preformationn.

Brit.

/ˌpriːfɔːˈmeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌprifɔrˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: 1700s praeformation, 1700s– preformation.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: pre- prefix, formation n.

Etymology: < pre- prefix + formation n. In sense 2 after French préformation (1710 in Leibniz as reformation , transmission error: see note). Compare post-classical Latin praeformatio action of prefiguring (4th cent.). Compare later preform v.French reformation in Leibniz can safely be interpreted as an error for preformation, since in context the word has the right sense, and related words are used elsewhere in the same text.

1. The action or process of preforming something; previous formation. Also: the result of this; something formed previously or beforehand.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > [noun] > shaping > before

preformation1732

1732 A. Bower Historia Litteraria 4 195 It is easy to think that the Soul is a divine Automaton, still more wonderful, and that by a divine Præformation it produces these beautiful Ideas.

a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1836) II. 193 The inauspicious influences on the preformation of Edmund's character.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) IV. xxx. 129 The blind preformations of opinion.

1916 Washington Post 20 Aug. The psychological effect of heavy firing..may be furthered by a sort of predisposition or preformation without actual disease in the animal.

1953 E. Wilkins & E. Kaiser tr. R. Musil Man without Qualities xxxiv. 150 The ever-recurring sameness of it, the pre-formations passed down by generation after generation.

1997 Nature 12 June 650/1 Charles Lyell..championed the idea..that slow-acting erosion by rivers has formed the valleys they occupy, as opposed to pre-formation by earthquakes, faults, catastrophic floods or marine action.

2. Biology and History of Science. The supposed existence of all the parts of an organism in rudimentary form in the egg or the seed (cf. ovism n., spermatism n.). Contrasted with epigenesis n.Frequently in theory of preformation. The doctrine was current in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was advocated by scientists such as Malpighi, Leeuwenhoek, Leibniz, and Réamur. It came to be associated especially with the naturalist Charles Bonnet (1720–93), following publication of his book Considérations sur les corps organisés (1762).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [noun] > of genetics or evolution

theory of preformation1756

Darwinizing1807

development hypothesis1845

generationism1847

theory of evolution1858

Darwinism1860

Darwinianism1861

monogenesis1864

monogenism1865

monogeny1865

pangenesis1868

evolutionism1869

phylogeny1869

polygenism1871

derivation1874

phylogenesis1875

transformism1878

biogenetic law1879

gastraea theory1879

fortuitism1881

organicism1883

hereditism1884

kinetogenesis1884

Lamarckianism1884

Lamarckism1884

neo-Lamarckianism1884

monogenesy1885

neo-Lamarckism1887

preformationism1890

neo-Darwinism1891

blastogenesis1893

Haeckel-ismus1894

Weismannism1894

preformism1895

Haeckelism1899

mutation theory1902

directivity1903

Mendelianism1903

Mendelism1903

hereditarianism1906

mutationism1912

selectionism1912

hologenesis1931

parsimony1931

Morganism1934

Lysenkoism1948

neutralism1972

punctuated equilibrium1972

saltationism1975

punctuationism1977

punctuationalism1978

adaptationism1980

geneticism1984

adaptationalism1985

1756 Thoughts on Being of God 79 There is no necessity for the Seed of a Plant to contain everything in Miniature that is to be produced from the Plant..; for we do not find trees, &c. sprout out of the ground in that regular Form they afterwards acquire..; and therefore such a Preformation of their several Parts could answer no End or Purpose.

1831 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 29 68 The two styles of conversation corresponded to the two theories of generation,—one (Johnson's) to the theory of Preformation (or Evolution)—the other (Burke's) to the theory of Epigenesis.

1867 G. H. Lewes Hist. Philos. (ed. 3) I. Prolegomena v. p. c With Mind, as with Body, there is not preformation or pre-existence, but evolution and epigenesis.

1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. ii. 40 Caspar Friedrich Wolff..with his new Theory of Epigenesis gave the death-blow to the entire Theory of Preformation.

1917 A. S. Pringle-Pattison Idea of God v. 95 Pluralism..may, no doubt, be more easily worked into a theory of epigenesis than into the opposite theory of preformation, with which, indeed, it is flatly irreconcilable.

?1945 E. Altenburg Genetics 418 According to an older theory—the ‘preformation’ theory—the adult was preformed in the unfertilized egg in miniature.

2001 Guardian 29 Mar. (Science section) 2/1 It took a few more decades, and the arrival of ‘nature philosophers’ such as Goethe, to put the idea of preformation to a deserved death.

Derivatives

ˌpreforˈmationary adj. rare. of or relating to the biological theory of preformation.

ΚΠ

1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Jan. 36/4 There arose two schools of preformationary thought.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	preformation
释义	preformationn. Brit. /ˌpriːfɔːˈmeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌprifɔrˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: 1700s praeformation, 1700s– preformation. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: pre- prefix, formation n. Etymology: < pre- prefix + formation n. In sense 2 after French préformation (1710 in Leibniz as reformation , transmission error: see note). Compare post-classical Latin praeformatio action of prefiguring (4th cent.). Compare later preform v.French reformation in Leibniz can safely be interpreted as an error for preformation, since in context the word has the right sense, and related words are used elsewhere in the same text. 1. The action or process of preforming something; previous formation. Also: the result of this; something formed previously or beforehand. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > [noun] > shaping > before preformation1732 1732 A. Bower Historia Litteraria 4 195 It is easy to think that the Soul is a divine Automaton, still more wonderful, and that by a divine Præformation it produces these beautiful Ideas. a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1836) II. 193 The inauspicious influences on the preformation of Edmund's character. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) IV. xxx. 129 The blind preformations of opinion. 1916 Washington Post 20 Aug. The psychological effect of heavy firing..may be furthered by a sort of predisposition or preformation without actual disease in the animal. 1953 E. Wilkins & E. Kaiser tr. R. Musil Man without Qualities xxxiv. 150 The ever-recurring sameness of it, the pre-formations passed down by generation after generation. 1997 Nature 12 June 650/1 Charles Lyell..championed the idea..that slow-acting erosion by rivers has formed the valleys they occupy, as opposed to pre-formation by earthquakes, faults, catastrophic floods or marine action. 2. Biology and History of Science. The supposed existence of all the parts of an organism in rudimentary form in the egg or the seed (cf. ovism n., spermatism n.). Contrasted with epigenesis n.Frequently in theory of preformation. The doctrine was current in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was advocated by scientists such as Malpighi, Leeuwenhoek, Leibniz, and Réamur. It came to be associated especially with the naturalist Charles Bonnet (1720–93), following publication of his book Considérations sur les corps organisés (1762). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [noun] > of genetics or evolution theory of preformation1756 Darwinizing1807 development hypothesis1845 generationism1847 theory of evolution1858 Darwinism1860 Darwinianism1861 monogenesis1864 monogenism1865 monogeny1865 pangenesis1868 evolutionism1869 phylogeny1869 polygenism1871 derivation1874 phylogenesis1875 transformism1878 biogenetic law1879 gastraea theory1879 fortuitism1881 organicism1883 hereditism1884 kinetogenesis1884 Lamarckianism1884 Lamarckism1884 neo-Lamarckianism1884 monogenesy1885 neo-Lamarckism1887 preformationism1890 neo-Darwinism1891 blastogenesis1893 Haeckel-ismus1894 Weismannism1894 preformism1895 Haeckelism1899 mutation theory1902 directivity1903 Mendelianism1903 Mendelism1903 hereditarianism1906 mutationism1912 selectionism1912 hologenesis1931 parsimony1931 Morganism1934 Lysenkoism1948 neutralism1972 punctuated equilibrium1972 saltationism1975 punctuationism1977 punctuationalism1978 adaptationism1980 geneticism1984 adaptationalism1985 1756 Thoughts on Being of God 79 There is no necessity for the Seed of a Plant to contain everything in Miniature that is to be produced from the Plant..; for we do not find trees, &c. sprout out of the ground in that regular Form they afterwards acquire..; and therefore such a Preformation of their several Parts could answer no End or Purpose. 1831 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 29 68 The two styles of conversation corresponded to the two theories of generation,—one (Johnson's) to the theory of Preformation (or Evolution)—the other (Burke's) to the theory of Epigenesis. 1867 G. H. Lewes Hist. Philos. (ed. 3) I. Prolegomena v. p. c With Mind, as with Body, there is not preformation or pre-existence, but evolution and epigenesis. 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. ii. 40 Caspar Friedrich Wolff..with his new Theory of Epigenesis gave the death-blow to the entire Theory of Preformation. 1917 A. S. Pringle-Pattison Idea of God v. 95 Pluralism..may, no doubt, be more easily worked into a theory of epigenesis than into the opposite theory of preformation, with which, indeed, it is flatly irreconcilable. ?1945 E. Altenburg Genetics 418 According to an older theory—the ‘preformation’ theory—the adult was preformed in the unfertilized egg in miniature. 2001 Guardian 29 Mar. (Science section) 2/1 It took a few more decades, and the arrival of ‘nature philosophers’ such as Goethe, to put the idea of preformation to a deserved death. Derivatives ˌpreforˈmationary adj. rare. of or relating to the biological theory of preformation. ΚΠ 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Jan. 36/4 There arose two schools of preformationary thought. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1732
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