obstructv.

Brit.

/əbˈstrʌkt/, U.S.

/əbˈstrək(t)/,

/ɑbˈstrək(t)/

Forms: 1500s obstruct (past participle), 1500s– obstruct, 1600s abstruct.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin obstruct-, obstruere.

Etymology: < classical Latin obstruct-, past participial stem of obstruere to block or impede passage through, to block or impede the view of < ob- ob- prefix + struere to pile, build (see structure n.). Compare Middle French, French obstruer to block (1540).

1. transitive. To block or impede passage along or through (an opening, thoroughfare, waterway, etc.); to place or be an obstacle in; to render impassable or difficult of passage. Also occasionally intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > close by obstruction or block up > block the way or a passage

forsetc900

withseta1300

stop13..

speara1325

withsperre1330

to stop one's way1338

shut1362

forbara1375

beseta1400

stopc1400

precludea1513

interclude1526

to shut up1526

forestall1528

fence1535

hedge1535

quar1542

foreclose1548

forestop1566

to flounder up1576

obstruct1578

bar1590

retrench1590

to shut the door in (also upon) (a person's) face1596

barricade1606

barricado1611

thwartc1630

blocka1644

overthwart1654

rebarricado1655

to choke up1673

blockade1696

embarrass1735

snow1816

roadblock1950

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man sig. Xi^v It is obstruct, and stopped.

1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 89 The vaynes of the necke, beeing called the guides, are obstructed, doe not perfectly recourse.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Oppiler, to stop, obstruct, shut up.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xix. i. 723 There bee some who have the Urethra or passage of the yard obstructed by budding caruncles.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 636 Both Sin, and Death, and yawning Grave at last Through Chaos hurld, obstruct the mouth of Hell For ever, and seal up his ravenous Jawes.

1689 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) I. 264 But what then obstructed I am not certaine.

a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 75 The door is now so obstructed, with stones.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 103 Rolling stones, which now obstruct these roads as well as mar the greatest part of the surface of this island.

1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii III. iv. vi^*. 13 Rise..thou obstructest the way.

1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver 68 The common duct was much compressed and obstructed by enlargement and hardening of the pancreas.

1888 W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. II. iv. 388 If a clot forms in an artery it may be detached..and may obstruct the vessel further on.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 787/2 In the dry season it has shallows, and is obstructed by sandbanks.

1958 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples IV. xi. iv. 156 The country on Porter's right was so obstructed with forest and swamp that when Jackson came into action in the late afternoon he could not turn the flank.

1988 R. Rendell Veiled One (1989) i. 3 The police took a serious view of those who allowed a shopping trolley to obstruct the roadway.

a. transitive. To prevent, impede, hinder, or retard the motion, passage, or progress of; to prevent or impede (a physical action or movement). Also occasionally intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > render immobile [verb (transitive)] > stop the movement of > cause to be arrested or intercepted in progress

warna1250

foreclosec1290

dit1362

stayc1440

stopc1440

set1525

suppress1547

bar1578

frontier1589

stay1591

intercepta1599

to cut off1600

interpose1615

lodgea1616

obstruct1621

stifle1629

sufflaminate1656

stick1824

to hold up1887

1621 R. Speght Mortalities Memorandum 27 Decaying man, whose state doth skills require..to thinke on Death, Ere it obstruct the passage of his breath.

1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scintillans (ed. 2) ii. 83 Sin..quickly will Turn in, if not obstructed still.

1688 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 134 The Wind..we believe obstructs the coming of any letters from Holland, and keeps back the Dutch fleet.

1724 J. Henley et al. tr. Pliny the Younger Epist. & Panegyrick I. vi. xvi. 287 His Breath was obstructed by the gross smoaky Air.

1771 J. Beattie Minstrel: Bk. 1st li. 26 If but a cloud obstruct the solar ray.

1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing v. 259 If..the particles of air can obstruct and reflect light.

1874 Cornhill Mag. Nov. 560 In dashing over the moat bridge, he had shouted to the fugitives who were obstructing him.

1925 V. Woolf Mrs. Dalloway 82 But other people got between them in the street, obstructing him, blotting her out.

1938 F. D. Sharpe Sharpe of Flying Squad xiv. 156 They [sc. pickpockets] work in pairs; one is ‘the fingers’, the other obstructs and jostles.

2001 National Post (Canada) 30 May a8/5 Mr. Martin has a congenital vascular condition..which obstructs blood flow to his right leg and heart.

b. transitive. Cricket. obstructing the field (also †the ball): a mode of dismissal in which the batter is judged to have deliberately impeded a fielder's attempt to field the ball.The relevant law has been only occasionally invoked in the history of cricket; under earlier codes (in the 18th cent.) it was apparently permissible in some circumstances for the batter to obstruct the field.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > dismissal of batsman > [noun] > manner of dismissal

hit-wicket1773

stumping1844

run-out1851

stump-out1859

catch and bowl1868

obstructing the field (also the ball)1868

1868 Times 22 June 7/4 At 154 Mr. Absolom was given out for ‘obstructing the field’.

1877 C. Box Eng. Game Cricket 456 Obstructing the Ball.—A man may be given out, but seldom is on such an account.

1905 Laws of Cricket §26 The striker is out..if under pretence of running, or otherwise, either of the batsmen wilfully prevent a ball from being caught;—‘Obstructing the field’.

1928 A. A. Milne Let. 23 Aug. in M. Williams Way to Lord's (1983) xi. 213 But here, for your Cricket Correspondent, is a genuine case of ‘Out, obstructing the field’.

1992 Laws of Cricket §37.2(b) The correct entry in the scorebook when a batsman is given out under this Law is ‘obstructing the field’, and the bowler does not get credit for the wicket.

c. transitive. In any of various sports: to impede (a player) in a manner which constitutes an offence.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of play, actions, or postures > [verb (transitive)] > obstruct

obstruct1895

1895 H. F. P. Battersby Hockey vii. 131 A player shall not run in between his opponent and the ball so as to obstruct him.

1953 Assoc. Football (‘Know the Game’ Series) 33/2 If an opponent is obstructing a player, the player may charge him.

1974 Rules of Game 163/3 An indirect free kick is awarded..for intentionally obstructing an opponent while not attempting to play the ball, in order to prevent him reaching it.

1991 Sporting News 12 Aug. 7/4 The runner..is obstructed while running toward the plate, drawing a delayed dead-ball signal from the umpire.

3. transitive. To impede, stand in the way of, or retard the progress or course of (proceedings, a plan, an intention, etc.); (Law) to commit the offence of intentionally hindering (due legal process, a police officer in his inquiries, etc.) (cf. obstruction n. 2b). Also occasionally intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hinder [verb (transitive)]

letc888

shrenchc897

forstanda1000

amarOE

disturbc1290

impeachc1380

stopc1380

withstandc1385

hinder1413

accloy1422

hindc1426

to hold abackc1440

appeachc1460

impeditec1535

inhibit1535

obstacle1538

damp1548

trip1548

embarrass1578

dam1582

to clip the wings ofa1593

unhelp1598

uppen1600

straiten1607

rub1608

impediment1610

impedea1616

to put out1616

to put off1631

scote1642

obstruct1645

incommodiate1650

offend1651

sufflaminate1656

hindrance1664

disassist1671

clog1679

muzzle1706

squeeze1804

to take the wind out of the sails of1822

throttle1825

block1844

overslaugh1853

snag1863

gum1901

slow-walk1965

1645 (title) The city alarvm, or the weeke of our miscarriages, which have hitherto obstructed our proceedings.

1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης ix. 83 To expect that their voting or not voting should obstruct the Commons.

1665 I. Walton Life of Hooker in Hooker's Wks. (1888) I. 36 She was like an untamed heifer, that would not be ruled by God's people, but obstructed his discipline.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 25 A Servant..the prejudice to whose Person exceedingly obstructed all overtures made in Parliament for his service.

1738 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1851) IV. 284 The said Officers were obstructed in the lawful Discharge of their Duty.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. ix. 128 I don't know if it be just thus to obstruct the union of man and wife.

1821 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. in Writings (1984) 20 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners.

1853 A. Prentice Hist. Anti-Corn-Law League I. viii. 112 Many..had come to obstruct the proceedings.

1891 W. Morris News from Nowhere xiv. 97 In such a community the apparent majority is the real majority, and the others..know that too well to obstruct from mere pigheadedness.

1925 Amer. Mercury Aug. 398/2 The excessively energetic paid helpers who are so eager to help us bore us to tears because they really obstruct our efforts.

1958 All Eng. Law Rep. II. 23 Eye-witnesses..who had concealed their knowledge and obstructed process of the law.

1994 Magnet May 22/1 Very few people..can write good songs without resorting to some sort of wise-ass gimmickry that obstructs the music itself.

4. transitive. To block or impede the view of; to block or impede (the view of an object, etc., or a person's view).

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > invisibility > make invisible [verb (transitive)] > block view

bury1601

screen1611

obstruct1667

shut1697

to shut out1856

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 257 From hence, no cloud, or, to obstruct his sight, Starr interpos'd, however small he sees.

1717 tr. A. F. Frézier Voy. South-Sea 49 The next Morning..a thick Fog obstructing our Sight, we weigh'd, to go up thither.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia I. i. i. 3 Tears of recollecting sorrow..obstructed the last view of her native town.

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad iii. 99 And hills above them still obstruct the skies.

1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. ii. 24 On the..north-western side, there was nothing to obstruct the view.

1909 Gow Ganda (Ont.) Tribune 17 Apr. 6/2 What will be the cry on the summer roads when we reach those points where the dense forest and rocks obstructs the view ahead?

1935 G. Barker Janus 16 The lighter bird of being, obstructing my line of sight, entirely conceals the form of the bird of unbeing.

1991 Curiosity Shop Summer 40/2 Adjustable blinds give welcome shade in the car without obstructing vision.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	obstruct
释义	obstructn. Editorial emendation by Warburton of abstract n. in the passage in quot. a1616. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > [noun] > one who or that which hinders > a hindrance, impediment, or obstacle hinderc1200 withsetting1340 obstaclec1385 traversea1393 mara1400 bayc1440 stoppagec1450 barrace1480 blocka1500 objecta1500 clog1526 stumbling-stone1526 bar1530 (to cast) a trump in (one's) way1548 stumbling-stock1548 hindrance1576 a log in one's way1579 crossbar1582 log1589 rub1589 threshold1600 scotch1601 dam1602 remora1604 obex1611 obstructiona1616 stumbling-blocka1616 fence1639 affront1642 retardance1645 stick1645 balk1660 obstruent1669 blockade1683 sprun1684 spoke1689 cross cause1696 uncomplaisance1707 barrier1712 obstruct1747 dike1770 abatis1808 underbrush1888 bunker1900 bump1909 sprag1914 hurdle1924 headwind1927 mudhole1933 monkey wrench1937 roadblock1945 a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. vi. 61 Octa. I begg'd His pardon for returne. Cæs. Which soone he granted, Being an abstract 'tweene his Lust, and him.] 1747 W. Warburton Wks. Shakespear VII. 160 (note) Being an Obstruct 'tween his lust and him. i.e. his wife being an obstruction, a bar to the prosecution of his wanton pleasures with Cleopatra. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2018). obstructv. Brit. /əbˈstrʌkt/, U.S. /əbˈstrək(t)/, /ɑbˈstrək(t)/ Forms: 1500s obstruct (past participle), 1500s– obstruct, 1600s abstruct. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin obstruct-, obstruere. Etymology: < classical Latin obstruct-, past participial stem of obstruere to block or impede passage through, to block or impede the view of < ob- ob- prefix + struere to pile, build (see structure n.). Compare Middle French, French obstruer to block (1540). 1. transitive. To block or impede passage along or through (an opening, thoroughfare, waterway, etc.); to place or be an obstacle in; to render impassable or difficult of passage. Also occasionally intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > close by obstruction or block up > block the way or a passage forsetc900 withseta1300 stop13.. speara1325 withsperre1330 to stop one's way1338 shut1362 forbara1375 beseta1400 stopc1400 precludea1513 interclude1526 to shut up1526 forestall1528 fence1535 hedge1535 quar1542 foreclose1548 forestop1566 to flounder up1576 obstruct1578 bar1590 retrench1590 to shut the door in (also upon) (a person's) face1596 barricade1606 barricado1611 thwartc1630 blocka1644 overthwart1654 rebarricado1655 to choke up1673 blockade1696 embarrass1735 snow1816 roadblock1950 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man sig. Xi^v It is obstruct, and stopped. 1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 89 The vaynes of the necke, beeing called the guides, are obstructed, doe not perfectly recourse. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Oppiler, to stop, obstruct, shut up. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xix. i. 723 There bee some who have the Urethra or passage of the yard obstructed by budding caruncles. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 636 Both Sin, and Death, and yawning Grave at last Through Chaos hurld, obstruct the mouth of Hell For ever, and seal up his ravenous Jawes. View more context for this quotation 1689 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) I. 264 But what then obstructed I am not certaine. a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 75 The door is now so obstructed, with stones. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 103 Rolling stones, which now obstruct these roads as well as mar the greatest part of the surface of this island. 1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii III. iv. vi^. 13 Rise..thou obstructest the way. 1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver* 68 The common duct was much compressed and obstructed by enlargement and hardening of the pancreas. 1888 W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. II. iv. 388 If a clot forms in an artery it may be detached..and may obstruct the vessel further on. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 787/2 In the dry season it has shallows, and is obstructed by sandbanks. 1958 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples IV. xi. iv. 156 The country on Porter's right was so obstructed with forest and swamp that when Jackson came into action in the late afternoon he could not turn the flank. 1988 R. Rendell Veiled One (1989) i. 3 The police took a serious view of those who allowed a shopping trolley to obstruct the roadway. 2. a. transitive. To prevent, impede, hinder, or retard the motion, passage, or progress of; to prevent or impede (a physical action or movement). Also occasionally intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > render immobile [verb (transitive)] > stop the movement of > cause to be arrested or intercepted in progress warna1250 foreclosec1290 dit1362 stayc1440 stopc1440 set1525 suppress1547 bar1578 frontier1589 stay1591 intercepta1599 to cut off1600 interpose1615 lodgea1616 obstruct1621 stifle1629 sufflaminate1656 stick1824 to hold up1887 1621 R. Speght Mortalities Memorandum 27 Decaying man, whose state doth skills require..to thinke on Death, Ere it obstruct the passage of his breath. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scintillans (ed. 2) ii. 83 Sin..quickly will Turn in, if not obstructed still. 1688 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 134 The Wind..we believe obstructs the coming of any letters from Holland, and keeps back the Dutch fleet. 1724 J. Henley et al. tr. Pliny the Younger Epist. & Panegyrick I. vi. xvi. 287 His Breath was obstructed by the gross smoaky Air. 1771 J. Beattie Minstrel: Bk. 1st li. 26 If but a cloud obstruct the solar ray. 1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing v. 259 If..the particles of air can obstruct and reflect light. 1874 Cornhill Mag. Nov. 560 In dashing over the moat bridge, he had shouted to the fugitives who were obstructing him. 1925 V. Woolf Mrs. Dalloway 82 But other people got between them in the street, obstructing him, blotting her out. 1938 F. D. Sharpe Sharpe of Flying Squad xiv. 156 They [sc. pickpockets] work in pairs; one is ‘the fingers’, the other obstructs and jostles. 2001 National Post (Canada) 30 May a8/5 Mr. Martin has a congenital vascular condition..which obstructs blood flow to his right leg and heart. b. transitive. Cricket. obstructing the field (also †the ball): a mode of dismissal in which the batter is judged to have deliberately impeded a fielder's attempt to field the ball.The relevant law has been only occasionally invoked in the history of cricket; under earlier codes (in the 18th cent.) it was apparently permissible in some circumstances for the batter to obstruct the field. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > dismissal of batsman > [noun] > manner of dismissal hit-wicket1773 stumping1844 run-out1851 stump-out1859 catch and bowl1868 obstructing the field (also the ball)1868 1868 Times 22 June 7/4 At 154 Mr. Absolom was given out for ‘obstructing the field’. 1877 C. Box Eng. Game Cricket 456 Obstructing the Ball.—A man may be given out, but seldom is on such an account. 1905 Laws of Cricket §26 The striker is out..if under pretence of running, or otherwise, either of the batsmen wilfully prevent a ball from being caught;—‘Obstructing the field’. 1928 A. A. Milne Let. 23 Aug. in M. Williams Way to Lord's (1983) xi. 213 But here, for your Cricket Correspondent, is a genuine case of ‘Out, obstructing the field’. 1992 Laws of Cricket §37.2(b) The correct entry in the scorebook when a batsman is given out under this Law is ‘obstructing the field’, and the bowler does not get credit for the wicket. c. transitive. In any of various sports: to impede (a player) in a manner which constitutes an offence. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of play, actions, or postures > [verb (transitive)] > obstruct obstruct1895 1895 H. F. P. Battersby Hockey vii. 131 A player shall not run in between his opponent and the ball so as to obstruct him. 1953 Assoc. Football (‘Know the Game’ Series) 33/2 If an opponent is obstructing a player, the player may charge him. 1974 Rules of Game 163/3 An indirect free kick is awarded..for intentionally obstructing an opponent while not attempting to play the ball, in order to prevent him reaching it. 1991 Sporting News 12 Aug. 7/4 The runner..is obstructed while running toward the plate, drawing a delayed dead-ball signal from the umpire. 3. transitive. To impede, stand in the way of, or retard the progress or course of (proceedings, a plan, an intention, etc.); (Law) to commit the offence of intentionally hindering (due legal process, a police officer in his inquiries, etc.) (cf. obstruction n. 2b). Also occasionally intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hinder [verb (transitive)] letc888 shrenchc897 forstanda1000 amarOE disturbc1290 impeachc1380 stopc1380 withstandc1385 hinder1413 accloy1422 hindc1426 to hold abackc1440 appeachc1460 impeditec1535 inhibit1535 obstacle1538 damp1548 trip1548 embarrass1578 dam1582 to clip the wings ofa1593 unhelp1598 uppen1600 straiten1607 rub1608 impediment1610 impedea1616 to put out1616 to put off1631 scote1642 obstruct1645 incommodiate1650 offend1651 sufflaminate1656 hindrance1664 disassist1671 clog1679 muzzle1706 squeeze1804 to take the wind out of the sails of1822 throttle1825 block1844 overslaugh1853 snag1863 gum1901 slow-walk1965 1645 (title) The city alarvm, or the weeke of our miscarriages, which have hitherto obstructed our proceedings. 1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης ix. 83 To expect that their voting or not voting should obstruct the Commons. 1665 I. Walton Life of Hooker in Hooker's Wks. (1888) I. 36 She was like an untamed heifer, that would not be ruled by God's people, but obstructed his discipline. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 25 A Servant..the prejudice to whose Person exceedingly obstructed all overtures made in Parliament for his service. 1738 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1851) IV. 284 The said Officers were obstructed in the lawful Discharge of their Duty. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. ix. 128 I don't know if it be just thus to obstruct the union of man and wife. 1821 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. in Writings (1984) 20 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners. 1853 A. Prentice Hist. Anti-Corn-Law League I. viii. 112 Many..had come to obstruct the proceedings. 1891 W. Morris News from Nowhere xiv. 97 In such a community the apparent majority is the real majority, and the others..know that too well to obstruct from mere pigheadedness. 1925 Amer. Mercury Aug. 398/2 The excessively energetic paid helpers who are so eager to help us bore us to tears because they really obstruct our efforts. 1958 All Eng. Law Rep. II. 23 Eye-witnesses..who had concealed their knowledge and obstructed process of the law. 1994 Magnet May 22/1 Very few people..can write good songs without resorting to some sort of wise-ass gimmickry that obstructs the music itself. 4. transitive. To block or impede the view of; to block or impede (the view of an object, etc., or a person's view). ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > invisibility > make invisible [verb (transitive)] > block view bury1601 screen1611 obstruct1667 shut1697 to shut out1856 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 257 From hence, no cloud, or, to obstruct his sight, Starr interpos'd, however small he sees. View more context for this quotation 1717 tr. A. F. Frézier Voy. South-Sea 49 The next Morning..a thick Fog obstructing our Sight, we weigh'd, to go up thither. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia I. i. i. 3 Tears of recollecting sorrow..obstructed the last view of her native town. 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad iii. 99 And hills above them still obstruct the skies. 1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. ii. 24 On the..north-western side, there was nothing to obstruct the view. 1909 Gow Ganda (Ont.) Tribune 17 Apr. 6/2 What will be the cry on the summer roads when we reach those points where the dense forest and rocks obstructs the view ahead? 1935 G. Barker Janus 16 The lighter bird of being, obstructing my line of sight, entirely conceals the form of the bird of unbeing. 1991 Curiosity Shop Summer 40/2 Adjustable blinds give welcome shade in the car without obstructing vision. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1747v.1578
随便看	glycolipids glycollate glycollic glycollic acid glycollide glycols glycolyse glycolyses glycolysis glycolytic glyconean glyconian glyconic glyconics glycophyte glycophytic glycoproteid glycoprotein glycoproteins glycosamine glycose glycosidal glycosidase glycosidases glycoside

obstructn.

obstructv.