† raphen.¹

Forms: Middle English rafe, Middle English raphe.

Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: Raphanus n., raphane n.

Etymology: Probably shortened < either Raphanus n. or raphane n. Compare post-classical Latin rafa radish (11th cent.), French †raphe radish (1611 in Cotgrave), Middle French rave (1530 in Palsgrave; French rave ), Old Occitan raphe horseradish, radish (14th cent.; 13th cent. as rafe ; Occitan rafe ), Catalan rave radish (13th cent.). Compare rape n.⁵ 1b.

Obsolete. rare.

A radish root or plant. Cf. raphane n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > root vegetable > [noun] > radish

radisheOE

raphanea1398

raphe?c1400

redcolec1440

round radish1572

rabone1597

Spanish radish1706

rat-tailed radish1867

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > radish

radisheOE

raphanea1398

raphe?c1400

rape1440

redcolec1440

rape radish1548

round radish1572

rabulane1593

rabone1597

?c1400 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 219 Whytt rafe.

a1425 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 219 Red rafe.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 204 (MED) The raphe [L. raphanus] is roote; al other in letuce Vpgooth.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 212 (MED) The raphe outake and lappe hit faire in donge And sette hit.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

raphen.²

Brit.

/ˈreɪfi/, U.S.

/ˈreɪfi/

Inflections: Plural raphae, raphes.

Forms: 1600s– rhaphe, 1700s–1800s rapha, 1700s– raphe, 1800s– raphé.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin raphe; Greek ῥαϕή.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin raphe seam-like ridge on the skull, etc. (1542 or earlier; compare quot. 1565 at sense 1), similar ridge on a seed ( J. Gaertner De fructibus et seminibus plantarum (1788–90 )) and its etymon ancient Greek ῥαϕή seam, suture (of the skull, a wound, etc.), cognate with ῥάπτειν to sew (see rhapsode n.). Compare French raphé seam-like ridge in anatomy (1753; 1562 in Middle French as raphi), similar ridge on a seed, etc. in botany (1810).In form rapha remodelled after Latin forms in -a, or perhaps an inferred singular from the plural raphae. In form raphé after French raphé (see above).

1. Anatomy and Zoology. A seam-like line or ridge, esp. between the two halves of a bilaterally symmetrical organ or part of the body; spec. a zone of decussating fibres and cells in the median plane of the medulla oblongata and pons (frequently attributive, esp. in raphe nucleus).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [noun] > seam

raphe1615

commissure1707

the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [noun] > other parts of brain

epicranium1603

buttocks of the brain1615

raphe1615

fornix1681

peduncle1707

psalterium1779

mammillary body1828

corona radiata1869

paraphysis1892

1565 J. Hall Anat. 3rd Treat. iii. 44 in tr. Lanfranc Most Excellent Woorke Chirurg. The thirde ryghte or streighte seame passinge betwene the bones Parietalia, and touchynge wyth his endes the coronal and occiptall bones, is called of the Grecians Obeliaea Raphe, and in Latine Sutura Sagittalis.]

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια xiii. iii. 930 Of Synarthrosis there are also three kinds, Rhaphe, Harmonia, and Gomphosis.

1703 J. Keill Anat. Humane Body (ed. 2) 8 The rapha or ridge is a line which running along the under-side of the yard, divides the scrotum and perinaeum in two.

1737 W. Barrowby tr. J. Astruc Treat. Venereal Dis. I. 309 The Perinæum must be laid open to both sides of the Rhaphe, as in Lithotomy.

1796 G. Gregory Econ. Nature III. xxvii. 301 Along the middle of the surface of the corpus callosum, a kind of raphe or suture is formed by a particular intertexture of fibres crossing each other.

1832 Lancet 25 Aug. 565/2 He then makes an incision over the stone, (on one side of the rapha, and about an inch from the anus).

1858 H. Gray Anat. 462 Along the middle line [of the corpus callosum] is a linear depression, the raphe.

1884 M. Mackenzie Man. Dis. Throat & Nose II. 476 Along the middle line of the nose there was a raphe projecting to the extent of about one millimetre.

1914 Lancet 14 Nov. 1160/2 He injects physiological salt solution at a rapid rate directly into the perineum, on each side of the median raphe.

1976 J. R. Smythies & L. Corbett Psychiatry Students of Med. xiv. 266 Lesions of the raphe nuclei of the lower brain stem cause a profound disturbance of sleep.

2005 Brit. Jrnl. Dermatol. 153 1053 The initial presentation of these two infants with supraumbilical raphes..suggested the diagnosis of isolated congenital sternal malformation.

2. Botany.

a. A ridge formed on a seed by fusion of the funiculus with the nucellus of an anatropous ovule.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun] > parts of > chalaza or raphe

raphe1812

chalaza1830

raphis1831

1812 R. J. Thornton Brit. Flora IV. 65 Seeds very numerous, globular, raphe unilateral, acute, naked.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 123 Raphe and chalaza usually very distinctly marked.

1888 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15 208 The testa is thin, yellowish, membranaceous, only slightly adherent, and marked by a slender but distinct rhaphe.

1914 F. A. Waugh Systematic Pomol. 93 This chalaza is connected with the ventral side of the seed by a raphe, funiculus, or cord, which runs upward over the top of the seed.

1960 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants xxii. 326 In anatropous ovules the part of the funiculus that is adnate to the ovule remains recognizable as a longitudinal ridge, the raphe, on one side of the seed.

1991 A. D. Bell Plant Form (1993) 158 Some ovules are bent over on the funicle (anatropous..as opposed to orthotropous..) and the micropyle in the seed is therefore next to the hilum, the funicle appearing as a ridge fused down the side of the seed and then known as the raphe.

†b. In fruits of umbelliferous plants: the commissure between two mericarps. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [noun] > joining part

commissure1830

raphe1849

1849 J. Paxton & J. Lindley Pocket Bot. Dict. (new ed.) 266/2 Raphe,..in umbelliferous plants, the line of junction of the two halves of which their fruit is composed.

1892 A. A. Crozier Dict. Bot. Terms 148/2 Raphe,..applied to a median line on the frustules of many diatoms, and formerly to the suture between the two halves of the fruit in Umbelliferæ.

c. A longitudinal slit in the valves of many pennate diatoms, believed to be involved in gliding motility. Frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1866 Pop. Sci. Rev. 5 397 The line of juncture, on either side, is called the ‘suture’ or ‘raphe’, and it is along this line that the diatoms frequently divide, producing new individuals.

1895 F. W. Oliver et al. tr. A. Kerner Nat. Hist. of Plants II. 626 Many of the forms exhibit a curious creeping movement, which is explained as being due to an external sheath or to filaments of protoplasm; the median line (or ‘raphe’) shown by certain forms..is interpreted as a narrow slit at which this external protoplasm is extruded.

1927 F. E. Fritsch West's Brit. Freshwater Algae (ed. 2) iv. 343 It is a significant fact that movement occurs only in those forms [of diatom] which possess a true raphe, i.e. a slit-like canal extending through the length of the valve.

1969 F. E. Round Introd. Lower Plants iii. 35 Almost all forms [of Bacillariophyta] with raphe systems are motile and it is the system of pores and raphe slits which are responsible for the diatoms' gliding motion.

1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 159/1 In classifying the four orders of Subclass Bacillariophycidae, attention is given to the presence and development of the raphe.

†3. Ornithology. A groove running along the underside of the shaft of a developing feather. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1855 T. H. Huxley in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. V. 480/1 That groove upon the under surface or the process, which is called the raphe.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	raphe
释义	† raphen.¹ Forms: Middle English rafe, Middle English raphe. Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: Raphanus n., raphane n. Etymology: Probably shortened < either Raphanus n. or raphane n. Compare post-classical Latin rafa radish (11th cent.), French †raphe radish (1611 in Cotgrave), Middle French rave (1530 in Palsgrave; French rave ), Old Occitan raphe horseradish, radish (14th cent.; 13th cent. as rafe ; Occitan rafe ), Catalan rave radish (13th cent.). Compare rape n.⁵ 1b. Obsolete. rare. A radish root or plant. Cf. raphane n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > root vegetable > [noun] > radish radisheOE raphanea1398 raphe?c1400 redcolec1440 round radish1572 rabone1597 Spanish radish1706 rat-tailed radish1867 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > radish radisheOE raphanea1398 raphe?c1400 rape1440 redcolec1440 rape radish1548 round radish1572 rabulane1593 rabone1597 ?c1400 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 219 Whytt rafe. a1425 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 219 Red rafe. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 204 (MED) The raphe [L. raphanus] is roote; al other in letuce Vpgooth. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 212 (MED) The raphe outake and lappe hit faire in donge And sette hit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021). raphen.² Brit. /ˈreɪfi/, U.S. /ˈreɪfi/ Inflections: Plural raphae, raphes. Forms: 1600s– rhaphe, 1700s–1800s rapha, 1700s– raphe, 1800s– raphé. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin raphe; Greek ῥαϕή. Etymology: < post-classical Latin raphe seam-like ridge on the skull, etc. (1542 or earlier; compare quot. 1565 at sense 1), similar ridge on a seed ( J. Gaertner De fructibus et seminibus plantarum (1788–90 )) and its etymon ancient Greek ῥαϕή seam, suture (of the skull, a wound, etc.), cognate with ῥάπτειν to sew (see rhapsode n.). Compare French raphé seam-like ridge in anatomy (1753; 1562 in Middle French as raphi), similar ridge on a seed, etc. in botany (1810).In form rapha remodelled after Latin forms in -a, or perhaps an inferred singular from the plural raphae. In form raphé after French raphé (see above). 1. Anatomy and Zoology. A seam-like line or ridge, esp. between the two halves of a bilaterally symmetrical organ or part of the body; spec. a zone of decussating fibres and cells in the median plane of the medulla oblongata and pons (frequently attributive, esp. in raphe nucleus). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [noun] > seam raphe1615 commissure1707 the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [noun] > other parts of brain epicranium1603 buttocks of the brain1615 raphe1615 fornix1681 peduncle1707 psalterium1779 mammillary body1828 corona radiata1869 paraphysis1892 1565 J. Hall Anat. 3rd Treat. iii. 44 in tr. Lanfranc Most Excellent Woorke Chirurg. The thirde ryghte or streighte seame passinge betwene the bones Parietalia, and touchynge wyth his endes the coronal and occiptall bones, is called of the Grecians Obeliaea Raphe, and in Latine Sutura Sagittalis.] 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια xiii. iii. 930 Of Synarthrosis there are also three kinds, Rhaphe, Harmonia, and Gomphosis. 1703 J. Keill Anat. Humane Body (ed. 2) 8 The rapha or ridge is a line which running along the under-side of the yard, divides the scrotum and perinaeum in two. 1737 W. Barrowby tr. J. Astruc Treat. Venereal Dis. I. 309 The Perinæum must be laid open to both sides of the Rhaphe, as in Lithotomy. 1796 G. Gregory Econ. Nature III. xxvii. 301 Along the middle of the surface of the corpus callosum, a kind of raphe or suture is formed by a particular intertexture of fibres crossing each other. 1832 Lancet 25 Aug. 565/2 He then makes an incision over the stone, (on one side of the rapha, and about an inch from the anus). 1858 H. Gray Anat. 462 Along the middle line [of the corpus callosum] is a linear depression, the raphe. 1884 M. Mackenzie Man. Dis. Throat & Nose II. 476 Along the middle line of the nose there was a raphe projecting to the extent of about one millimetre. 1914 Lancet 14 Nov. 1160/2 He injects physiological salt solution at a rapid rate directly into the perineum, on each side of the median raphe. 1976 J. R. Smythies & L. Corbett Psychiatry Students of Med. xiv. 266 Lesions of the raphe nuclei of the lower brain stem cause a profound disturbance of sleep. 2005 Brit. Jrnl. Dermatol. 153 1053 The initial presentation of these two infants with supraumbilical raphes..suggested the diagnosis of isolated congenital sternal malformation. 2. Botany. a. A ridge formed on a seed by fusion of the funiculus with the nucellus of an anatropous ovule. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun] > parts of > chalaza or raphe raphe1812 chalaza1830 raphis1831 1812 R. J. Thornton Brit. Flora IV. 65 Seeds very numerous, globular, raphe unilateral, acute, naked. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 123 Raphe and chalaza usually very distinctly marked. 1888 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15 208 The testa is thin, yellowish, membranaceous, only slightly adherent, and marked by a slender but distinct rhaphe. 1914 F. A. Waugh Systematic Pomol. 93 This chalaza is connected with the ventral side of the seed by a raphe, funiculus, or cord, which runs upward over the top of the seed. 1960 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants xxii. 326 In anatropous ovules the part of the funiculus that is adnate to the ovule remains recognizable as a longitudinal ridge, the raphe, on one side of the seed. 1991 A. D. Bell Plant Form (1993) 158 Some ovules are bent over on the funicle (anatropous..as opposed to orthotropous..) and the micropyle in the seed is therefore next to the hilum, the funicle appearing as a ridge fused down the side of the seed and then known as the raphe. †b. In fruits of umbelliferous plants: the commissure between two mericarps. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [noun] > joining part commissure1830 raphe1849 1849 J. Paxton & J. Lindley Pocket Bot. Dict. (new ed.) 266/2 Raphe,..in umbelliferous plants, the line of junction of the two halves of which their fruit is composed. 1892 A. A. Crozier Dict. Bot. Terms 148/2 Raphe,..applied to a median line on the frustules of many diatoms, and formerly to the suture between the two halves of the fruit in Umbelliferæ. c. A longitudinal slit in the valves of many pennate diatoms, believed to be involved in gliding motility. Frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1866 Pop. Sci. Rev. 5 397 The line of juncture, on either side, is called the ‘suture’ or ‘raphe’, and it is along this line that the diatoms frequently divide, producing new individuals. 1895 F. W. Oliver et al. tr. A. Kerner Nat. Hist. of Plants II. 626 Many of the forms exhibit a curious creeping movement, which is explained as being due to an external sheath or to filaments of protoplasm; the median line (or ‘raphe’) shown by certain forms..is interpreted as a narrow slit at which this external protoplasm is extruded. 1927 F. E. Fritsch West's Brit. Freshwater Algae (ed. 2) iv. 343 It is a significant fact that movement occurs only in those forms [of diatom] which possess a true raphe, i.e. a slit-like canal extending through the length of the valve. 1969 F. E. Round Introd. Lower Plants iii. 35 Almost all forms [of Bacillariophyta] with raphe systems are motile and it is the system of pores and raphe slits which are responsible for the diatoms' gliding motion. 1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 159/1 In classifying the four orders of Subclass Bacillariophycidae, attention is given to the presence and development of the raphe. †3. Ornithology. A groove running along the underside of the shaft of a developing feather. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1855 T. H. Huxley in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. V. 480/1 That groove upon the under surface or the process, which is called the raphe. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.¹?c1400n.²1615
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† raphen.1

raphen.2

† raphen.¹

raphen.²