polyarchyn.¹

Brit.

/ˈpɒlɪɑːki/, U.S.

/ˈpɑliˌɑrki/

Forms:

α. 1600s poliarchy, 1600s polyarchie, 1600s– polyarchy.

β. 1600s poligarchie, 1600s polygarchie, 1600s– polygarchy, 1700s poligarchy.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French poliarchie; Latin polyarchia.

Etymology: < French poliarchie (1576 as polyarchie in the passage translated in quot. 1606 at sense 1α. ) and its etymon post-classical Latin polyarchia (16th cent. or earlier) < ancient Greek πολυαρχία rule or government by many < πολυ- poly- comb. form + -αρχία (in μοναρχία monarchy n.). Compare Spanish poliarquía (late 14th cent.; rare before the 20th cent.), Italian poliarchia (a1585). Compare earlier monarchy n., duarchy n., triarchy n., pentarchy n., and polycracy n.In β. forms after French †poligarchie divided monarchy (1611 in Cotgrave), government by several people (1783 or earlier; alteration of poliarchie after oligarchie oligarchy n.). In sense 2 apparently after heptarchy n.

Chiefly Politics.

1. Rule or government by many people; (also) an instance of this; a state or polity ruled by many. Cf. monarchy n.In later use often associated with proponents of a pluralist political philosophy (esp. R. A. Dahl and his supporters), and frequently referring to the theory that society is controlled by a set of competing interest groups rather than by a single governing power. Cf. polycracy n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > government by specific number of rulers > [noun] > by many

polycracy1581

polyarchy1606

polycoerany1640

polarchy1647

polyarchism1915

polycratism1921

α.

1606 R. Knolles tr. J. Bodin Six Bks. Common-weale vi. v. 741 A Poliarchy [L. polyarchia; Fr. Polyarchie], or Monarchy diuided into many Monarchies.

1609 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie i. sig. A3 The Bees abhorre as well polyarchie, as anarchie.

a1695 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. III (1696) 56 Any Government..whether it be Monarchy, or Polyarchy.

1706 R. Brocklesby Explic. Gospel-theism ii. iii. 208 Deity is a Monarchy, not a Paganical Monarchic Polyarchy.

1757 P. Whitfield tr. Eusebius in Christianity of New Test. iii. 234 Some in the Form of Democracy, some of Polycracy, and some of Monarchy.

1823 R. Southey Hist. Peninsular War I. 615 The inevitable ruin which a polyarchy of independent Juntas would bring on.

1890 J. H. Stirling Gifford Lect. viii. 153 Polyarchy is anarchy.

1956 P. Fleming My Aunt's Rhinoceros 140 Far-reaching powers..were issued to a vast new polyarchy of bureaucrats.

1971 R. A. Dahl (title) Polyarchy: participation and opposition.

1997 A. Dowler & J. Elliott Life & Times Soviet Socialism ix. 222 The beginnings of a civil society in the Soviet Union, a growing polyarchy of political forums within and outside the Communist party.

β. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Poligarchie, a monarchie diuided into sundrie parts; or such a diuision.] 1643 C. Herle Answer to Fernes Reply 32 The extreames of these three kinds of..Government are tyrannie, oligarchie, polygarchie (i.e.) of one, of many, and of all, when arbitrary and unbounded in their governments.1656 T. Blount Glossographia Polygarchy, a Monarchy divided into sundry parts; or such a division; a Government of many; opposite to Monarchy, which is a Government of one.1736 Beeriad Pref. p. iv Homer grounds his Poem upon the Grecian Polygarchy.1775 W. Donaldson Agric. vi. 75 Fiscal laws are..the paps which nourish the ministerial polygarchy.1804 Ann. Reg. 682 It was thought that an infallible remedy had been discovered for popular convulsions in a polygarchy.1891 Times 19 Mar. 13/3 Whether the gross barbarism ‘polygarchy’ constantly used in the Memoirs is a specimen of Talleyrand's pure and admirable French or of M. de Beaufort's accurate scholarship is a question which we will leave.1904 M. Hewlett Road in Tuscany vii. 182 Before their government began there had been every sort and no sort—anarchy, despotism, oligarchy, polygarchy, mob-rule, camp-rule, misrule, unrule.1988 R. K. Sah & J. E. Stiglitz in Amer. Econ. Rev. 78 76 (title) The architecture of economic systems: hierarchies and polygarchies.

†2. A group of many kingdoms; spec. the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (see heptarchy n.). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [noun] > of king or royal ruler > group of kingdoms

heptarchy1576

pentarchy1587

tetrarchya1640

polyarchy1648

triarchy1660

hexarchy1799

octarchy1799

1648 M. Prideaux & J. Prideaux Easy & Compend. Introd. Hist. 303 Our Egbert learned to Conquer, and bring dismembered Polyarchies and Heptarchies, into the best kind of Government, which hath been approved by all, to be Monarchy.

1799 S. Turner Hist. Anglo-Saxons I. ii. iv. 211 The defective history of the period will not allow us to present an accurate picture of this British polyarchy.

1826 R. Southey Vindiciæ Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ 68 Wessex, one of the most flourishing kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon polyarchy.

1834 T. De Quincey Cæsars in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 174/2 A polyarchy, (such as the Saxons established in England).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

polyarchyn.²

Brit.

/ˈpɒlɪɑːki/, U.S.

/ˈpɑliˌɑrki/

Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Polyarchie.

Etymology: < German Polyarchie (1877 in the source translated in quot. 1884) < polyarch polyarch adj. + -ie -y suffix³. Compare polyarch adj.

Botany. Nowrare.

The condition of being polyarch.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > xylem or phloem > having particular number of points of origin

polyarchy1884

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 357 The thick roots of Iris, Asparagus, Smilax (Sarsaparilla), Palms, &c., are examples of a high degree of polyarchy.

1909 New Phytologist 8 21 Among other differences between the two orders may be mentioned the diarchy of the Cyatheaceous roots and the polyarchy of those of the Psaronieæ.

1930 New Phytologist 29 230 Variations resulting in polyarchy are due partly to the characteristically broad sheathing base of the single cotyledon.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	polyarchy
释义	polyarchyn.¹ Brit. /ˈpɒlɪɑːki/, U.S. /ˈpɑliˌɑrki/ Forms: α. 1600s poliarchy, 1600s polyarchie, 1600s– polyarchy. β. 1600s poligarchie, 1600s polygarchie, 1600s– polygarchy, 1700s poligarchy. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French poliarchie; Latin polyarchia. Etymology: < French poliarchie (1576 as polyarchie in the passage translated in quot. 1606 at sense 1α. ) and its etymon post-classical Latin polyarchia (16th cent. or earlier) < ancient Greek πολυαρχία rule or government by many < πολυ- poly- comb. form + -αρχία (in μοναρχία monarchy n.). Compare Spanish poliarquía (late 14th cent.; rare before the 20th cent.), Italian poliarchia (a1585). Compare earlier monarchy n., duarchy n., triarchy n., pentarchy n., and polycracy n.In β. forms after French †poligarchie divided monarchy (1611 in Cotgrave), government by several people (1783 or earlier; alteration of poliarchie after oligarchie oligarchy n.). In sense 2 apparently after heptarchy n. Chiefly Politics. 1. Rule or government by many people; (also) an instance of this; a state or polity ruled by many. Cf. monarchy n.In later use often associated with proponents of a pluralist political philosophy (esp. R. A. Dahl and his supporters), and frequently referring to the theory that society is controlled by a set of competing interest groups rather than by a single governing power. Cf. polycracy n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > government by specific number of rulers > [noun] > by many polycracy1581 polyarchy1606 polycoerany1640 polarchy1647 polyarchism1915 polycratism1921 α. 1606 R. Knolles tr. J. Bodin Six Bks. Common-weale vi. v. 741 A Poliarchy [L. polyarchia; Fr. Polyarchie], or Monarchy diuided into many Monarchies. 1609 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie i. sig. A3 The Bees abhorre as well polyarchie, as anarchie. a1695 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. III (1696) 56 Any Government..whether it be Monarchy, or Polyarchy. 1706 R. Brocklesby Explic. Gospel-theism ii. iii. 208 Deity is a Monarchy, not a Paganical Monarchic Polyarchy. 1757 P. Whitfield tr. Eusebius in Christianity of New Test. iii. 234 Some in the Form of Democracy, some of Polycracy, and some of Monarchy. 1823 R. Southey Hist. Peninsular War I. 615 The inevitable ruin which a polyarchy of independent Juntas would bring on. 1890 J. H. Stirling Gifford Lect. viii. 153 Polyarchy is anarchy. 1956 P. Fleming My Aunt's Rhinoceros 140 Far-reaching powers..were issued to a vast new polyarchy of bureaucrats. 1971 R. A. Dahl (title) Polyarchy: participation and opposition. 1997 A. Dowler & J. Elliott Life & Times Soviet Socialism ix. 222 The beginnings of a civil society in the Soviet Union, a growing polyarchy of political forums within and outside the Communist party. β. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Poligarchie, a monarchie diuided into sundrie parts; or such a diuision.] 1643 C. Herle Answer to Fernes Reply 32 The extreames of these three kinds of..Government are tyrannie, oligarchie, polygarchie (i.e.) of one, of many, and of all, when arbitrary and unbounded in their governments.1656 T. Blount Glossographia Polygarchy, a Monarchy divided into sundry parts; or such a division; a Government of many; opposite to Monarchy, which is a Government of one.1736 Beeriad Pref. p. iv Homer grounds his Poem upon the Grecian Polygarchy.1775 W. Donaldson Agric. vi. 75 Fiscal laws are..the paps which nourish the ministerial polygarchy.1804 Ann. Reg. 682 It was thought that an infallible remedy had been discovered for popular convulsions in a polygarchy.1891 Times 19 Mar. 13/3 Whether the gross barbarism ‘polygarchy’ constantly used in the Memoirs is a specimen of Talleyrand's pure and admirable French or of M. de Beaufort's accurate scholarship is a question which we will leave.1904 M. Hewlett Road in Tuscany vii. 182 Before their government began there had been every sort and no sort—anarchy, despotism, oligarchy, polygarchy, mob-rule, camp-rule, misrule, unrule.1988 R. K. Sah & J. E. Stiglitz in Amer. Econ. Rev. 78 76 (title) The architecture of economic systems: hierarchies and polygarchies. †2. A group of many kingdoms; spec. the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (see heptarchy n.). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [noun] > of king or royal ruler > group of kingdoms heptarchy1576 pentarchy1587 tetrarchya1640 polyarchy1648 triarchy1660 hexarchy1799 octarchy1799 1648 M. Prideaux & J. Prideaux Easy & Compend. Introd. Hist. 303 Our Egbert learned to Conquer, and bring dismembered Polyarchies and Heptarchies, into the best kind of Government, which hath been approved by all, to be Monarchy. 1799 S. Turner Hist. Anglo-Saxons I. ii. iv. 211 The defective history of the period will not allow us to present an accurate picture of this British polyarchy. 1826 R. Southey Vindiciæ Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ 68 Wessex, one of the most flourishing kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon polyarchy. 1834 T. De Quincey Cæsars in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 174/2 A polyarchy, (such as the Saxons established in England). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). polyarchyn.² Brit. /ˈpɒlɪɑːki/, U.S. /ˈpɑliˌɑrki/ Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Polyarchie. Etymology: < German Polyarchie (1877 in the source translated in quot. 1884) < polyarch polyarch adj. + -ie -y suffix³. Compare polyarch adj. Botany. Nowrare. The condition of being polyarch. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > xylem or phloem > having particular number of points of origin polyarchy1884 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 357 The thick roots of Iris, Asparagus, Smilax (Sarsaparilla), Palms, &c., are examples of a high degree of polyarchy. 1909 New Phytologist 8 21 Among other differences between the two orders may be mentioned the diarchy of the Cyatheaceous roots and the polyarchy of those of the Psaronieæ. 1930 New Phytologist 29 230 Variations resulting in polyarchy are due partly to the characteristically broad sheathing base of the single cotyledon. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1606n.²1884
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