| 释义 |
porcupinen. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French porc espin, porc espic. Etymology: < Middle French porc espin, Middle French, French †porc espi, †porc espic, French porc-épic porcupine (c1230 in Old French as porc espi ; also in Middle French as porc d'espine: see note), ultimately < classical Latin porcus hog, pig (see pork n.1) or its Romance descendants + classical Latin spīna thorn (see spina n.; compare classical Latin spīnus thorn-tree) or its Latin or Romance derivatives (compare Italian spino used attributively in names of plants and animals (e.g. in pescespino , uvaspina ), although this is first attested comparatively late (16th cent.)), apparently ultimately after Byzantine Greek ἀκανθόχοιρος hedgehog < ancient Greek ἄκανθος thorn (see acanthus n.) + χοῖρος pig (see cherogril n.). Compare Old Occitan porc espi (c1350; Occitan pòrc espin), Catalan porc espí (1647; compare earlier porc crespí (1428)), Spanish puerco espín (a1348; also as puerco espino, puercoespín), Portuguese porco-espinho (15th cent. as porcos spins, plural; also as porco-espim), Italian porcospino (a1367 as porco spino; compare earlier French porches spin (plural) in Marco Polo (1298)), Middle Dutch porcaspijn ( < French). Compare also post-classical Latin porcupina (1432 in a British source), although the form and sense are uncertain. The exact relationship between the Romance words is uncertain and problematic; the French word is usually assumed to derive directly or indirectly from the Italian, although this is apparently first attested later.Old French, Middle French porc espi (perhaps compare the α form porcapie ) was apparently associated with Middle French espi , French épi (c1170 in Old French; < classical Latin spīcus , spīcum , doublets of spīca spike n.1). Middle French porc espic (French porc-épic ; compare ε. forms) is influenced by pique- , stem of piquer (see pick v.1). The forms portepyne , portpen (see β. forms) perhaps ultimately reflect Middle French porc d'espine ; however, compare French porte-épines (although this is apparently first attested later (1776; now rare)), the first element of which has been influenced by porte- porte- comb. form. Some of the β, γ, and δ forms perhaps go back to forms with mute c in French, e.g. the β form porpyn . However, forms such as the β form porpapyne clearly show assimilation taking place within English. Some forms apparently reflect folk-etymological alteration within English: the γ. forms are influenced by point n.1 (perhaps via a form with excrescent t ); the δ. forms are apparently after -entine (in e.g. serpentine n., turpentine n., etc.); the forms porcupig , porky pig (see ε. forms) are after pig n.1 The form porpentine in later use occurs chiefly in allusion to quot. 1603 at sense 1aδ. . In quot. ?a1425 at sense 1aα. after Middle French porcz spinous, plural (second half of the 14th cent. in the passage translated). Compare also Italian porco spinoso porcupine (14th cent. in a translation of Marco Polo; now apparently regional; compare earlier spinosa in the same sense (a1306)), Spanish (rare) puerco espinoso (1494; perhaps obsolete in this sense). In sense 2 after Middle French porc espic (1493 in the source translated in quot. 1503 at sense 2). 1. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > order Rodentia or rodent > superfamily Hystricomorpha (porcupine or guinea-pig) > [noun] > family Hystricidae (porcupine) α. ?a1425 (c1400) (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 193 Wee clepen hem Porcz de spyne [v.rr. porcs espinoys; pors espis; Fr. Porcz Spinous]. c1425 in G. R. Owst (1933) 459 (MED) Suche men bethe likned to..a porke-despyne, that is bred in Ynde and is covered with scharpe pynnes of horne. c1440 (?a1400) 183 (MED) There come in at þe fyrste course..Pacokes..Pygges of porke despyne. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 904 in (1981) 38 Otter, and aip, and pennit porcupyne [v.r. porcapyne]. c1500 (?a1437) (1939) clv The lyoun..The werely porpapyne. 1530 J. Palsgrave 256/2 Porkepyn a beest, porc espin. 1538 T. Elyot Histrix,..a beaste hauyng sharpe prickes on his backe, called a porkpine [1545, 1548, porkepyne]. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny I. 215 The Porkpen hath the longer sharp pointed quilles, and those, when he stretcheth his skin, he sendeth and shooteth from him. 1607 E. Topsell 588 The Porcuspine or Porcupine. 1613 S. Purchas 831 Here are store of Deare, Hares, Conies, Hogs,..Porkepines. 1676 (Royal Soc.) 11 714 That Porcupins kill Lions, by darting into their body their quills. 1701 4 [The eagle] skreek'd, like one possest with raging Fumes, Shaking, like Porcupines, her ruffled Plumes. 1745 (Royal Soc.) 43 271 Some time ago there was found, on an Island adjacent to this, a large Snake, dead, with a Porcupine in its Belly. 1796 R. Southey vii. 179 Heavy, thick-bristled with the hostile shafts, Even like a porcupine. 1817 May 21 On my way to Tombuctoo, and in its vicinity, I saw wolves, foxes, rabbits, antelopes, wild hogs, porcupines and elephants. 1872 C. Darwin iv. 93 Porcupines rattle their quills and vibrate their tails when angered. 1924 M. H. Mason 132 The porcupine leaves a footprint very like a miniature bear. 1961 W. P. Keller iv. 194 Some authorities feel we have protected porcupines too long to the serious detriment of some fine forest. 1994 Mar. 48/1 A porcupine has few natural predators. However, wolverines, bobcats and, in this area, fishers are specialists at porcupine flipping. society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > heraldic representations of creatures > [noun] > animals ?a1549 (1998) I. 273/2 Eight peces of hanginges of clothe of gold paned with crimson vellat embraudered with L in porpetynes and Rooses crowned. 1578 in T. Thomson (1815) 250 Ane uther cannon..markit with the porkpik. 1589 G. Puttenham ii. xi. 118 He gaue for his deuice the Porkespick. 1615 E. Grimeston tr. P. d'Avity 1188 Charles, Duke of Orleans..erected the order of the Knights of the Porcupine, carrying vpon their baudricks or belts, the figure of this beast. 1725 J. Coats (rev. ed.) 279 Lewis [XII] of France..in the year 1394..instituted this Order of the Porcupine, which he had before chosen for his Device. 1798 W. Seward (ed. 4) III. 416 His device was a porcupine with this motto: Vires agminis unus habet. One man possesses the power of a whole troop. 1862 Dec. 712/1 One of these devices is a large image of a porcupine on an heraldic wreath, being the crest of the Lords de Lisle. 1893 May 502/1 Her device..is scattered over the walls..curving round the royal porcupine, the badge which Poet Charles had given to the Orleans family. 1952 J. Evans iv. 42 Louis d'Orléans at the baptism of his eldest son Charles in 1394 founded the Order of the Porcupine or the Hood. 1978 9 16 An ingenious combination of cerf-volant (a symbol of France), porcupine (the Orleans family heraldic symbol), and entwined serpents swallowing human figures (the Visconti family crest). the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > inferior person > [noun] > as abused the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of prickly things the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > [noun] > bristly or prickly condition > a prickly multitude 1594 sig. K What are the vrchins crept out of their dens, Vnder the conduct of this porcupine? 1609 W. Shakespeare ii. i. 27 Ther. Thou art proclaim'd foole... Aiax. Do not Porpentin [1623 Porpentine], do not, my fingers itch. View more context for this quotation 1855 J. S. C. Abbott xxviii. 415 And what sort of a subject would that one be? An absolute porcupine, on which he would find it impossible to lay a finger. 1880 W. J. Fitzpatrick (ed. 2) II. 7 This letter to Lord Farnham drew forth a porcupine of pens. 1899 30 Mar. 7/4 In appearance the sponge was a veritable porcupine, long, needlelike spicules standing out all over it. 1916 29 Sept. 8/1 The village..was a veritable porcupine, with prickles in all directions. 1994 R. Davies 85 I bought a clinical thermometer—the first of a porcupine of such things I have owned—and took his temperature. the world > the universe > star > [noun] > fixed star 1503 tr. sig. i vii Wnder the syng of lybra..wnder ys xvii. degre so aleftys oon stern fyxyt, that oon that the shyppars callys pork apyk [1506 porcarpyke]. ?1570 tr. (rev. ed.) xxxviii. Under the xviii. degree ryseth a sterre fyxed that Shepherdes call Porke espyke. the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > brewers' utensils the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > [noun] > separating or cleaning > equipment for 1748 L. Morris 26 (caption) A Porcupine to clear old Bars. 1792 E. Cartwright (1855) 3 A circular comb or porcupine, having teeth pointing in from the centre, working upon the comb or heckle table, for the purpose of clearing the material. 1869 W. Molyneux 243 (note) At some of the breweries the porcupine is supplanted by an instrument known as Steele's Patent Mashing Machine. a1877 E. H. Knight II. 1766/2 Porcupine, a heckling apparatus for flax; or a cylindrical heckle for worsted yarn. 1917 J. H. Stephenson iii. 397 The grain is..delivered to the retarder, which holds it at the bottom while the porcupine, which acts as a storage, will feed it to the cylinder evenly, keeping the cylinder full. 1938 W. Von Bergen & H. R. Mauersberger 415 The name, ‘Porcupine’, is associated with French drawing because brass porcupine rollers, studded with fine steel pins are employed between the front and back drawing rolls. 1991 Sept. 67/2 Increased productivity in die machining achieved by Stellram's porcupine cutters..is said to stem from two features... Proven performance of Stellram's porcupine has gained it ‘preferred status’. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > [noun] > methods of dressing meat 1769 E. Raffald iv. 76 To make a Porcupine of a Breast of Veal. 1795 Mrs. Frazer (ed. 2) iv. 49 (heading) A Porcupine of Beef. 5. Any of various other animals with spines. the world > animals > mammals > group Implacenta > [noun] > echidna 1803 Banks Papers in (1988) 495/1 As I have to go to the Blue Mountains... I am in great expectation of meeting with the Porcupine there. 1826 J. Atkinson 25 The porcupine of New South Wales is a small kind, in nothing differing from the same animal in other places. 1843 J. Backhouse vii. 89 The Porcupine of this land..is a squat species of ant-eater, with short quills among its hair. 1944 ii. 29 The spiny ant-eater (sometimes called porcupine) is a good food. 1992 (Nexis) 30 Jan. We kids were all that stood between an echidna - we called them porcupines - and a swarthy stranger..who tried to convince us we should give it up for his pot. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > [noun] > order Insectivora > family Erinaceidae (hedgehog) 1847 J. O. Halliwell II. 638/1 Porpin, a hedgehog. Somerset. 1851 M. Howitt (ed. 7) 111 Thou poor little English porcupine. the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Tetraodontiformes (puffers) > [noun] > family Diodontidae (porcupine-fishes) > diodon hystrix (porcupine-fish) 1859 14 214/4 Two models of your acquatic porcupine have arrived. They beat the whole tribe of stickle-backs, devil-fish, sea serpent, grumpus and walrus ‘all hollow’. 1891 42 11/1 The expectant fisherman finally jerks aboard a veritable porcupine, which rapidly increases in size, assuming gigantic proportions in its inflation. 1935 1 Feb. 1/4 (title) Large porcupine contributed by..local fisherman. 1989 Jan. 51/3 The aquarium..teems with weird marine creatures in extraordinary colours: red sea squirt, brown porcupine, cow fish, devil firefish with wings. Compounds C1. a. General attributive. 1603 T. Dekker sig. B2 The quills of his stiffe Porcupine mustachio. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > order Rodentia or rodent > superfamily Hystricomorpha (porcupine or guinea-pig) > [noun] > family Hystricidae (porcupine) > parts of 1664 H. Power i. 5 Her body is..stuck all over with great black Bristles, like Porcupine quills, set all in parallel order. 1765 H. Timberlake 39 The stem [of the peace pipe] is about three feet long, finely adorned with porcupine quills, dyed feathers,..and such like gaudy trifles. 1836 W. Irving II. 51 A spear or bow decorated with beads, porcupine quills and painted feathers. 1994 H. Holland viii. 146 Rummaging in her handbag, she produces a variety of mutis and containers, a couple of animal bones and some porcupine quills. 1865 5 Oct. There is one little spotted animal..which has neither teeth, claws, speed nor the shell of some animals, nor the quills of the porcupine tribe. b. Parasynthetic. 1598 E. Guilpin iv. sig. D3v Gulfe-brested is he, silent, and profound..Porpentine backed, for he lies on thornes. 1996 (Nexis) Sept. 9 Porcupine-backed shrubs are well spaced and filmed with dust like the windows. C2. the world > animals > mammals > group Implacenta > [noun] > echidna 1799 D. Collins (1802) II. 145 The dogs found a porcupine ant-eater but could make no impression on him. ?a1808 III. 557 The Porcupine Ant-eater... This in length about a foot; coated on the upper parts with spines resembling those of a porcupine. 1894 30 Aug. 6/2 These porcupine ant-eaters lay eggs; but they are mammals just the same, and suckle their young. 1948 7 June 6/6 Porcupine anteaters have strong claws on their feet and are excellent diggers. 2001 A. Moyal i. 16 Caley subsequently bought his porcupine anteater from the Aborigines for five gallons of rum! 1879 J. M. Ross V. 180/1 Porcupine Crab (Lithodes hystrix), a species of crab occurring on the coast of Japan, and so named from the numerous spines that everywhere spring from its shell and limbs. 2000 (Nexis) 1 Feb. 4 Ottawa and the province made an official commitment Monday to help get underutilized species, such as sea urchins and porcupine crab, into the mainstream of the industry. 1844 R. Dunglison (ed. 4) 579/1 Porcupine disease, ichthyosis. 1870 19 Feb. 272/1 An excessive amount of sebum, which, collected together in little masses, in conjunction with the epithelial cells derived from the surface of the skin, forms plates (fish-skin disease), or horny projections (porcupine disease). 1992 R. Carter (ed. 4) 295 Porcupine disease, boy, man, are lay terms for ichthyosis hystrix and a sufferer therefrom. the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Tetraodontiformes (puffers) > [noun] > family Diodontidae (porcupine-fishes) > diodon hystrix (porcupine-fish) 1681 N. Grew i. v. ii. 106 A sort of Porcupine-Fish. 1773 43 220 From these I will proceed to the exotics,..the Porcupine Fish, the Porcupine Globe Fish, the Porcupine Bladder Fish. 1885 A. Brassey 407 ‘Porcupine-fish’ (Chilomycterus reticulatus), looking..very much more like hedgehogs swimming about than porcupines. 1941 11 Apr. 12/1 When cornered by its enemies, the puff or porcupine fish swells up like a toy balloon. 1990 Dec. 46/1 The unfortunate porcupine fish had puffed itself up to about one foot in diameter and was bobbing on the surface. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > non-British grasses > [noun] > Australian grasses 1842 G. C. Hawker Diary 15 June in (1988) 495/1 Passed through a few patches of scrub & some very bad country covered with porcupine grass. 1857 A. Gray 549 Porcupine Grass..Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michigan northwestward. 1911 C. E. W. Beaw xv. 143 Porcupine grass—curious small green clumps of spiky grass, rather the shape of a porcupine, which, however green, will blaze like kerosene. 1969 50 498 The term ‘spinifex’ is used in this paper to describe all species of porcupine grass (genus Triodea), a plant life form unique to the Australian continent. 2003 (Nexis) 7 Sept. 4 Strictus, commonly known as Porcupine grass, has a stiff vertical form that glows with bands of yellow horizontal variegation. 1896 B. Spencer I. iv. 69 I spent some time watching the habits of a curious little black ant which had been described by Mr. Kirby under the name of Hypoclinea flavipes, and may be called the Porcupine grass ant. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > disorders of hair > [noun] > other hair disorders 1822 J. M. Good IV. 666 The hystriacis or porcupine hair of Plenck. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > ichthyosis > person 1756 (Royal Soc.) 49 22 The person therein mentioned is still alive, and was lately shewn at London, by the name of the Porcupine-man. 1872 C. Darwin (ed. 6) vii. 201 Monstrosities, such as six-fingered men, porcupine men. 1948 58 349 The countless curious at the circus side show enjoy the sight of the nevoid ‘porcupine man’ as much as that of the..ichthyotic ‘fish lady’, and the rest of the galaxy of unfortunates with ectodermal diseases. 2001 (Nexis) 30 Jan. (Neighbor section) 1 Some woman apparently married this man because he had six sons and they were all porcupine men with quills, too. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture of thread or yarn > [noun] > spinning > machine > parts of 1776 T. Wood (1856) 2 A porcupine roller that receives the cotton..and delivers it to the carding engine. 1853 A. Ure (ed. 4) II. 985 Combining with the ordinary sheeting drum or cylinder rollers, designated, from their resemblance to porcupine quills, porcupine rollers. 1884 W. S. B. McLaren (ed. 2) 107 A revolving brush, or star wheel, or porcupine roller, is placed at h,..which guides the fibres forward. 1938 W. Von Bergen & H. R. Mauersberger 421 The French draw frames employ a porcupine roller instead of pinned fallers in the drafting area between the back and front rolls. 1973 VI. v. 370 Carrier rollers are provided between the porcupine and first roller pair to keep the fibre material at the right height for the pins of the porcupine roller. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > ichthyosis 1775 N. Cresswell 30 Sept. (1924) 116 Went over the River and bought a Porcupine Skin of an Indian. 1809 A. Henry 146 The fat of our deer was melted down, and the oil filled six porcupine-skins. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. VIII. 670 Porcupine skin disease. 1968 H. O. Mackey & J. P. Mackey (ed. 9) xxxvi. 373 Where extensive, the condition is called ‘hedge-hog skin’ or ‘porcupine-skin’. 2004 (Nexis) 6 Jan. f5 He describes the frogs and turtles in the pond, the empty porcupine skins left by the reintroduced fishers and the local bears. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > order Rodentia or rodent > superfamily Hystricomorpha (porcupine or guinea-pig) > [noun] > family Hystricidae (porcupine) > parts of 1676 (Royal Soc.) 11 757 There is another Stone, highly esteem'd, called the Porcupin stone, which is in the head of this Animal, though sometimes also in its belly. 1715 F. Slare 37 He was willing to entertain a better Opinion of the Porcupine-Stone, because he brought one with him... He infus'd it in a Glass of Wine and drank it. 1769 VII. 186 This Dr. Plot calls the porcupine stone without prickles, but Aldrovandus, the sea-urchin, deprived of its prickly coat. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > treating or processing wool > [noun] > combing > comb > parts of 1845 S. C. Lister 2 Card, or what are known in the trade as ‘porcupine teeth’ are caused to operate upon wool to comb the same. 1853 A. Ure (ed. 4) II. 985 A is the main or sheeting drum or cylinder, which is studded with rows of comb or ‘porcupine’ teeth. 1913 I. 184 Index finger..was caught in the porcupine roller. Flesh on finger torn away by porcupine teeth. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > palm 1779 J. Gerard 12 A beautiful petrified porcupine-wood solid oval box. 1887 C. A. Moloney 441 The wood is commercially known as Porcupine wood, and is used in India for rafters and ridge poles, house-posts,..also for spear-handles, walking-sticks, and fancy work. 1902 J. Gifford ix. 215 The outer wood of the coconut palm is called porcupine-wood, because when cut in a certain way the fibers resemble the quills of the porcupine. 1990 Mar. 87/1 (advt.) Importers of decorative hardwoods..stocks include..porcupinewood. Derivatives the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > irritable [adjective] 1846 R. Ford xii. 139 The nerves tighten up into the catgut of an overstrung fiddle, getting attuned to the porcupinal irritability of the tension of the mind. 2002 T. D. Hidier 188 A saried girl with blue-tipped porcupinal hair and a scintillating lip-ringed face. 1856 G. Engelmann in (U.S. War Dept.: Rep. Explor. Route to Pacific IV) iii. 44 The name indicates the porcupine-like armature of this species. 1977 J. Doughty 149 This was a land of small buck-spinifex, needle sharp, growing porcupine-like on the hard red earth. 2004 (Nexis) 30 June b6 This squash can be covered with porcupine-like spines and is delicious peeled, steamed and dressed in vinaigrette with onion, oregano and cilantro. the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [adjective] the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > [adjective] > causing the hair to stand on end or gooseflesh 1829 R. Southey I. 15 I had now..a distinct sense of that sort of porcupinish motion over the whole scalp which is so frequently described by the Latin poets. 1857 R. Williams 60 You may goad any one, by three years of organised libelling,..into a porcupinish method of expressing himself. 1995 26 June 117/2 He was not big and handsome with porcupinish black hair and a deep cleft in his chin like his father. the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [adjective] 1890 2 Aug. 151/1 A rather porcupiny, and not wholly consistent bundle [of prejudices]. 1912 E. T. Seton xiii. 87 I saw a score of folk who had lived in the porcupiniest part of the Adirondacks for many summers and yet never saw a Porcupine. 1961 D. F. Fleming vii. 164 There was no ‘soft underbelly of Europe’... In Italy it was an exceedingly porcupiny and costly undertaking all the way. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). porcupinev. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: porcupine n. Etymology: < porcupine n. the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > cause physical symptoms [verb (transitive)] > cause horripilation 1648 2 I porcupined my pen to run at Tilt with this Junior Donquixote. 1716 M. Davies II. 139 'Tis not call'd Declamation or Invective, or Satyr, but a certain Mediastin Genius, porcupin'd all over with all the three. 1792 ‘P. Pindar’ (new ed.) 6 Thus did the Cooks on Billy Ramus stare, Whose frightful presence porcupin'd each hair. 1827 II. 37/2 Pull your gills and porcupine your hair. 1868 28 Nov. 585/1 A rasped French roll, porcupined with blanched almonds. 1950 in (Nexis) (2004) 2 June 1 d In its indictment of the national culture it wrung monthly gasps from sixty thousand readers and porcupined the hair of intellectuals, Army officers, [etc.]. 1991 42 88 Everywhere flames, galloping horses, bodies porcupined with arrows, and ranks of rushing foot soldiers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.?a1425 v.1648 |
