hills retort his grones.
1662 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Oriatrike 63 Which vapour..is nothing but water made thin,..and therefore being retorted or struck back by an Alembick, it returns into its antient weight of water.
b. transitive. Of (a part of) the body: to redirect or deflect (a sensation or indisposition) to the brain. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (transitive)] > convey or transmit by means of reflection
retort1649
pipe1971
1649 R. Tempest Entertainm. Solitariness 4 When the body..is distempered, it retorts and shoots backward its indispositions to the minde.
1683 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Two Disc. Soul of Brutes ii. iv. 136 Although..oftentimes the local motion is retorted to it [sc. the brain], yet because this impression reaches not to the Callous Body,..the sick know nothing what they feel or do.
1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. vi. vi. 368 When any thing affects, or alters the Heart, those Impressions are..retorted to the Brain.
7. transitive. To give in return. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > give in return
yield971
quita1400
gain-yield1435
render1477
answer1565
regive1575
return1584
to give backa1586
redound1597
retort1602
re-render1628
remete1647
1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 2 Fal. Ile not lend thee a peny. Pis. I will retort the sum in equipage.
1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 260 Gifts also and reciprocall presents are retorted up & down.
a1648 W. Percy Cuck-queanes & Cuckolds Errants (1824) v. vi. 74 They shall retort him, and it with reproch, some priuie Income.
8. transitive. To throw out; to reject. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > relinquishing > casting or laying aside > [verb (transitive)]
to let awaya1000
forcast?c1225
to lay downc1275
forthrow1340
flita1375
removea1382
to cast away1382
understrewc1384
castc1390
to lay awaya1400
to lay asidec1440
slingc1440
warpiss1444
to lay from, offc1480
way-put1496
depose1526
to lay apart1526
to put off1526
to set apart1530
to turn up1541
abandonate?1561
devest1566
dispatch1569
decarta1572
discard1578
to make away1580
to fling away1587
to cast off1597
doff1599
cashier1603
to set by1603
moult1604
excuss1607
retorta1616
divest1639
deposit1646
disentail1667
dismiss1675
slough1845
shed1856
jettison1869
shake1872
offload1900
junk1911
dump1919
sluff1934
bin1940
to put down1944
shitcan1973
the mind > language > statement > refusal > [verb (transitive)] > reject
awarpc1000
forwerpeOE
warpc1000
nillOE
warnc1300
reprovec1350
to put abacka1382
to throw awaya1382
repugnc1384
to put awaya1387
waivec1386
forshoota1400
disavowc1400
defyc1405
disprovec1430
repelc1443
flemea1450
to put backa1500
reject?1504
refutea1513
repulse1533
refel1548
repudiate1548
disallowa1555
project?1567
expel1575
discard1578
overrule1578
forsay1579
check1601
decard1605
dismiss1608
reprobate1609
devow1610
retorta1616
disclaimc1626
noforsootha1644
respuate1657
reluctate1668
negative1778
no-ball1862
basket1867
to set one's foot down1873
not to have any (of it, that, this)1895
to put down1944
eighty-six1959
neg1987
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) v. i. 298 The Duke's vniust, Thus to retort your manifest Appeale. View more context for this quotation
1652 R. Brome Joviall Crew i. sig. C1 Dear Sir, retort me naked to the world, Rather then lay those burdens on me.
9. transitive. To multiply again. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > perform arithmetic or algebraic operations [verb (transitive)] > multiply > again
retort1660
1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. ix. 142 Two multiplyed in itself produceth four; retorted into it self (by saying twice two twice) makes the first Cube.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
retortv.2
/rᵻˈtɔːt/, U.S. /rəˈtɔrt/, /riˈtɔrt/ Mining and Manufacturing Technology.† 2. intransitive. To fall off or away in quantity when heated in a retort. Obsolete. rare.
1. transitive. To heat (amalgam, oil shale, etc.) in a retort in order to separate or purify substances.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > other processes
cure1633
scribe1678
refinish1820
retort1850
prick1872
supple1876
whizz1882
steam-cure1910
linish1971
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > refine > by specific method
calcinec1386
calcinate1559
calcinize1606
cupel1644
decrepitate1646
scorify1755
cupellate18..
retort1850
liquate1864
star1886
zone-refine1962
zone level1974
zone-melt1982
1850 N. Kingsley Diary 26 May (1914) 123 A warm [day;] the boys retorted the last weeks work.
1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 748/2 In California the amalgam is retorted in cast-iron pans.
1924 Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists 10 537 That refinery is supplied..with the crude oil and ammoniacal liquor derived from the shale retorted there.
1964 J. E. Ransom Range Guide to Mines & Minerals iv. 58 There is a 200-ounce limit on the possession of retort sponge gold obtained by retorting the gold–mercury amalgam.
1998 Britannica Online (Version 98.2) Oil shale has been generally mined, crushed, and heated or retorted at high temperatures to produce crude oil.
ΚΠ
1850 N. Kingsley Diary 19 Oct. (1914) 151 Got..1296 dollars amalgam and [this] ought not to retort off more than ¼.
1851 N. Kingsley Diary 5 Jan. (1914) 166 We had 3654 dollars in amalgam and it retorted away to 2546 dollars.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
<
n.11527n.21597
adj.?a1475
v.1?a1505v.21850- economises
- economising
- economism
- economist
- economistic
- economists
- economization
- economize
- economized
- economizer
- economizers
- economizes
- economizing
- economy
- economy 7
- economy car
- economy class
- economy class syndrome
- economy drive
- economy fare
- economy of nature
- economy of truth
- economy size
- economy-sized
- economysized