quellv.¹

Brit.

/kwɛl/, U.S.

/kwɛl/

Forms: 1. Present stem.

α. Old English cuella (Northumbrian), Old English cwellan, Old English cwoella (Northumbrian), late Old English cweallan, early Middle English cwelle.

β. Middle English quaile (in a late copy), Middle English qvelle, Middle English qverlyn (transmission error), Middle English qwelle, Middle English whell, Middle English 1600s quelle, Middle English–1500s qwell, Middle English–1700s quel, Middle English– quell; Scottish pre-1700 quhel, pre-1700 qwel, pre-1700 qwell, pre-1700 1700s– quell.

2. Past tense.

α. Old English cualde (Anglian), Old English cwealde, Old English kwealde (rare), Old English (Anglian)–early Middle English ( Ormulum) cwalde, late Old English cwæaldan (plural indicative), late Old English cwælde, early Middle English cwelde.

β. early Middle English qualde, early Middle English quolde, Middle English quellede, Middle English quellid, Middle English qweld, Middle English whellid (Nottinghamshire), Middle English whellit (Lancashire, in a late copy), Middle English–1500s quelde, Middle English–1700s queld, Middle English– quelled; also Scottish pre-1700 quellit.

3. Past participle.

α. Old English cweald, Old English gecuelled (Northumbrian), early Middle English cwelled.

β. early Middle English iquald, early Middle English wold, Middle English iqueld, Middle English iquelled, Middle English quellede, Middle English quellyde, Middle English quelt, Middle English quelþe (probably transmission error), Middle English qwelled, Middle English qwellet (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s quelde, Middle English–1700s queld, Middle English– quelled; also Scottish pre-1700 quellit, pre-1700 quellyt, pre-1700 quhellit, pre-1700 qwellit.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch quellen to torture (Dutch kwellen to cause pain, to hinder), Old Saxon quellian to torture, to kill (Middle Low German quellen to torture, cause pain), Old High German quellen to torture (Middle High German queln , quellen ; German quälen ), Old Icelandic kvelja to torment, Old Swedish qvælia to torment, to hinder (Swedish kvälja ), Danish kvæle to smother, suffocate (1514 as quelghe , or earlier), causative formation < the Germanic base of quele v. Compare quale n.¹In Old English (Northumbrian) the prefixed form gecwella to kill (compare y- prefix) is also attested; compare also acwellan aquell v.

†1.

a. transitive. To kill, put to death (a person or animal); to strike so as to kill. Also (occasionally) intransitive. Obsolete.In later use influenced by sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > killing > kill [verb (transitive)]

swevec725

quelmeOE

slayc893

quelleOE

of-falleOE

ofslayeOE

aquellc950

ayeteeOE

spillc950

beliveOE

to bring (also do) of (one's) life-dayOE

fordoa1000

forfarea1000

asweveOE

drepeOE

forleseOE

martyrOE

to do (also i-do, draw) of lifeOE

bringc1175

off-quellc1175

quenchc1175

forswelta1225

adeadc1225

to bring of daysc1225

to do to deathc1225

to draw (a person) to deathc1225

murder?c1225

aslayc1275

forferec1275

to lay to ground, to earth (Sc. at eird)c1275

martyrc1300

strangle1303

destroya1325

misdoa1325

killc1330

tailc1330

to take the life of (also fro)c1330

enda1340

to kill to (into, unto) death1362

brittena1375

deadc1374

to ding to deathc1380

mortifya1382

perisha1387

to dight to death1393

colea1400

fella1400

kill out (away, down, up)a1400

to slay up or downa1400

swelta1400

voida1400

deliverc1400

starvec1425

jugylc1440

morta1450

to bring to, on, or upon (one's) bierc1480

to put offc1485

to-slaya1500

to make away with1502

to put (a person or thing) to silencec1503

rida1513

to put downa1525

to hang out of the way1528

dispatch?1529

strikea1535

occidea1538

to firk to death, (out) of lifec1540

to fling to deathc1540

extinct1548

to make out of the way1551

to fet offa1556

to cut offc1565

to make away?1566

occise1575

spoil1578

senda1586

to put away1588

exanimate1593

unmortalize1593

speed1594

unlive1594

execute1597

dislive1598

extinguish1598

to lay along1599

to make hence1605

conclude1606

kill off1607

disanimate1609

feeze1609

to smite, stab in, under the fifth rib1611

to kill dead1615

transporta1616

spatch1616

to take off1619

mactate1623

to make meat of1632

to turn up1642

inanimate1647

pop1649

enecate1657

cadaverate1658

expedite1678

to make dog's meat of1679

to make mincemeat of1709

sluice1749

finisha1753

royna1770

still1778

do1780

deaden1807

deathifyc1810

to lay out1829

cool1833

to use up1833

puckeroo1840

to rub out1840

cadaverize1841

to put under the sod1847

suicide1852

outkill1860

to fix1875

to put under1879

corpse1884

stiffen1888

tip1891

to do away with1899

to take out1900

stretch1902

red-light1906

huff1919

to knock rotten1919

skittle1919

liquidate1924

clip1927

to set over1931

creasea1935

ice1941

lose1942

to put to sleep1942

zap1942

to take down1967

wax1968

trash1973

ace1975

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xlv. 343 Swelce hwa wille blotan ðæm fæder to ðance..his ægen bearn, & hit ðonne cwelle [L. victimat] beforan his eagum.

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Exod. (Claud.) xxix. 16 Nim ænne ram... Þonne ðu hine cwelst, þu nymst his blod.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2018 Ne munnde he [sc. the devil] næfre letenn himm [sc. Christ]. Þurrh rode pine cwellenn.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 878 Heo qualden [c1300 cwelden] þa Frensce, alle þa heo funden.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 420 Abel an hundred ger was hold, Ðan he was of is broðer wold.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 885 He nom..His ost & upe is cosin bigan to werri vaste & bigan berne & quelle.

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 7076 (MED) Seigremor and his hadde swiche vertu Þat, on of his ȝif þe oþer afeld, þeroȝaines tventi he queld.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 179 Briddes & smale bestes wiþ his bow he quelles.

c1440 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Thornton) 49 (MED) Þay questede and quellys, By frythis and fellis, Þat þe dere dwellys, And darkys and darys.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1307 (MED) He..Bretens doun all þe bild & þe bernys quellis [a1500 Trin. Dub. whelles].

a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 208 Rottin crok, dirtin dok, cry cok, or I sall quell the!

?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. Ev^v If he be moche cruell, which doth his body quell Who kylleth his owne soule, is muche more cruell.

1598 R. Hakluyt tr. in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 20 Like barbarous miscreants, they quelled virgins vnto death.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 282 O fates..Quaile, crush, conclude, and quell .

1658 J. Jones tr. Ovid Invective against Ibis 93 Cassandrus..was by his subjects quelled with earth.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. v. 128 Yet him the dart Quell'd not.

1817 Ld. Byron Manfred ii. i. 85 I never quell'd An enemy, save in my just defence.

b. transitive. To dash out; to strike down. Also (occasionally) simply: to strike, beat. Cf. kill v. 1. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > impact > striking > strike [verb (transitive)]

swingc725

slayc825

knockc1000

platOE

swengea1225

swipa1225

kill?c1225

girdc1275

hitc1275

befta1300

anhitc1300

frapa1330

lushc1330

reddec1330

takec1330

popc1390

swapa1400

jod?14..

quella1425

suffetc1440

smith1451

nolpc1540

bedunch1567

percuss1575

noba1586

affrap1590

cuff?1611

doda1661

buffa1796

pug1802

nob1811

scud1814

bunt1825

belt1838

duntle1850

punt1886

plunk1888

potch1892

to stick one on1910

clunk1943

zonk1950

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > bring to the ground/lay low > knock down > specifically a person or animal

fellOE

to strike down1470

quell1535

to run down1587

to trip (also turn, tumble, kick, etc.) up a person's heels1587

to strike up the heels of1602

level1770

silence1785

grass1814

send1822

to send to grass1845

beef1926

deck1953

a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iv. 46 They fighte..And with hire axes out the braynes quelle.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. xiii. 21 Thre velys tho..In wirschip of Erix he bad down quell.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 636 With mony knok the Romanes doun tha quell.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos ii. sig. D.iv^v Sometime when tyryd ben their harts their manful stomacks steres And down their conquerours they quell.

1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 267 Tha cairlis w^t clubbis cowd vdir quell quhill blud at breistis out bokkit.

c. transitive. To cause (roots) to die off or wither. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1778 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. Digest 78 A dry summer, no doubt, quells the roots; but a showery summer exhausts the seeds of weeds.

2. transitive. To crush or overcome (a person or thing); to subdue, oppress; to reduce to submission, silence, etc.; †to force down to (obsolete). Also (occasionally) intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > subjecting or subjugation > subject [verb (transitive)] > suppress, repress, or put down

nithereOE

adweschOE

overtreadOE

quellOE

to trample or tread under foot (also feet)c1175

adauntc1325

to bear downc1330

oppressc1380

repressc1391

overyoke?a1425

quencha1425

to bear overc1425

supprisec1440

overquell?c1450

farec1460

supprime1490

downbeara1500

stanch1513

undertread1525

downtread1536

suppress1537

to set one's foot on the neck of1557

depress?a1562

overbear1565

surpress1573

trample1583

repose1663

spiflicate1749

sort1815

to trample down1853

to sit on ——1915

to clamp down1924

crack down1940

tamp1959

the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or overwhelm > completely or overthrow

shrenchc897

allayOE

fellOE

quellOE

to bring to the groundc1175

forlesec1200

to lay downa1225

acastc1225

accumberc1275

cumber1303

confoundc1330

overthrowc1375

cumrayc1425

overquell?c1450

overwhelvec1450

to nip in (also by, on) the head (also neck, pate)?a1500

prostrate1531

quash1556

couch1577

unhorse1577

prosternate1593

overbeata1616

unchariot1715

floor1828

quench1841

to knock over1853

fling1889

to throw down1890

steamroller1912

wipe1972

zonk1973

OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. iv. 34 Seo tunge þara leasolecendra cweleþ & swenceþ þæs sawle, þe hi gehieran lysteþ.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8033 Þe laþe gast. Aȝȝ niþþreþþ godess genge. & cwelleþþ hemm & wannseþþ hemm. Þurrh hise unnfæle þeowwess.

c1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 50 (MED) Þe feond þencheð iwis þe sawle forto cwelle.

c1300 Vision St. Paul (Laud) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1874) 52 35 (MED) He saȝh at helle ȝates stonde Galutres al fuyrie to fonde Sunfole soules to quelle.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 17268 (MED) Þou harud hell, And queld him þat all wald quell.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 1104 Thou art a Scot. The dewill thi natioune quell.

a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid viii. Prol. 112 Quha quellys the puyr commonys bot kyrkmen.

1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxiii. 124 Thay did comfort vs, And maid vs fre quhen strangers did vs quell.

1594 T. Lodge Wounds Ciuill War iv. i. sig. F2 How fare these Lords that lumping pouting proud Imagine how to quell me with their lookes?

1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xvii. xxiii. 650 Pompey the great quelled them first, and made them tributaries to Rome.

1645 J. Milton Tetrachordon 1 The want of this quells them to a servile sense of their own conscious unworthinesse.

1681 T. D'Urfey Progress Honesty viii. 9 She out of patience grows, And quells the little Rebel with pathetick blows.

1709 J. Dennis Appius & Virginia Prol., sig. A3^v Be witness that eternal Day which quell'd The vanquish'd Gaul upon the wond'ring Scheld.

1773 J. Home Alonzo iii. 47 Spain never would have sought for foreign aid To quell her foes.

1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. xxxiii. 320 It might enable him to quell the revolted Egyptians.

1853 C. Brontë Villette I. xvi. 303 He quelled, he kept down when he could.

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh ii. 63 I was quelled Before her,—meekened to the child she knew.

1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child ii. ii. 154 Ruth..would, he felt, have been incapable of quelling her masterful aunt so very decisively and with such an economy of words.

1970 J. G. Farrell Troubles i. 184 His anger impressed the twins sufficiently to quell them.

2004 Boston Herald (Nexis) 3 Feb. 4 Officers finally quelled the rioters with pepper projectiles and fire hoses.

3. transitive. To put an end to, suppress, extinguish (a thing or state of things, esp. a bad or disagreeable one); esp. to put down (an uprising, riot, etc.). Also: to repress or stifle (an emotion, impulse, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > crush, stifle, or overwhelm (feelings, etc.)

shendOE

whelvec1000

allayOE

ofdrunkenc1175

quenchc1175

quashc1275

stanchc1315

quella1325

slockena1340

drenchc1374

vanquishc1380

stuffa1387

daunt?a1400

adauntc1400

to put downa1425

overwhelmc1425

overwhelvec1450

quatc1450

slockc1485

suppressa1500

suffocate1526

quealc1530

to trample under foot1530

repress1532

quail1533

suppress1537

infringe1543

revocate1547

whelm1553

queasom1561

knetcha1564

squench1577

restinguish1579

to keep down1581

trample1583

repel1592

accable1602

crush1610

to wrestle down?1611

chokea1616

stranglea1616

stifle1621

smother1632

overpower1646

resuppress1654

strangulate1665

instranglea1670

to choke back, down, in, out1690

to nip or crush in the bud1746

spiflicate1749

squasha1777

to get under1799

burke1835

to stamp out1851

to trample down1853

quelch1864

to sit upon ——1864

squelch1864

smash1865

garrotte1878

scotch1888

douse1916

to drive under1920

stomp1936

stultify1958

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 526 Ðor is writen quat agte awold Ðat ðis werld was watre wold.

c1390 (a1325) Ipotis (Vernon) 334 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 345 (MED) He wente to helle, Þe fendes pouste forto quelle.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 752 (MED) Þat syre..watz borne oure baret to quelle.

c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) l. 16790 (MED) Bot god, þat hym his helpe hath heyȝt, ordand þat qwayntyse forto qwell.

1520 Calisto & Melibœa in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1874) I. 79 And with a toast in wine by the fire I could sit, with two dozen sops the colic to quell.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iv. ii. 13 All her sodaine quips, The least whereof would quell a louers hope.

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. iv. 103 Here some Commentators being not able to quell, never raise this objection.

1678 Spanish Hist. 25 This light punishment quelled all the false reports.

1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World ii. 188 The Captain quelled this Mutiny.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxxi. 249 An indefatigable ardour, which could neither be quelled by adversity, nor satiated by success.

1832 R. Lander & J. Lander Jrnl. Exped. Niger II. xii. 181 We soon succeeded in quelling their fears.

1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. viii. 171 All opposition was quelled by fire and sword.

1924 M. Baring C ii. 14 Mademoiselle quelled one or two incipient quarrels between C. and his sisters.

1979 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 26 Feb. 8 a/6 Before the fire was quelled parts of the roof had fallen in on the transmitters and broadcasting studios.

2004 U.S. News & World Rep. 14 June 73 The sound blaster his team used to quell a particularly nasty cellblock uprising.

†4. intransitive. To diminish, abate; to fail, come to nothing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > deteriorate in condition [verb (intransitive)] > lose freshness

wallowc888

falloweOE

fordwinec1000

foryellowc1220

fade13..

windlec1325

wanzec1400

witherc1400

unappair1426

quail?c1430

withera1500

quell1579

tainta1616

daver1621

welter1645

tarnish1678

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > become less violent or severe [verb (intransitive)] > become weak

littleOE

faintc1450

weaken?1541

quail1557

quell1579

faltera1677

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. 8 Winters wrath beginnes to quell [gloss. to abate].

a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vii. xlii, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Ii2^v Then came old Ianuary, wrapped well..Yet did he quake and quiuer like to quell.

1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) i. xxv. 115 Where ten thousand haue died for want of this exercise, not one hath quelled which hath beene vsed in this manner.

Derivatives

quelled adj.

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1324 (MED) Quykly of þe quelled dere a querre þay maked.

1821 J. Baillie W. Wallace in Metrical Legends iii Her quell'd chiefs must tamely bear From braggart pride the taunting jeer.

1883 Cent. Mag. Mar. 754/1 They had a knowingly quelled look.

1989 A. Stevenson Bitter Fame xii. 269 Their central figure is giving a performance as though before a single quelled spectator.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	quell
释义	quelln.¹ Brit. /kwɛl/, U.S. /kwɛl/ Forms: see quell v.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: quell v.¹ Etymology: < quell v.¹ rare. The action or an act of quelling something or someone (in various senses); †killing, slaughter (obsolete); suppression, repression, quashing.† heart quell n. Obsolete an ailment affecting the heart (perhaps = cardiacle n.). ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > slaughter > [noun] sleightc893 wal-slaught?a900 qualeeOE deathOE swordc1000 morthOE slaughta1225 destroyingc1300 drepingc1300 martyrdomc1325 murderc1325 mortc1330 sleighterc1330 slaughter1338 iron and firea1387 murraina1387 manslaughtera1400 martyre?a1400 quella1425 occision?a1430 decease1513 destruction1526 slaughting1535 butchery?1536 butchering1572 massacrea1578 slaughterdom1592 slaughtering1597 carnage1600 massacring1600 slaughtery1604 internecion1610 decimationa1613 destroy1616 trucidation1623 stragea1632 sword-wrack1646 interemption1656 carnifice1657 panolethry1668 butcher work1808 bloodbath1814 populicide1824 man-slaughtering1851 battue1864 mass murder1917 genocide1944 overkill1957 a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 12 Cardia, hert quel. a1500 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Douce) 49 (MED) Withe fresshe houndes and fele þei folowene here fare, Withe gret questes and quelles. 1543 R. Grafton Contin. in Chron. J. Hardyng f. lxxx Through all the tyme of hys vsurped reigne, neuer ceased there quell, murder, death and slaughter. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 72 His spungie Officers..shall beare the guilt Of our great quell . View more context for this quotation 1818 J. Keats Endymion ii. 78 Awfully he stands; A sovereign quell is in his waving hands. 1853 C. Brontë Villette III. xl. 246 It was indeed the hour to put away work, but why that sudden hush—that instant quell of the tumult? 2005 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 24 Sept. d4 I think the fans' excitement and enthusiasm can be infectious to our players, so I won't put a quell on that or squelch that at all. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). quelln.² Brit. /kwɛl/, U.S. /kwɛl/ Forms: 1800s– quell, 1800s– quill (English regional (southern)). Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or perhaps (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: quell v.²; English cwylla. Etymology: Either < quell v.², or perhaps the reflex of the related Old English noun cwylla (see Quelle n.).Perhaps attested earlier as a surname: Joh. del Quell (1338). In quot. 1894 perhaps independently < German Quelle spring, source (see Quelle n.); the quot. is from an Australian writer, who spent some of her schooldays in Germany. rare (chiefly English regional (southern)). A spring, a fountain. Also figurative. ΚΠ 1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. 102/1 Quill, a spring of water. 1894 ‘G. Egerton’ Discords 213 She was..the quell of living waters out of which he drew fresh strength for new lays. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). quellv.¹ Brit. /kwɛl/, U.S. /kwɛl/ Forms: 1. Present stem. α. Old English cuella (Northumbrian), Old English cwellan, Old English cwoella (Northumbrian), late Old English cweallan, early Middle English cwelle. β. Middle English quaile (in a late copy), Middle English qvelle, Middle English qverlyn (transmission error), Middle English qwelle, Middle English whell, Middle English 1600s quelle, Middle English–1500s qwell, Middle English–1700s quel, Middle English– quell; Scottish pre-1700 quhel, pre-1700 qwel, pre-1700 qwell, pre-1700 1700s– quell. 2. Past tense. α. Old English cualde (Anglian), Old English cwealde, Old English kwealde (rare), Old English (Anglian)–early Middle English ( Ormulum) cwalde, late Old English cwæaldan (plural indicative), late Old English cwælde, early Middle English cwelde. β. early Middle English qualde, early Middle English quolde, Middle English quellede, Middle English quellid, Middle English qweld, Middle English whellid (Nottinghamshire), Middle English whellit (Lancashire, in a late copy), Middle English–1500s quelde, Middle English–1700s queld, Middle English– quelled; also Scottish pre-1700 quellit. 3. Past participle. α. Old English cweald, Old English gecuelled (Northumbrian), early Middle English cwelled. β. early Middle English iquald, early Middle English wold, Middle English iqueld, Middle English iquelled, Middle English quellede, Middle English quellyde, Middle English quelt, Middle English quelþe (probably transmission error), Middle English qwelled, Middle English qwellet (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s quelde, Middle English–1700s queld, Middle English– quelled; also Scottish pre-1700 quellit, pre-1700 quellyt, pre-1700 quhellit, pre-1700 qwellit. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch quellen to torture (Dutch kwellen to cause pain, to hinder), Old Saxon quellian to torture, to kill (Middle Low German quellen to torture, cause pain), Old High German quellen to torture (Middle High German queln , quellen ; German quälen ), Old Icelandic kvelja to torment, Old Swedish qvælia to torment, to hinder (Swedish kvälja ), Danish kvæle to smother, suffocate (1514 as quelghe , or earlier), causative formation < the Germanic base of quele v. Compare quale n.¹In Old English (Northumbrian) the prefixed form gecwella to kill (compare y- prefix) is also attested; compare also acwellan aquell v. †1. a. transitive. To kill, put to death (a person or animal); to strike so as to kill. Also (occasionally) intransitive. Obsolete.In later use influenced by sense 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > kill [verb (transitive)] swevec725 quelmeOE slayc893 quelleOE of-falleOE ofslayeOE aquellc950 ayeteeOE spillc950 beliveOE to bring (also do) of (one's) life-dayOE fordoa1000 forfarea1000 asweveOE drepeOE forleseOE martyrOE to do (also i-do, draw) of lifeOE bringc1175 off-quellc1175 quenchc1175 forswelta1225 adeadc1225 to bring of daysc1225 to do to deathc1225 to draw (a person) to deathc1225 murder?c1225 aslayc1275 forferec1275 to lay to ground, to earth (Sc. at eird)c1275 martyrc1300 strangle1303 destroya1325 misdoa1325 killc1330 tailc1330 to take the life of (also fro)c1330 enda1340 to kill to (into, unto) death1362 brittena1375 deadc1374 to ding to deathc1380 mortifya1382 perisha1387 to dight to death1393 colea1400 fella1400 kill out (away, down, up)a1400 to slay up or downa1400 swelta1400 voida1400 deliverc1400 starvec1425 jugylc1440 morta1450 to bring to, on, or upon (one's) bierc1480 to put offc1485 to-slaya1500 to make away with1502 to put (a person or thing) to silencec1503 rida1513 to put downa1525 to hang out of the way1528 dispatch?1529 strikea1535 occidea1538 to firk to death, (out) of lifec1540 to fling to deathc1540 extinct1548 to make out of the way1551 to fet offa1556 to cut offc1565 to make away?1566 occise1575 spoil1578 senda1586 to put away1588 exanimate1593 unmortalize1593 speed1594 unlive1594 execute1597 dislive1598 extinguish1598 to lay along1599 to make hence1605 conclude1606 kill off1607 disanimate1609 feeze1609 to smite, stab in, under the fifth rib1611 to kill dead1615 transporta1616 spatch1616 to take off1619 mactate1623 to make meat of1632 to turn up1642 inanimate1647 pop1649 enecate1657 cadaverate1658 expedite1678 to make dog's meat of1679 to make mincemeat of1709 sluice1749 finisha1753 royna1770 still1778 do1780 deaden1807 deathifyc1810 to lay out1829 cool1833 to use up1833 puckeroo1840 to rub out1840 cadaverize1841 to put under the sod1847 suicide1852 outkill1860 to fix1875 to put under1879 corpse1884 stiffen1888 tip1891 to do away with1899 to take out1900 stretch1902 red-light1906 huff1919 to knock rotten1919 skittle1919 liquidate1924 clip1927 to set over1931 creasea1935 ice1941 lose1942 to put to sleep1942 zap1942 hit1955 to take down1967 wax1968 trash1973 ace1975 eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xlv. 343 Swelce hwa wille blotan ðæm fæder to ðance..his ægen bearn, & hit ðonne cwelle [L. victimat] beforan his eagum. OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Exod. (Claud.) xxix. 16 Nim ænne ram... Þonne ðu hine cwelst, þu nymst his blod. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2018 Ne munnde he [sc. the devil] næfre letenn himm [sc. Christ]. Þurrh rode pine cwellenn. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 878 Heo qualden [c1300 cwelden] þa Frensce, alle þa heo funden. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 420 Abel an hundred ger was hold, Ðan he was of is broðer wold. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 885 He nom..His ost & upe is cosin bigan to werri vaste & bigan berne & quelle. c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 7076 (MED) Seigremor and his hadde swiche vertu Þat, on of his ȝif þe oþer afeld, þeroȝaines tventi he queld. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 179 Briddes & smale bestes wiþ his bow he quelles. c1440 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Thornton) 49 (MED) Þay questede and quellys, By frythis and fellis, Þat þe dere dwellys, And darkys and darys. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1307 (MED) He..Bretens doun all þe bild & þe bernys quellis [a1500 Trin. Dub. whelles]. a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 208 Rottin crok, dirtin dok, cry cok, or I sall quell the! ?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. Ev^v If he be moche cruell, which doth his body quell Who kylleth his owne soule, is muche more cruell. 1598 R. Hakluyt tr. in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 20 Like barbarous miscreants, they quelled virgins vnto death. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 282 O fates..Quaile, crush, conclude, and quell . View more context for this quotation 1658 J. Jones tr. Ovid Invective against Ibis 93 Cassandrus..was by his subjects quelled with earth. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. v. 128 Yet him the dart Quell'd not. 1817 Ld. Byron Manfred ii. i. 85 I never quell'd An enemy, save in my just defence. b. transitive. To dash out; to strike down. Also (occasionally) simply: to strike, beat. Cf. kill v. 1. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impact > striking > strike [verb (transitive)] swingc725 slayc825 knockc1000 platOE swengea1225 swipa1225 kill?c1225 girdc1275 hitc1275 befta1300 anhitc1300 frapa1330 lushc1330 reddec1330 takec1330 popc1390 swapa1400 jod?14.. quella1425 suffetc1440 smith1451 nolpc1540 bedunch1567 percuss1575 noba1586 affrap1590 cuff?1611 doda1661 buffa1796 pug1802 nob1811 scud1814 bunt1825 belt1838 duntle1850 punt1886 plunk1888 potch1892 to stick one on1910 clunk1943 zonk1950 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > bring to the ground/lay low > knock down > specifically a person or animal fellOE to strike down1470 quell1535 to run down1587 to trip (also turn, tumble, kick, etc.) up a person's heels1587 to strike up the heels of1602 level1770 silence1785 grass1814 send1822 to send to grass1845 beef1926 deck1953 a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iv. 46 They fighte..And with hire axes out the braynes quelle. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. xiii. 21 Thre velys tho..In wirschip of Erix he bad down quell. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 636 With mony knok the Romanes doun tha quell. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos ii. sig. D.iv^v Sometime when tyryd ben their harts their manful stomacks steres And down their conquerours they quell. 1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 267 Tha cairlis w^t clubbis cowd vdir quell quhill blud at breistis out bokkit. c. transitive. To cause (roots) to die off or wither. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1778 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. Digest 78 A dry summer, no doubt, quells the roots; but a showery summer exhausts the seeds of weeds. 2. transitive. To crush or overcome (a person or thing); to subdue, oppress; to reduce to submission, silence, etc.; †to force down to (obsolete). Also (occasionally) intransitive. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > subjecting or subjugation > subject [verb (transitive)] > suppress, repress, or put down nithereOE adweschOE overtreadOE quellOE to trample or tread under foot (also feet)c1175 adauntc1325 to bear downc1330 oppressc1380 repressc1391 overyoke?a1425 quencha1425 to bear overc1425 supprisec1440 overquell?c1450 farec1460 supprime1490 downbeara1500 stanch1513 undertread1525 downtread1536 suppress1537 to set one's foot on the neck of1557 depress?a1562 overbear1565 surpress1573 trample1583 repose1663 spiflicate1749 sort1815 to trample down1853 to sit on ——1915 to clamp down1924 crack down1940 tamp1959 the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or overwhelm > completely or overthrow shrenchc897 allayOE fellOE quellOE to bring to the groundc1175 forlesec1200 to lay downa1225 acastc1225 accumberc1275 cumber1303 confoundc1330 overthrowc1375 cumrayc1425 overquell?c1450 overwhelvec1450 to nip in (also by, on) the head (also neck, pate)?a1500 prostrate1531 quash1556 couch1577 unhorse1577 prosternate1593 overbeata1616 unchariot1715 floor1828 quench1841 to knock over1853 fling1889 to throw down1890 steamroller1912 wipe1972 zonk1973 OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. iv. 34 Seo tunge þara leasolecendra cweleþ & swenceþ þæs sawle, þe hi gehieran lysteþ. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8033 Þe laþe gast. Aȝȝ niþþreþþ godess genge. & cwelleþþ hemm & wannseþþ hemm. Þurrh hise unnfæle þeowwess. c1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 50 (MED) Þe feond þencheð iwis þe sawle forto cwelle. c1300 Vision St. Paul (Laud) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1874) 52 35 (MED) He saȝh at helle ȝates stonde Galutres al fuyrie to fonde Sunfole soules to quelle. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 17268 (MED) Þou harud hell, And queld him þat all wald quell. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 1104 Thou art a Scot. The dewill thi natioune quell. a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid viii. Prol. 112 Quha quellys the puyr commonys bot kyrkmen. 1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxiii. 124 Thay did comfort vs, And maid vs fre quhen strangers did vs quell. 1594 T. Lodge Wounds Ciuill War iv. i. sig. F2 How fare these Lords that lumping pouting proud Imagine how to quell me with their lookes? 1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xvii. xxiii. 650 Pompey the great quelled them first, and made them tributaries to Rome. 1645 J. Milton Tetrachordon 1 The want of this quells them to a servile sense of their own conscious unworthinesse. 1681 T. D'Urfey Progress Honesty viii. 9 She out of patience grows, And quells the little Rebel with pathetick blows. 1709 J. Dennis Appius & Virginia Prol., sig. A3^v Be witness that eternal Day which quell'd The vanquish'd Gaul upon the wond'ring Scheld. 1773 J. Home Alonzo iii. 47 Spain never would have sought for foreign aid To quell her foes. 1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. xxxiii. 320 It might enable him to quell the revolted Egyptians. 1853 C. Brontë Villette I. xvi. 303 He quelled, he kept down when he could. 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh ii. 63 I was quelled Before her,—meekened to the child she knew. 1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child ii. ii. 154 Ruth..would, he felt, have been incapable of quelling her masterful aunt so very decisively and with such an economy of words. 1970 J. G. Farrell Troubles i. 184 His anger impressed the twins sufficiently to quell them. 2004 Boston Herald (Nexis) 3 Feb. 4 Officers finally quelled the rioters with pepper projectiles and fire hoses. 3. transitive. To put an end to, suppress, extinguish (a thing or state of things, esp. a bad or disagreeable one); esp. to put down (an uprising, riot, etc.). Also: to repress or stifle (an emotion, impulse, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > crush, stifle, or overwhelm (feelings, etc.) shendOE whelvec1000 allayOE ofdrunkenc1175 quenchc1175 quashc1275 stanchc1315 quella1325 slockena1340 drenchc1374 vanquishc1380 stuffa1387 daunt?a1400 adauntc1400 to put downa1425 overwhelmc1425 overwhelvec1450 quatc1450 slockc1485 suppressa1500 suffocate1526 quealc1530 to trample under foot1530 repress1532 quail1533 suppress1537 infringe1543 revocate1547 whelm1553 queasom1561 knetcha1564 squench1577 restinguish1579 to keep down1581 trample1583 repel1592 accable1602 crush1610 to wrestle down?1611 chokea1616 stranglea1616 stifle1621 smother1632 overpower1646 resuppress1654 strangulate1665 instranglea1670 to choke back, down, in, out1690 to nip or crush in the bud1746 spiflicate1749 squasha1777 to get under1799 burke1835 to stamp out1851 to trample down1853 quelch1864 to sit upon ——1864 squelch1864 smash1865 garrotte1878 scotch1888 douse1916 to drive under1920 stomp1936 stultify1958 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 526 Ðor is writen quat agte awold Ðat ðis werld was watre wold. c1390 (a1325) Ipotis (Vernon) 334 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 345 (MED) He wente to helle, Þe fendes pouste forto quelle. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 752 (MED) Þat syre..watz borne oure baret to quelle. c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) l. 16790 (MED) Bot god, þat hym his helpe hath heyȝt, ordand þat qwayntyse forto qwell. 1520 Calisto & Melibœa in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1874) I. 79 And with a toast in wine by the fire I could sit, with two dozen sops the colic to quell. a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iv. ii. 13 All her sodaine quips, The least whereof would quell a louers hope. View more context for this quotation 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. iv. 103 Here some Commentators being not able to quell, never raise this objection. 1678 Spanish Hist. 25 This light punishment quelled all the false reports. 1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World ii. 188 The Captain quelled this Mutiny. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxxi. 249 An indefatigable ardour, which could neither be quelled by adversity, nor satiated by success. 1832 R. Lander & J. Lander Jrnl. Exped. Niger II. xii. 181 We soon succeeded in quelling their fears. 1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. viii. 171 All opposition was quelled by fire and sword. 1924 M. Baring C ii. 14 Mademoiselle quelled one or two incipient quarrels between C. and his sisters. 1979 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 26 Feb. 8 a/6 Before the fire was quelled parts of the roof had fallen in on the transmitters and broadcasting studios. 2004 U.S. News & World Rep. 14 June 73 The sound blaster his team used to quell a particularly nasty cellblock uprising. †4. intransitive. To diminish, abate; to fail, come to nothing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > deteriorate in condition [verb (intransitive)] > lose freshness wallowc888 falloweOE fordwinec1000 foryellowc1220 fade13.. windlec1325 wanzec1400 witherc1400 unappair1426 quail?c1430 withera1500 quell1579 tainta1616 daver1621 welter1645 tarnish1678 the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > become less violent or severe [verb (intransitive)] > become weak littleOE faintc1450 weaken?1541 quail1557 quell1579 faltera1677 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. 8 Winters wrath beginnes to quell [gloss. to abate]. a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vii. xlii, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Ii2^v Then came old Ianuary, wrapped well..Yet did he quake and quiuer like to quell. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) i. xxv. 115 Where ten thousand haue died for want of this exercise, not one hath quelled which hath beene vsed in this manner. Derivatives quelled adj. ΚΠ c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1324 (MED) Quykly of þe quelled dere a querre þay maked. 1821 J. Baillie W. Wallace in Metrical Legends iii Her quell'd chiefs must tamely bear From braggart pride the taunting jeer. 1883 Cent. Mag. Mar. 754/1 They had a knowingly quelled look. 1989 A. Stevenson Bitter Fame xii. 269 Their central figure is giving a performance as though before a single quelled spectator. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). quellv.² Brit. /kwɛl/, U.S. /kwɛl/ Forms: Middle English kuel (south-eastern), 1800s– quell, 1800s– quill (English regional (southern)). Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch quellen (Dutch kwellen , rare), Old Saxon quellan (Middle Low German quellen , quillen ), Old High German quellan (Middle High German quellen , German quellen ) < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit gal- to drip. In later use perhaps partly borrowed < German. Compare quell n.² Compare also well v.¹ rare (chiefly English regional (southern) in later use). intransitive. To well out, flow. Also with up. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > flow out or well up well?a1200 quell1340 to well upa1387 sourd1481 surge1549 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 248 Þe welle eurelestinde þet alneway kuelȝ [read kuelþ; c1450 Bk. Vices & Virtues welleþ and wexeþ] and fayly ne may. 1854 Trans. Philol. Soc. 84 [Surrey Provincialisms] Quill, to bubble like a fountain or spring. 1863 C. Kingsley Water-babies i. 13 Out of a low cave..the great fountain rose, quelling and bubbling. 1883 W. H. Cope Gloss. Hampshire Words 71 Quill-up, to rise as water does in a spring. 1921 A. L. Donaldson Hist. Adirondacks I. xxvi. 326 They were not sentiments that he paraded, and they lay unsuspected by many in the depths of a rugged nature, but they quelled up spontaneously in all the emotional moments of his life. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹a1425n.²1875v.¹eOEv.²1340
随便看	scale effect scale factor scale fee scale height scale house scale in scale instrument scale maker scale man scale model scale of scale of being(s scale of creatures scale of equal parts scale of etc scale of existence scale of ficts scale of life scale of logarithms scale of nature scale of numbers scale of two scale passage scale plan scale singing

quelln.1

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quellv.1

Derivatives

quellv.2

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quelln.²

quellv.¹

quellv.²