professionaladj.n.

Brit.

/prəˈfɛʃn̩(ə)l/,

/prəˈfɛʃən(ə)l/, U.S.

/prəˈfɛʃ(ə)nəl/,

/proʊˈfɛʃ(ə)nəl/

Forms: late Middle English professhennalle, late Middle English professhynalle, 1600s professionall, 1600s– professional.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: profession n., -al suffix¹.

Etymology: < profession n. + -al suffix¹. Compare post-classical Latin professionalis relating to the act of profession of canonical obedience (1276, 1363 in British sources). With sense A. 1 compare profession-ring n. at profession n. Compounds. With sense A. 7 compare earlier professorial adj. With use as noun compare earlier professionalist n.

A. adj.

†I. Senses relating to a profession or vow.

1. Relating to or marking the occasion of entrance into a religious order. Cf. profession-ring n. at profession n. Compounds. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [adjective] > that has made profession

profess1340

professedc1440

professionala1450

a1450 St. Etheldreda (Faust.) l. 797 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 300 Hit was hurre professhennalle rynge.

2. Of or relating to a profession or declaration; that is avowedly (but sometimes falsely) the thing specified; professed. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > [adjective] > self-acknowledged

professed1531

avowed1651

professional1667

self-confesseda1804

1667 J. Tombes Theodulia iv. 118 A verbal professional acknowledgment of the Offices of Christ is nothing, when contradicted in practice.

1689 W. Thomas Bp. Worcester Let. to Clergy 15 It [sc. Confirmation] looks backward, as additional auxiliary to Baptism (inverting the Scene of the Votaries of Christian Piety by Proxies..to an immediate personal professional Obligation).

1794 J. Knott Distinguishing Princ. Baptists Vindicated v. 34 The idea that a mere assent to certain propositions respecting Christ, and a merely professional faith, are all that are necessary to become a Christian.

II. Senses relating to or derived from (the conduct of) a profession or occupation.

a. Of a person or persons: that engages in a specified occupation or activity for money or as a means of earning a living, rather than as a pastime. Contrasted with amateur.Sometimes applied disparagingly to a person who makes a trade or profession of something usually associated with higher motives: cf. professional politician n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [adjective] > trained in theoretic part of occupation > following occupation as livelihood

professional1606

professionarya1813

pro1916

1606 in R. Chambers Dom. Ann. Scot. I. 395 Sending two professional clengers..that they might deal with an infection which had fallen forth.

1787 G. Gregory tr. R. Lowth Lect. Sacred Poetry Hebrews II. iii. 127 We find no scarcity of these professional mourners, well accomplished in all the discipline of lamentation and woe, and with tears always at command for a reasonable stipend.

1798 in Deb. Congr. U.S. (1852) 10th Congress 1 Sess., App. 2741 The solemn air and dictatorial manner of a professional schoolmaster.

1806 T. S. Surr Winter in London II. x. 223 Professional and amateur singers.

1836 New Sporting Mag. July 198 On this point I heard a remark from one of the professional [cricket] players.

1844 tr. M. T. Asmar Mem. Babylonian Princess II. 30 Professional dancers and singers are usually engaged upon these festive occasions.

1883 J. Hawthorne Dust I. 2 More to fear from young bloods..than from professional thieves and blacklegs.

1904 Saga-bk. of Viking Club III. iii. 320 The..uniformity can only be explained by supposing that there were professional rune-writers, travelling over the country and inscribing stones.

1946 Mind 55 149 But is this work to bear fruit only in the narrow and specialised fields that professional philosophers inhabit?

1990 Artist's & Illustrator's Mag. May 10/1 There will be a broad appeal to all artists, whether students, amateur or professional artists, commercial illustrators or designers.

2004 Gay Times Feb. 56/3 Hunky Calvin Klein model and professional footballer, Freddie Ljungberg, has put paid to rumours he's gay.

b. Of an event, activity, occupation, etc. (now esp. a sport): undertaken or engaged in for money; engaged in by professionals (as distinct from non-professionals or amateurs).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [adjective] > professional

professional1851

pro1916

semi-professional1953

semi-pro1980

1779 Remembrancer 8 109 A question arises..if a national land defence [of conscripted men] was once fairly established,..whether any other professional army would be necessary.

1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music IV. 676 Bach and Abel..opened a subscription, about 1763, for a weekly concert... The same concert now subsists in a still more flourishing way than ever, under the denomination of the Professional Concert.

1851 J. Pycroft Cricket Field iv. 56 The chief patronage..was..in London. There the play was nearly all professional: even the gentlemen made a profession of it.

1884 Cyclist 13 Feb. 247/2 A rule prohibiting the holding of professional events at amateur athletic meetings.

1919 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) July 23/1 At the top of the list came Professional Golf, closely followed by the best Amateur Golf.

1947 Partisan Rev. 14 258 He concealed his fear most of all from himself by means of his devotion to professional sports, major league baseball especially.

1950 J. Dempsey Championship Fighting ii. 11 Punchless performers who can win amateur or professional bouts on points.

1994 Sports Illustr. 22 Aug. 3/1 The Hermosa Beach event was only the second known appearance of professional beach soccer in the U.S.

c. In humorous or derogatory use. Of a person: habitually making a feature of a particular activity or attribute, esp. one that is generally regarded with disfavour; inveterate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > that does something habitually > inveterate or confirmed

composed1483

wedded1578

fastened1596

dyed in the wool1597

sworna1616

hardeneda1618

engrained1630

steadfast1644

radicateda1661

inveterate1735

professional1814

confirmed1827

card-carrying1939

1814 F. Burney Wanderer III. vi. lviii. 394 The blush of Juliet manifested extreme confusion, to see herself represented..as a professional parasite.

1879 Cornhill Mag. Oct. 414 It is one of the misfortunes of the professional Don Juan that his honour forbids him to refuse battle.

a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) II. iv. 69 But she found all the homes full, with long waiting lists, filled for the most part..with professional objects of charity.

1937 Time 18 Jan. 75/2 Chekhov was a strong supporter of Zola and the Dreyfusards, Suvorin was a professional anti-Semite.

1978 J. Krantz Scruples vi. 167 The ‘extra man’ invited to sit next to her at dinner was..a professional leech who dined out every night by mere virtue of being unmarried and mildly presentable.

1995 Private Eye 8 Sept. 6/1 The professional northerner saved particularly harsh words for their ‘ill-mannered children’.

4. Of, belonging to, or proper to a profession.

a. Relating to, connected with, or befitting a (particular) profession or calling; preliminary or necessary to the practice of a profession.professional examination: see Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [adjective] > relating to skilled occupation

craftlyOE

professional1654

professionary1744

prof1898

1654 A. Warren New Plea for Old Law 20 If the Lustrick and Professionall Dæmon Jarr, actum est Studiosis legis, that Grave Spanish Author of the Triall of Wits will tell us.

1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus 561 A clarissimation or an illustriorating of him that has soulary virtue and professional merit, renders the Serjeant, as step to a Justicer, a most eminent person.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. 19 It is more a satire upon Human nature, than upon the Cloth...I don't love professional any more than national reflections.

1776 G. Campbell Philos. of Rhetoric I. ii. i. 356 Professional dialects, or the cant which is sometimes observed to prevail among those of the same profession or way of life.

1802 Med. Jrnl. 389 Nor can any one regulate his professional conduct by it, without forfeiting all claim to consistency.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiv. 127 I dislike doing anything professional in private parties.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 332 It was in these rustic priests,..who had not the smallest chance of ever attaining high professional honours, that the professional spirit was strongest.

1932 ‘D. Frome’ By-pass Murder xxviii. 248 He did not want, for professional reasons, to put up any of his own collateral.

1947 Minutes of Evidence Royal Comm. on Press 12 Nov. 23/2 in Parl. Papers 1947–8 (Cmd. 7330) 14 533 There should be punishments and rewards instituted in order to raise and preserve the standards of professional behaviour within the newspaper profession.

1962 ‘A. Lejeune’ Duel in Shadows vii. 96 ‘You must keep this to yourself.’ ‘My dear man,’ she protested. ‘Professional ethics. Guide's honour.’

1990 Health Educ. Jrnl. 49 201/1 A feasibility study is currently underway to provide access to certificate courses for entrants lacking the relevant professional qualifications.

2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 19 Nov. 92/2 The most intriguing..of the ventures offering online professional education is UNext.com.

b. Engaged in a profession, esp. one requiring special skill or training; belonging to the professional classes (see professional class n. at Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [adjective] > trained in theoretic part of occupation > engaged in learned or skilled profession

professional1784

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > non-manual worker > [adjective] > professional

professional1784

pin-striped1958

1784 Med. Observ. & Inq. VI. 281 To form a solid judgment about the birth of a new-born child, from the examination of its body, a professional man should have seen many new-born children.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §73 Called upon, not only as a professional man, but as a man of veracity.

1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 381 The College invites all professional men, who had an opportunity of treating the yellow fever, to communicate their observations.

1871 M. E. Braddon Zoophyte's Rev. iii Sometimes there was a party, consisting of professional people..with a sprinkling of the smaller county gentry.

1925 Restaurant News & Managem. Dec. 10 (caption) An instance of successful catering to business and professional people [is] The Rotisserie Inn, Salt Lake City.

1960 D. Lessing In Pursuit of Eng. i. 15 Their Shangri-La would be populated..with nice professional people.

1997 Sunday Times 26 Oct. (Style section) 50/7 (advt.) Professional male, 37, 6′2″, fit, slim, and recently singled, seeks attractive, slim 30-something professional woman.

c. Characteristic of or suitable for a professional person; (now esp. of equipment) of a type used by professionals.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > [adjective] > used by professionals

professional1848

1848 A. Brontë Tenant of Wildfell Hall III. vii. 123 I have a second hand piano, and a tolerably well-stocked bookcase in my parlour; and my other room has assumed quite a professional, business-like appearance already.

1885 Times 21 Oct. 4/5 Some ladies had also been sent out by various zealous missionary bodies..and practised medicine with a considerable amount of skill, though they were far from possessing a full professional equipment.

1946 Fortune Oct. 158/2 Home phonographs rarely compare in precision with professional studio equipment.

1975 G. J. King Audio Handbk. x. 222 Professional machines operating at 38 or 76 cm/s may adopt essentially constant-current recording over the primary bandwidth.

1989 Which? Oct. 495/1 In some shops you can also buy Fujichrome, Ektachrome and Kodachrome professional films.

2004 Independent 11 Mar. 35/3 The desire to emulate the lifestyles of the very rich has led to booming sales of trophy homes, luxury cars, professional quality home equipment and cosmetic surgery.

d. That has or displays the skill, knowledge, experience, standards, or expertise of a professional; competent, efficient.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [adjective] > that professes to be qualified > of standard of a professional

professional1920

1920 G. Santayana Char. & Opin. U.S. v. 143 Very professional in tone and conscious of his Fach.

1926 C. Connolly Let. 8 May in Romantic Friendship (1975) 124 I think one must be pretty professional to succeed [as a writer].

1945 ‘A. Gilbert’ Black Stage iv. 56 ‘This chap's got his head screwed on all right,’ exclaimed Goodier. ‘Looks like the professional touch to me.’

1973 D. Francis Slay-ride ix. 100 The cutting edges had been sharpened like razors and the point would have been good as a needle. A professional job: no amateur could have produced that result with a few passes over a carborundum.

1992 Glimmer Train Summer 16 He..was incredibly professional in his approach to the work. He really knew how to address letters to people, how to hit the right tone, how not to sound too emotionally charged.

5. That has knowledge of the theoretical or scientific parts of a trade or occupation, as distinct from its practical or mechanical aspects; that raises a trade to a learned profession. Now rare except as merged with senses at A. 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [adjective] > trained in theoretic part of occupation

professional1860

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. ix. 271 Having constructed, by a professional engineer, a map of the entire glacier.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 18 Jan. 10/2 A witness described himself as a professional gardener... ‘There is a vast difference between professional and ordinary gardeners. I am competent to give a lecture on botany and horticulture.’

6. Physiology. Designating or relating to a cell which is specialized for the ingestion of particles by phagocytosis, such as a macrophage or neutrophil (as distinct from a cell capable of occasional phagocytosis).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [adjective] > phagocytic cells

phagocytic1887

phagocytical1890

histiocytic1914

professional1975

1975 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 266 6 The only known function by which antirickettsial antibodies may operate in host defense mechanisms, namely, opsonization of rickettsiae for enhanced ingestion by professional phagocytes and subsequent destruction.

1984 J. F. Lamb Essent. Physiol. (ed. 2) iv. 78 Such cells are known as ‘professional’ phagocytes—the polymorphs, monocytes and macrophages of the myeloid series.

1998 Science 27 Nov. 1718/3 To determine whether Rho GTPases control phagocytosis in professional phagocytic cells, we treated the mouse macrophage cell line J774 with toxin B from Clostridium difficile, an inhibitor of all members of the Rho family.

III. Senses related to the office of professor.

7. = professorial adj. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > teacher > university or college teacher > [adjective] > professor

cathedral1603

professory1605

cathedrated1627

professorial1713

professional1780

1780 J. Brett tr. B. J. Feijóo y Montenegro Ess. II. xvii. 167 Among the professors of literature, there are not a few, who make themselves unpleasant companions... With them every place is a school, every chair a professional one, and all their auditors their pupils.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 418 Etmuller filled a professional chair at Leipsig.

1865 C. Dickens Let. 16 Aug. (1999) XI. 82 The Scotch professional chair left vacant by Aytoun's death.

1918 Science 7 June 549/1 Who is to endow our laboratories and our professional chairs?

1988 Black Amer. Lit. Forum 22 563 Oluwasanmi..was to offer Soyinka his first professional chair in Nigeria.

B. n.

a. A person who engages in a specified activity, especially a sport, as a paid occupation. Frequently opposed to amateur.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > as livelihood

professional1811

pro1856

society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [noun] > professional

player1793

professional1811

professor1819

pro1856

prof1951

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > cricketer > [noun] > professional player

player1793

professional1811

pro1856

1811 J. Austen Let. 18 Apr. (1995) 180 There is to be some very good Music, 5 professionals,..besides Amateurs.

1859 J. Lang Wanderings in India 318 In nearly all these cases, the witnesses are professionals; that is to say, men who are accustomed to sell their oaths, and who thoroughly understand their business.

1894 Lehmann in Daily News 6 Feb. 3/5 In 1871 a crew of professionals used a seat that slid on the thwarts, and beat a crew that was generally held to be superior.

1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf 27 Nearly all professionals, when addressing their ball for the put, sole the putter in front of the ball.

1957 ‘R. West’ Fountain Overflows xvii. 377 She said that being a professional was different from being even a very good amateur.

2002 R. Cohen By Sword iii. ix. 222 For most people the ‘festival’ was still small beer: amateurs were not expected to be of the same standard as professionals, there was no sponsorship and little publicity.

b. Chiefly colloquial. A prostitute. Cf. profession n. 7e.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute

meretrixOE

whoreOE

soiled dovea1250

common womanc1330

putec1384

bordel womanc1405

putaina1425

brothelc1450

harlot?a1475

public womanc1510

naughty pack?1529

draba1533

cat1535

strange woman1535

stew1552

causey-paikera1555

putanie?1566

drivelling1570

twigger1573

punka1575

hackney1579

customer1583

commodity1591

streetwalker1591

traffic1591

trug1591

hackster1592

polecat1593

stale1593

mermaid1595

medlar1597

occupant1598

Paphian1598

Winchester goose1598

pagan1600

hell-moth1602

aunt1604

moll1604

prostitution1605

community1606

miss1606

night-worm1606

bat1607

croshabell1607

prostitute1607

pug1607

venturer1607

nag1608

curtal1611

jumbler1611

land-frigate1611

walk-street1611

doll-common1612

turn-up1612

barber's chaira1616

commonera1616

public commonera1616

trader1615

venturea1616

stewpot1616

tweak1617

carry-knave1623

prostibule1623

fling-dusta1625

mar-taila1625

night-shadea1625

waistcoateera1625

night trader1630

coolera1632

meretrician1631

painted ladya1637

treadle1638

buttock1641

night-walker1648

mob?1650

lady (also girl, etc.) of the game1651

lady of pleasure1652

trugmullion1654

fallen woman1659

girlc1662

high-flyer1663

fireship1665

quaedama1670

small girl1671

visor-mask1672

vizard-mask1672

bulker1673

marmalade-madam1674

town miss1675

town woman1675

lady of the night1677

mawks1677

fling-stink1679

Whetstone whore1684

man-leech1687

nocturnal1693

hack1699

strum1699

fille de joie1705

market-dame1706

screw1725

girl of (the) town1733

Cytherean1751

street girl1764

monnisher1765

lady of easy virtue1766

woman (also lady) of the town1766

kennel-nymph1771

chicken1782

stargazer1785

loose fish1809

receiver general1811

Cyprian1819

mollya1822

dolly-mop1834

hooker1845

charver1846

tail1846

horse-breaker1861

professional1862

flagger1865

cocodette1867

cocotte1867

queen's woman1871

common prostitute1875

joro1884

geisha1887

horizontal1888

flossy1893

moth1896

girl of the pavement1900

pross1902

prossie1902

pusher1902

split-arse mechanic1903

broad1914

shawl1922

bum1923

quiff1923

hustler1924

lady of the evening1924

prostie1926

working girl1928

prostisciutto1930

maggie1932

brass1934

brass nail1934

mud kicker1934

scupper1935

model1936

poule de luxe1937

pro1937

chromo1941

Tom1941

pan-pan1949

twopenny upright1958

scrubber1959

slack1959

yum-yum girl1960

Suzie Wong1962

mattress1964

jamette1965

ho1966

sex worker1971

pavement princess1976

parlour girl1979

crack whore1990

1862 B. Hemyng in H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) Extra vol. 221/2 This class [of prostitutes] have been called the ‘amateurs’, to contradistinguish them from the professionals, who devote themselves to it entirely as a profession.

1956 S. Selvon Lonely Londoners (1995) 107 Brit'n it have a lot of dark women who in the racket too they have to make a living and you could see them here and there with the professionals walking on the Bayswater Road.

1973 ‘D. Jordan’ Nile Green xxvii. 121 ‘I'm not a professional,’ she said, too coolly, ‘and he's not precisely my type.’

2004 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 9 May 74 As for heaven, I imagine it to be filled with gorgeous women, not virgins but real professionals, if you know what I mean.

2. A person engaged in a profession, esp. one requiring special skill or training; a professional person, or a member of the professional classes.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > of learned or skilled profession

consult1704

professional1846

prof1951

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > learned person, scholar > [noun] > expert, specialist, authority

masterc1225

historian?a1439

authentic1613

scientiate1647

supernaturalist1659

authority1665

connoisseur1732

pundit1816

expert1825

specialist1839

past master1840

sharp1840

professional1846

beggar1859

specializer1868

passed master1882

buff1903

man1921

sharpshooter1942

sharpie1949

watcher1966

meister1975

1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) i. 4 The family practitioner opening the room door for that distinguished professional.

1883 Times 22 Jan. 15 To clergymen, professionals, &c.—Governess pupil required, for high-class school.

1901 Westm. Gaz. 19 Mar. 2/2 Some of the speeches of the returned Generals make us glad to think that the ‘professionals’ (as Lord Salisbury says) are not the politicians.

1966 Wall St. Jrnl. 2 Dec. 1/4 To ‘retread’ many retired nurses and other skilled professionals through refresher courses.

1991 Utne Reader July 75/1 A growing number of young professionals..are opting to chuck the suit and briefcase..in favor of the less lucrative but more relaxed world of part-time work.

2005 Bath Chron. (Nexis) 14 Sept. 3 It's a misconception that white-collar professionals have the best jobs and are therefore the happiest.

3. Scottish University slang. Short for ‘professional examination’ (professional examination n. (b) at Compounds 2). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > university examinations

fellowship examination1787

collections1799

responsions1810

response1813

little go1816

great go1820

Previous Examination1824

school1826

smalls1836

senate-house examination1837

tripos1842

honours examination1851

biennial1853

great1854

moderations1857

Mods1858

professional1890

Trip1909

previous1950

1890 A. Conan Doyle Firm of Girdlestone vi. 38 I expected to find you deep in your books... You go up for your first professional in a few weeks, I understand?

1908 in Scott. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 22 528 Those who have failed in one or more of the subjects of the Second Professional.

4. A person who does something with a high level of competence, commitment, or expertise. Cf. sense A. 4d.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > professional quality

professionalism1856

professionality1861

workmanlikeness1882

professional1916

1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle iii. 42 He was the real professional, and I was only the dabbler.

1956 J. Barth Floating Opera vii. 72 Only a hardened professional could sleep so soundly and contentedly in a mudhole during a battle.

1977 Business Week 18 Apr. 47 The real professionals and sophisticated investors are waiting on the sidelines.

1993 Independent 9 Jan. 12/8 He nevertheless wrote busily to the end. He was a ‘wordaholic’, a craftsman and true professional who always met his deadlines.

Compounds

C1.

professional-looking adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [adjective] > having practical, operative, or constructive skill > characteristic of skilled worker

workmanly1421

artificiousc1475

craftsmanlike1547

workmanlike1600

artificial1667

professional-looking1840

tradesmanlike1862

workwomanly1894

1840 F. M. Trollope Life & Adventures Michael Armstrong iii. 27 An extremely fat and very professional-looking cook came next.

1936 A. Huxley Eyeless in Gaza vi. 64 She [sc. a model ship] was so professional-looking.

2002 Sound & Vision May 28 (caption) Professional-looking labels..will help your recordings stand out from the crowd.

C2.

professional beauty n. a woman who is famed for or makes a living out of her beauty.

ΚΠ

1879 Times 13 Oct. 11/5 He has been bribed by the other photographic professional beauty to give her the monopoly of appearing in his charming paper.

1881 A. Trollope Ayala's Angel III. lxiv. 277 There were symptoms, of which she was an excellent judge, that Mrs. Colonel Stubbs would become known as a professional beauty.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 673 2 fading photographs of queen Alexandra of England and of Maud Branscombe, actress and professional beauty.

2001 Out Oct. 91/2 Danny..is surrounded by ‘professional beauties’ trading on their youthful good looks—a fleeting currency.

professional bondsman n. U.S. a person who makes a living by charging a fee to defendants for standing as surety for their bail (now usually called bail bondsman).

ΚΠ

1859 N.Y. Times 25 Apr. 5/1 Ward has boasted of clearing $2,000 on the sailing of one steamer, and a moiety of this sum would be an irresistable [sic] temptation to a professional bondsman.

1878 Morning Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) 9 Oct. The affiant avers that Bickerstaff and Hammond are well-known..as professional bondsmen.

1927 A. L. Beeley Bail Syst. in Chicago I. iii. 41 A common practice of the professional bondsman is to over-schedule real estate.

1998 Commerc. Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee) (Nexis) 24 Feb. a6 Should the affidavit be found to be inaccurate, the applicant would be immediately disqualified as a professional bondsman.

professional class n. a body of people engaged in skilled professions; professionals collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > [noun] > professional class

professional class1842

society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > of learned or skilled profession > collectively

professional class1842

1842 Times 4 July 4/2 Recorders..are appointed out of a professional class which must be presumed to have some knowledge of law.

1856 ‘G. Eliot’ Nat. Hist. German Life 57 Farmers, whose style of living and mental culture are often equal to that of the professional class in provincial towns.

1888 W. Besant Fifty Years Ago xix. 262 There has been a great upward movement of the professional class.

1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day 131 The professional-class families.

1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 1 Mar. 16/3 Schools were in principle opened to all, and virtually anyone who stayed in school long enough could eventually enter the professional class.

professional development n. the development of competence or expertise in one's profession; the process of acquiring the skills needed to improve performance in a job.

ΚΠ

1857 H. T. Tuckerman Biogr. Ess. 99 If Kean's early circumstances were adverse to his moral, they were, in many respects, highly favorable to his professional development.

1900 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 11 33 [They] will then realize the value of customs which, in an earlier stage of professional development, they might have been inclined to rebel against or to condemn.

2000 CEEmail Summer 8/2 (advt.) Our residential study centre is also available to adult groups for their own programmes of professional development.

professional examination n. frequently in plural (a) an examination taken in order to qualify for a particular profession; (b) (in some Scottish Universities) any of the four necessary examinations for the degree of M.B.C.M. or the M.B.Ch.B. (commonly known as First, Second, and Third Professional, and Final).

ΚΠ

1856 Times 28 Apr. 7 Royal College of Surgeons..The following gentlemen have passed the preliminary examinations,..preparatory to undergoing the professional examinations for the fellowship.

1858 Univ. Scotl. Act & Ordinances (1916) 9 No candidate shall be admitted to a professional examination, who has not passed a satisfactory examination on at least two of the following subjects: Greek, French, etc.

1907 Scott. Ch. & Univ. Almanac (Aberdeen Univ.) 266 Every candidate for the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and..of Surgery must undergo four professional examinations.

1979 I. H. Seeley Building Quantities Explained (ed. 3) p. xii The primary aim of this book continues to be to meet the needs of students..preparing for the first professional examinations of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.

1997 Navy News July 7/1 Many Able Rates and leading Hands are prepared to study hard to take professional examinations.

professional foul n. Sport (originally and chiefly Association Football) a foul intentionally committed to prevent an opponent from scoring.

ΚΠ

1972 Times 2 Dec. 7/4 ‘Professional foul’ and ‘tackle over the top’ have become clichés.

2004 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 20 Dec. 61 Luck was yellow-carded on 20 minutes for a professional foul and two minutes later No 8 Murrell followed him to the sin bin, reducing Dings to 13 men.

professional middle class n. = professional class n.

ΚΠ

1857 E. C. Gaskell Life C. Brontë I. i. 2 In passing hastily through the town, one hardly perceives where the necessary lawyer and doctor can live, so little appearance is there of any dwellings of the professional middle-class.

1979 G. St. Aubyn Edward VII i. 29 Gibbs had been brought up as a member of the professional Middle Class.

2006 Scotsman (Nexis) 24 May 35 Cameron has hit on the perfect marketing strategy for the Conservatives: play on the guilt of the professional middle classes.

professional politician n. a person who makes a profession or career of politics, esp. with cynical or selfish motives; one who earns a living as a full-time politician.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [noun] > concerned with specific types or branches

practical politician1770

politico religionist1809

professional politician1839

theopolitician1867

world politician1898

Realpolitiker1913

power-politician1917

geopolitician1934

1839 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Nov. 437 We have no great faith in professional politicians..with too securely established a power.

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. vii. 90 Professional politicians..conduct what is called a ‘campaign’.

1932 Economica Nov. 491 He was a novus homo, neither a boyar nor a professional politician.

1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 Feb. 4/1 He is not one of those press-the-flesh professional politicians, like Nelson Rockefeller or Lyndon Johnson, who plunge into crowds like porpoises into school fish.

professional wrestler n. a person who wrestles professionally; a participant in professional wrestling.

ΚΠ

1835 Morning Chron. 19 May 331/2 The prisoner was brother to the celebrated M^cCann, the Devonshire wrestler... He was himself a professional wrestler.

1878 J. B. Harwood Paul Knox, Pitman I. xii. 138 Vainly did the professional wrestler essay every trick and feint of which he was master.

1915 Physical Training Nov. 122 A [Japanese] farmer's or artisan's boy who shows promise of growing into a large man will be taken into the camp of a professional wrestler.

2007 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 27 June a15/3 A former professional wrestler..said he believed that repeated, untreated concussions might have caused his friend to snap.

professional wrestling n. (originally) wrestling performed for entertainment; (now chiefly) a type of athletic entertainment involving staged wrestling matches, typically involving performers whose behaviour and manoeuvres are theatrically exaggerated.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > wrestling > [noun] > types of wrestling

catch as catch cana1393

in-play1713

Cumberland and Westmorland (style, etc.)1823

Cornish wrestling1824

arm-wrestling1846

professional wrestling1884

sumo1893

all in1934

mud-wrestling1936

lucha libre1943

wrist-wrestling1973

1884 Morning Post 19 May 2/4 The excellent drum and fife band..started the programme.., their performance being followed by..some professional wrestling, and by tugs of war.

1957 J. Lake & H. Giblo Footlights, Fistfights & Femmes 241 Sure, professional wrestling is a show. And though it is generally looked upon with jaundiced eyes, still it is not all hokum.

1985 Los Angeles Times 7 June v. 6/2 In some areas of the country, professional wrestling..outdraws football, basketball, and professional tennis, both at live matches and on television.

2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 19 Sept. b31/2 In professional wrestling lingo Gorgeous George was not a ‘cleanie’ but a ‘meany’—that is, he fought dirty, or pretended to.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	professional
释义	professionaladj.n. Brit. /prəˈfɛʃn̩(ə)l/, /prəˈfɛʃən(ə)l/, U.S. /prəˈfɛʃ(ə)nəl/, /proʊˈfɛʃ(ə)nəl/ Forms: late Middle English professhennalle, late Middle English professhynalle, 1600s professionall, 1600s– professional. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: profession n., -al suffix¹. Etymology: < profession n. + -al suffix¹. Compare post-classical Latin professionalis relating to the act of profession of canonical obedience (1276, 1363 in British sources). With sense A. 1 compare profession-ring n. at profession n. Compounds. With sense A. 7 compare earlier professorial adj. With use as noun compare earlier professionalist n. A. adj. †I. Senses relating to a profession or vow. 1. Relating to or marking the occasion of entrance into a religious order. Cf. profession-ring n. at profession n. Compounds. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [adjective] > that has made profession profess1340 professedc1440 professionala1450 a1450 St. Etheldreda (Faust.) l. 797 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 300 Hit was hurre professhennalle rynge. 2. Of or relating to a profession or declaration; that is avowedly (but sometimes falsely) the thing specified; professed. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > [adjective] > self-acknowledged professed1531 avowed1651 professional1667 self-confesseda1804 1667 J. Tombes Theodulia iv. 118 A verbal professional acknowledgment of the Offices of Christ is nothing, when contradicted in practice. 1689 W. Thomas Bp. Worcester Let. to Clergy 15 It [sc. Confirmation] looks backward, as additional auxiliary to Baptism (inverting the Scene of the Votaries of Christian Piety by Proxies..to an immediate personal professional Obligation). 1794 J. Knott Distinguishing Princ. Baptists Vindicated v. 34 The idea that a mere assent to certain propositions respecting Christ, and a merely professional faith, are all that are necessary to become a Christian. II. Senses relating to or derived from (the conduct of) a profession or occupation. 3. a. Of a person or persons: that engages in a specified occupation or activity for money or as a means of earning a living, rather than as a pastime. Contrasted with amateur.Sometimes applied disparagingly to a person who makes a trade or profession of something usually associated with higher motives: cf. professional politician n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [adjective] > trained in theoretic part of occupation > following occupation as livelihood professional1606 professionarya1813 pro1916 1606 in R. Chambers Dom. Ann. Scot. I. 395 Sending two professional clengers..that they might deal with an infection which had fallen forth. 1787 G. Gregory tr. R. Lowth Lect. Sacred Poetry Hebrews II. iii. 127 We find no scarcity of these professional mourners, well accomplished in all the discipline of lamentation and woe, and with tears always at command for a reasonable stipend. 1798 in Deb. Congr. U.S. (1852) 10th Congress 1 Sess., App. 2741 The solemn air and dictatorial manner of a professional schoolmaster. 1806 T. S. Surr Winter in London II. x. 223 Professional and amateur singers. 1836 New Sporting Mag. July 198 On this point I heard a remark from one of the professional [cricket] players. 1844 tr. M. T. Asmar Mem. Babylonian Princess II. 30 Professional dancers and singers are usually engaged upon these festive occasions. 1883 J. Hawthorne Dust I. 2 More to fear from young bloods..than from professional thieves and blacklegs. 1904 Saga-bk. of Viking Club III. iii. 320 The..uniformity can only be explained by supposing that there were professional rune-writers, travelling over the country and inscribing stones. 1946 Mind 55 149 But is this work to bear fruit only in the narrow and specialised fields that professional philosophers inhabit? 1990 Artist's & Illustrator's Mag. May 10/1 There will be a broad appeal to all artists, whether students, amateur or professional artists, commercial illustrators or designers. 2004 Gay Times Feb. 56/3 Hunky Calvin Klein model and professional footballer, Freddie Ljungberg, has put paid to rumours he's gay. b. Of an event, activity, occupation, etc. (now esp. a sport): undertaken or engaged in for money; engaged in by professionals (as distinct from non-professionals or amateurs). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [adjective] > professional professional1851 pro1916 semi-professional1953 semi-pro1980 1779 Remembrancer 8 109 A question arises..if a national land defence [of conscripted men] was once fairly established,..whether any other professional army would be necessary. 1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music IV. 676 Bach and Abel..opened a subscription, about 1763, for a weekly concert... The same concert now subsists in a still more flourishing way than ever, under the denomination of the Professional Concert. 1851 J. Pycroft Cricket Field iv. 56 The chief patronage..was..in London. There the play was nearly all professional: even the gentlemen made a profession of it. 1884 Cyclist 13 Feb. 247/2 A rule prohibiting the holding of professional events at amateur athletic meetings. 1919 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) July 23/1 At the top of the list came Professional Golf, closely followed by the best Amateur Golf. 1947 Partisan Rev. 14 258 He concealed his fear most of all from himself by means of his devotion to professional sports, major league baseball especially. 1950 J. Dempsey Championship Fighting ii. 11 Punchless performers who can win amateur or professional bouts on points. 1994 Sports Illustr. 22 Aug. 3/1 The Hermosa Beach event was only the second known appearance of professional beach soccer in the U.S. c. In humorous or derogatory use. Of a person: habitually making a feature of a particular activity or attribute, esp. one that is generally regarded with disfavour; inveterate. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > that does something habitually > inveterate or confirmed composed1483 wedded1578 fastened1596 dyed in the wool1597 sworna1616 hardeneda1618 engrained1630 steadfast1644 radicateda1661 inveterate1735 professional1814 confirmed1827 card-carrying1939 1814 F. Burney Wanderer III. vi. lviii. 394 The blush of Juliet manifested extreme confusion, to see herself represented..as a professional parasite. 1879 Cornhill Mag. Oct. 414 It is one of the misfortunes of the professional Don Juan that his honour forbids him to refuse battle. a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) II. iv. 69 But she found all the homes full, with long waiting lists, filled for the most part..with professional objects of charity. 1937 Time 18 Jan. 75/2 Chekhov was a strong supporter of Zola and the Dreyfusards, Suvorin was a professional anti-Semite. 1978 J. Krantz Scruples vi. 167 The ‘extra man’ invited to sit next to her at dinner was..a professional leech who dined out every night by mere virtue of being unmarried and mildly presentable. 1995 Private Eye 8 Sept. 6/1 The professional northerner saved particularly harsh words for their ‘ill-mannered children’. 4. Of, belonging to, or proper to a profession. a. Relating to, connected with, or befitting a (particular) profession or calling; preliminary or necessary to the practice of a profession.professional examination: see Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [adjective] > relating to skilled occupation craftlyOE professional1654 professionary1744 prof1898 1654 A. Warren New Plea for Old Law 20 If the Lustrick and Professionall Dæmon Jarr, actum est Studiosis legis, that Grave Spanish Author of the Triall of Wits will tell us. 1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus 561 A clarissimation or an illustriorating of him that has soulary virtue and professional merit, renders the Serjeant, as step to a Justicer, a most eminent person. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. 19 It is more a satire upon Human nature, than upon the Cloth...I don't love professional any more than national reflections. 1776 G. Campbell Philos. of Rhetoric I. ii. i. 356 Professional dialects, or the cant which is sometimes observed to prevail among those of the same profession or way of life. 1802 Med. Jrnl. 389 Nor can any one regulate his professional conduct by it, without forfeiting all claim to consistency. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiv. 127 I dislike doing anything professional in private parties. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 332 It was in these rustic priests,..who had not the smallest chance of ever attaining high professional honours, that the professional spirit was strongest. 1932 ‘D. Frome’ By-pass Murder xxviii. 248 He did not want, for professional reasons, to put up any of his own collateral. 1947 Minutes of Evidence Royal Comm. on Press 12 Nov. 23/2 in Parl. Papers 1947–8 (Cmd. 7330) 14 533 There should be punishments and rewards instituted in order to raise and preserve the standards of professional behaviour within the newspaper profession. 1962 ‘A. Lejeune’ Duel in Shadows vii. 96 ‘You must keep this to yourself.’ ‘My dear man,’ she protested. ‘Professional ethics. Guide's honour.’ 1990 Health Educ. Jrnl. 49 201/1 A feasibility study is currently underway to provide access to certificate courses for entrants lacking the relevant professional qualifications. 2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 19 Nov. 92/2 The most intriguing..of the ventures offering online professional education is UNext.com. b. Engaged in a profession, esp. one requiring special skill or training; belonging to the professional classes (see professional class n. at Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [adjective] > trained in theoretic part of occupation > engaged in learned or skilled profession professional1784 society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > non-manual worker > [adjective] > professional professional1784 pin-striped1958 1784 Med. Observ. & Inq. VI. 281 To form a solid judgment about the birth of a new-born child, from the examination of its body, a professional man should have seen many new-born children. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §73 Called upon, not only as a professional man, but as a man of veracity. 1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 381 The College invites all professional men, who had an opportunity of treating the yellow fever, to communicate their observations. 1871 M. E. Braddon Zoophyte's Rev. iii Sometimes there was a party, consisting of professional people..with a sprinkling of the smaller county gentry. 1925 Restaurant News & Managem. Dec. 10 (caption) An instance of successful catering to business and professional people [is] The Rotisserie Inn, Salt Lake City. 1960 D. Lessing In Pursuit of Eng. i. 15 Their Shangri-La would be populated..with nice professional people. 1997 Sunday Times 26 Oct. (Style section) 50/7 (advt.) Professional male, 37, 6′2″, fit, slim, and recently singled, seeks attractive, slim 30-something professional woman. c. Characteristic of or suitable for a professional person; (now esp. of equipment) of a type used by professionals. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > [adjective] > used by professionals professional1848 1848 A. Brontë Tenant of Wildfell Hall III. vii. 123 I have a second hand piano, and a tolerably well-stocked bookcase in my parlour; and my other room has assumed quite a professional, business-like appearance already. 1885 Times 21 Oct. 4/5 Some ladies had also been sent out by various zealous missionary bodies..and practised medicine with a considerable amount of skill, though they were far from possessing a full professional equipment. 1946 Fortune Oct. 158/2 Home phonographs rarely compare in precision with professional studio equipment. 1975 G. J. King Audio Handbk. x. 222 Professional machines operating at 38 or 76 cm/s may adopt essentially constant-current recording over the primary bandwidth. 1989 Which? Oct. 495/1 In some shops you can also buy Fujichrome, Ektachrome and Kodachrome professional films. 2004 Independent 11 Mar. 35/3 The desire to emulate the lifestyles of the very rich has led to booming sales of trophy homes, luxury cars, professional quality home equipment and cosmetic surgery. d. That has or displays the skill, knowledge, experience, standards, or expertise of a professional; competent, efficient. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [adjective] > that professes to be qualified > of standard of a professional professional1920 1920 G. Santayana Char. & Opin. U.S. v. 143 Very professional in tone and conscious of his Fach. 1926 C. Connolly Let. 8 May in Romantic Friendship (1975) 124 I think one must be pretty professional to succeed [as a writer]. 1945 ‘A. Gilbert’ Black Stage iv. 56 ‘This chap's got his head screwed on all right,’ exclaimed Goodier. ‘Looks like the professional touch to me.’ 1973 D. Francis Slay-ride ix. 100 The cutting edges had been sharpened like razors and the point would have been good as a needle. A professional job: no amateur could have produced that result with a few passes over a carborundum. 1992 Glimmer Train Summer 16 He..was incredibly professional in his approach to the work. He really knew how to address letters to people, how to hit the right tone, how not to sound too emotionally charged. 5. That has knowledge of the theoretical or scientific parts of a trade or occupation, as distinct from its practical or mechanical aspects; that raises a trade to a learned profession. Now rare except as merged with senses at A. 4. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [adjective] > trained in theoretic part of occupation professional1860 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. ix. 271 Having constructed, by a professional engineer, a map of the entire glacier. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 18 Jan. 10/2 A witness described himself as a professional gardener... ‘There is a vast difference between professional and ordinary gardeners. I am competent to give a lecture on botany and horticulture.’ 6. Physiology. Designating or relating to a cell which is specialized for the ingestion of particles by phagocytosis, such as a macrophage or neutrophil (as distinct from a cell capable of occasional phagocytosis). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [adjective] > phagocytic cells phagocytic1887 phagocytical1890 histiocytic1914 professional1975 1975 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 266 6 The only known function by which antirickettsial antibodies may operate in host defense mechanisms, namely, opsonization of rickettsiae for enhanced ingestion by professional phagocytes and subsequent destruction. 1984 J. F. Lamb Essent. Physiol. (ed. 2) iv. 78 Such cells are known as ‘professional’ phagocytes—the polymorphs, monocytes and macrophages of the myeloid series. 1998 Science 27 Nov. 1718/3 To determine whether Rho GTPases control phagocytosis in professional phagocytic cells, we treated the mouse macrophage cell line J774 with toxin B from Clostridium difficile, an inhibitor of all members of the Rho family. III. Senses related to the office of professor. 7. = professorial adj. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > teacher > university or college teacher > [adjective] > professor cathedral1603 professory1605 cathedrated1627 professorial1713 professional1780 1780 J. Brett tr. B. J. Feijóo y Montenegro Ess. II. xvii. 167 Among the professors of literature, there are not a few, who make themselves unpleasant companions... With them every place is a school, every chair a professional one, and all their auditors their pupils. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 418 Etmuller filled a professional chair at Leipsig. 1865 C. Dickens Let. 16 Aug. (1999) XI. 82 The Scotch professional chair left vacant by Aytoun's death. 1918 Science 7 June 549/1 Who is to endow our laboratories and our professional chairs? 1988 Black Amer. Lit. Forum 22 563 Oluwasanmi..was to offer Soyinka his first professional chair in Nigeria. B. n. 1. a. A person who engages in a specified activity, especially a sport, as a paid occupation. Frequently opposed to amateur. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > as livelihood professional1811 pro1856 society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [noun] > professional player1793 professional1811 professor1819 pro1856 prof1951 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > cricketer > [noun] > professional player player1793 professional1811 pro1856 1811 J. Austen Let. 18 Apr. (1995) 180 There is to be some very good Music, 5 professionals,..besides Amateurs. 1859 J. Lang Wanderings in India 318 In nearly all these cases, the witnesses are professionals; that is to say, men who are accustomed to sell their oaths, and who thoroughly understand their business. 1894 Lehmann in Daily News 6 Feb. 3/5 In 1871 a crew of professionals used a seat that slid on the thwarts, and beat a crew that was generally held to be superior. 1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf 27 Nearly all professionals, when addressing their ball for the put, sole the putter in front of the ball. 1957 ‘R. West’ Fountain Overflows xvii. 377 She said that being a professional was different from being even a very good amateur. 2002 R. Cohen By Sword iii. ix. 222 For most people the ‘festival’ was still small beer: amateurs were not expected to be of the same standard as professionals, there was no sponsorship and little publicity. b. Chiefly colloquial. A prostitute. Cf. profession n. 7e. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute meretrixOE whoreOE soiled dovea1250 common womanc1330 putec1384 bordel womanc1405 putaina1425 brothelc1450 harlot?a1475 public womanc1510 naughty pack?1529 draba1533 cat1535 strange woman1535 stew1552 causey-paikera1555 putanie?1566 drivelling1570 twigger1573 punka1575 hackney1579 customer1583 commodity1591 streetwalker1591 traffic1591 trug1591 hackster1592 polecat1593 stale1593 mermaid1595 medlar1597 occupant1598 Paphian1598 Winchester goose1598 pagan1600 hell-moth1602 aunt1604 moll1604 prostitution1605 community1606 miss1606 night-worm1606 bat1607 croshabell1607 prostitute1607 pug1607 venturer1607 nag1608 curtal1611 jumbler1611 land-frigate1611 walk-street1611 doll-common1612 turn-up1612 barber's chaira1616 commonera1616 public commonera1616 trader1615 venturea1616 stewpot1616 tweak1617 carry-knave1623 prostibule1623 fling-dusta1625 mar-taila1625 night-shadea1625 waistcoateera1625 night trader1630 coolera1632 meretrician1631 painted ladya1637 treadle1638 buttock1641 night-walker1648 mob?1650 lady (also girl, etc.) of the game1651 lady of pleasure1652 trugmullion1654 fallen woman1659 girlc1662 high-flyer1663 fireship1665 quaedama1670 small girl1671 visor-mask1672 vizard-mask1672 bulker1673 marmalade-madam1674 town miss1675 town woman1675 lady of the night1677 mawks1677 fling-stink1679 Whetstone whore1684 man-leech1687 nocturnal1693 hack1699 strum1699 fille de joie1705 market-dame1706 screw1725 girl of (the) town1733 Cytherean1751 street girl1764 monnisher1765 lady of easy virtue1766 woman (also lady) of the town1766 kennel-nymph1771 chicken1782 stargazer1785 loose fish1809 receiver general1811 Cyprian1819 mollya1822 dolly-mop1834 hooker1845 charver1846 tail1846 horse-breaker1861 professional1862 flagger1865 cocodette1867 cocotte1867 queen's woman1871 common prostitute1875 joro1884 geisha1887 horizontal1888 flossy1893 moth1896 girl of the pavement1900 pross1902 prossie1902 pusher1902 split-arse mechanic1903 broad1914 shawl1922 bum1923 quiff1923 hustler1924 lady of the evening1924 prostie1926 working girl1928 prostisciutto1930 maggie1932 brass1934 brass nail1934 mud kicker1934 scupper1935 model1936 poule de luxe1937 pro1937 chromo1941 Tom1941 pan-pan1949 twopenny upright1958 scrubber1959 slack1959 yum-yum girl1960 Suzie Wong1962 mattress1964 jamette1965 ho1966 sex worker1971 pavement princess1976 parlour girl1979 crack whore1990 1862 B. Hemyng in H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) Extra vol. 221/2 This class [of prostitutes] have been called the ‘amateurs’, to contradistinguish them from the professionals, who devote themselves to it entirely as a profession. 1956 S. Selvon Lonely Londoners (1995) 107 Brit'n it have a lot of dark women who in the racket too they have to make a living and you could see them here and there with the professionals walking on the Bayswater Road. 1973 ‘D. Jordan’ Nile Green xxvii. 121 ‘I'm not a professional,’ she said, too coolly, ‘and he's not precisely my type.’ 2004 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 9 May 74 As for heaven, I imagine it to be filled with gorgeous women, not virgins but real professionals, if you know what I mean. 2. A person engaged in a profession, esp. one requiring special skill or training; a professional person, or a member of the professional classes. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > of learned or skilled profession consult1704 professional1846 prof1951 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > learned person, scholar > [noun] > expert, specialist, authority masterc1225 historian?a1439 authentic1613 scientiate1647 supernaturalist1659 authority1665 connoisseur1732 pundit1816 expert1825 specialist1839 past master1840 sharp1840 professional1846 beggar1859 specializer1868 passed master1882 buff1903 man1921 sharpshooter1942 sharpie1949 watcher1966 meister1975 1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) i. 4 The family practitioner opening the room door for that distinguished professional. 1883 Times 22 Jan. 15 To clergymen, professionals, &c.—Governess pupil required, for high-class school. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 19 Mar. 2/2 Some of the speeches of the returned Generals make us glad to think that the ‘professionals’ (as Lord Salisbury says) are not the politicians. 1966 Wall St. Jrnl. 2 Dec. 1/4 To ‘retread’ many retired nurses and other skilled professionals through refresher courses. 1991 Utne Reader July 75/1 A growing number of young professionals..are opting to chuck the suit and briefcase..in favor of the less lucrative but more relaxed world of part-time work. 2005 Bath Chron. (Nexis) 14 Sept. 3 It's a misconception that white-collar professionals have the best jobs and are therefore the happiest. 3. Scottish University slang. Short for ‘professional examination’ (professional examination n. (b) at Compounds 2). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > university examinations fellowship examination1787 collections1799 responsions1810 response1813 little go1816 great go1820 Previous Examination1824 school1826 smalls1836 senate-house examination1837 tripos1842 honours examination1851 biennial1853 great1854 moderations1857 Mods1858 professional1890 Trip1909 previous1950 1890 A. Conan Doyle Firm of Girdlestone vi. 38 I expected to find you deep in your books... You go up for your first professional in a few weeks, I understand? 1908 in Scott. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 22 528 Those who have failed in one or more of the subjects of the Second Professional. 4. A person who does something with a high level of competence, commitment, or expertise. Cf. sense A. 4d. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > professional quality professionalism1856 professionality1861 workmanlikeness1882 professional1916 1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle iii. 42 He was the real professional, and I was only the dabbler. 1956 J. Barth Floating Opera vii. 72 Only a hardened professional could sleep so soundly and contentedly in a mudhole during a battle. 1977 Business Week 18 Apr. 47 The real professionals and sophisticated investors are waiting on the sidelines. 1993 Independent 9 Jan. 12/8 He nevertheless wrote busily to the end. He was a ‘wordaholic’, a craftsman and true professional who always met his deadlines. Compounds C1. professional-looking adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [adjective] > having practical, operative, or constructive skill > characteristic of skilled worker workmanly1421 artificiousc1475 craftsmanlike1547 workmanlike1600 artificial1667 professional-looking1840 tradesmanlike1862 workwomanly1894 1840 F. M. Trollope Life & Adventures Michael Armstrong iii. 27 An extremely fat and very professional-looking cook came next. 1936 A. Huxley Eyeless in Gaza vi. 64 She [sc. a model ship] was so professional-looking. 2002 Sound & Vision May 28 (caption) Professional-looking labels..will help your recordings stand out from the crowd. C2. professional beauty n. a woman who is famed for or makes a living out of her beauty. ΚΠ 1879 Times 13 Oct. 11/5 He has been bribed by the other photographic professional beauty to give her the monopoly of appearing in his charming paper. 1881 A. Trollope Ayala's Angel III. lxiv. 277 There were symptoms, of which she was an excellent judge, that Mrs. Colonel Stubbs would become known as a professional beauty. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 673 2 fading photographs of queen Alexandra of England and of Maud Branscombe, actress and professional beauty. 2001 Out Oct. 91/2 Danny..is surrounded by ‘professional beauties’ trading on their youthful good looks—a fleeting currency. professional bondsman n. U.S. a person who makes a living by charging a fee to defendants for standing as surety for their bail (now usually called bail bondsman). ΚΠ 1859 N.Y. Times 25 Apr. 5/1 Ward has boasted of clearing $2,000 on the sailing of one steamer, and a moiety of this sum would be an irresistable [sic] temptation to a professional bondsman. 1878 Morning Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) 9 Oct. The affiant avers that Bickerstaff and Hammond are well-known..as professional bondsmen. 1927 A. L. Beeley Bail Syst. in Chicago I. iii. 41 A common practice of the professional bondsman is to over-schedule real estate. 1998 Commerc. Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee) (Nexis) 24 Feb. a6 Should the affidavit be found to be inaccurate, the applicant would be immediately disqualified as a professional bondsman. professional class n. a body of people engaged in skilled professions; professionals collectively. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > [noun] > professional class professional class1842 society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > of learned or skilled profession > collectively professional class1842 1842 Times 4 July 4/2 Recorders..are appointed out of a professional class which must be presumed to have some knowledge of law. 1856 ‘G. Eliot’ Nat. Hist. German Life 57 Farmers, whose style of living and mental culture are often equal to that of the professional class in provincial towns. 1888 W. Besant Fifty Years Ago xix. 262 There has been a great upward movement of the professional class. 1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day 131 The professional-class families. 1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 1 Mar. 16/3 Schools were in principle opened to all, and virtually anyone who stayed in school long enough could eventually enter the professional class. professional development n. the development of competence or expertise in one's profession; the process of acquiring the skills needed to improve performance in a job. ΚΠ 1857 H. T. Tuckerman Biogr. Ess. 99 If Kean's early circumstances were adverse to his moral, they were, in many respects, highly favorable to his professional development. 1900 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 11 33 [They] will then realize the value of customs which, in an earlier stage of professional development, they might have been inclined to rebel against or to condemn. 2000 CEEmail Summer 8/2 (advt.) Our residential study centre is also available to adult groups for their own programmes of professional development. professional examination n. frequently in plural (a) an examination taken in order to qualify for a particular profession; (b) (in some Scottish Universities) any of the four necessary examinations for the degree of M.B.C.M. or the M.B.Ch.B. (commonly known as First, Second, and Third Professional, and Final). ΚΠ 1856 Times 28 Apr. 7 Royal College of Surgeons..The following gentlemen have passed the preliminary examinations,..preparatory to undergoing the professional examinations for the fellowship. 1858 Univ. Scotl. Act & Ordinances (1916) 9 No candidate shall be admitted to a professional examination, who has not passed a satisfactory examination on at least two of the following subjects: Greek, French, etc. 1907 Scott. Ch. & Univ. Almanac (Aberdeen Univ.) 266 Every candidate for the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and..of Surgery must undergo four professional examinations. 1979 I. H. Seeley Building Quantities Explained (ed. 3) p. xii The primary aim of this book continues to be to meet the needs of students..preparing for the first professional examinations of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. 1997 Navy News July 7/1 Many Able Rates and leading Hands are prepared to study hard to take professional examinations. professional foul n. Sport (originally and chiefly Association Football) a foul intentionally committed to prevent an opponent from scoring. ΚΠ 1972 Times 2 Dec. 7/4 ‘Professional foul’ and ‘tackle over the top’ have become clichés. 2004 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 20 Dec. 61 Luck was yellow-carded on 20 minutes for a professional foul and two minutes later No 8 Murrell followed him to the sin bin, reducing Dings to 13 men. professional middle class n. = professional class n. ΚΠ 1857 E. C. Gaskell Life C. Brontë I. i. 2 In passing hastily through the town, one hardly perceives where the necessary lawyer and doctor can live, so little appearance is there of any dwellings of the professional middle-class. 1979 G. St. Aubyn Edward VII i. 29 Gibbs had been brought up as a member of the professional Middle Class. 2006 Scotsman (Nexis) 24 May 35 Cameron has hit on the perfect marketing strategy for the Conservatives: play on the guilt of the professional middle classes. professional politician n. a person who makes a profession or career of politics, esp. with cynical or selfish motives; one who earns a living as a full-time politician. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [noun] > concerned with specific types or branches practical politician1770 politico religionist1809 professional politician1839 theopolitician1867 world politician1898 Realpolitiker1913 power-politician1917 geopolitician1934 1839 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Nov. 437 We have no great faith in professional politicians..with too securely established a power. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. vii. 90 Professional politicians..conduct what is called a ‘campaign’. 1932 Economica Nov. 491 He was a novus homo, neither a boyar nor a professional politician. 1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 Feb. 4/1 He is not one of those press-the-flesh professional politicians, like Nelson Rockefeller or Lyndon Johnson, who plunge into crowds like porpoises into school fish. professional wrestler n. a person who wrestles professionally; a participant in professional wrestling. ΚΠ 1835 Morning Chron. 19 May 331/2 The prisoner was brother to the celebrated M^cCann, the Devonshire wrestler... He was himself a professional wrestler. 1878 J. B. Harwood Paul Knox, Pitman I. xii. 138 Vainly did the professional wrestler essay every trick and feint of which he was master. 1915 Physical Training Nov. 122 A [Japanese] farmer's or artisan's boy who shows promise of growing into a large man will be taken into the camp of a professional wrestler. 2007 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 27 June a15/3 A former professional wrestler..said he believed that repeated, untreated concussions might have caused his friend to snap. professional wrestling n. (originally) wrestling performed for entertainment; (now chiefly) a type of athletic entertainment involving staged wrestling matches, typically involving performers whose behaviour and manoeuvres are theatrically exaggerated. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > wrestling > [noun] > types of wrestling catch as catch cana1393 in-play1713 Cumberland and Westmorland (style, etc.)1823 Cornish wrestling1824 arm-wrestling1846 professional wrestling1884 sumo1893 all in1934 mud-wrestling1936 lucha libre1943 wrist-wrestling1973 1884 Morning Post 19 May 2/4 The excellent drum and fife band..started the programme.., their performance being followed by..some professional wrestling, and by tugs of war. 1957 J. Lake & H. Giblo Footlights, Fistfights & Femmes 241 Sure, professional wrestling is a show. And though it is generally looked upon with jaundiced eyes, still it is not all hokum. 1985 Los Angeles Times 7 June v. 6/2 In some areas of the country, professional wrestling..outdraws football, basketball, and professional tennis, both at live matches and on television. 2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 19 Sept. b31/2 In professional wrestling lingo Gorgeous George was not a ‘cleanie’ but a ‘meany’—that is, he fought dirty, or pretended to. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1450
随便看	grey literature grey lizard grey manganese grey manganese ore grey mare grey market grey marketeer grey marketeering grey marketer grey marketing grey matter grey meal grey mechoacan grey meerkat grey merchant grey midge grey millet grey mould grey mullet grey nicker grey noise grey nurse grey nurse shark grassing work grassings