单词 | pinhole |
释义 | pinholen.adj. A. n. 1. a. A hole made by a pin; any very small aperture or perforation resembling a pinprick. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > small opening buttonhole1599 snip1600 pinhole1617 pink1667 to pass through the eye of a needle (also a needle's eye)1720 peepa1825 needle-hole1847 keyhole1900 1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate Termes 344 The head of the vppermost [pot] being very well couered and luted, but his bottome boared full of little pin-holes. 1676 R. Wiseman Severall Chirurg. Treat. i. iv. 28 The Breast had at first broke..in a small pin-hole. 1712 E. Freke Diary 20 Sept. in Jrnl. Cork Hist. & Archaeol. Soc. (1913) 19 86 Infuse..In A quarte of the beet sack In A..Pott Covered with A Blader pricked full of Pin Holles. 1749 T. Short Gen. Chronol. Hist. Air I. 477 I found my Garden full of a second Brood of the Pinhole Caterpillars, especially the Currants. 1822 T. Webster Imison's Elem. Sci. & Art (new ed.) I. 233 We can easily see through a small pin-hole in a piece of paper. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 880 The orifice of the appendix..may be a mere pinhole. 1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxi. 240 In the Bunsen Burner..coal-gas is admitted through a narrow pin-hole in a nipple at A. 1997 Guardian 17 June (Educ. section) 11 The alidade was rotated until the rays passed through a pinhole in the top end. b. A very small area from which a surface coating (such as metal plating) is absent. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > plated or coated metal > [noun] > area where plating absent pinhole1867 1867 V. G. Bloede Reducer's Man. iii. 39 It is customary to saturate the solution of nitrate of silver with an iodide or a bromide to prevent the blemishes upon the plate known as pinholes. 1909 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. May 295/1 Dealers who were previously large importers of tin plate..are willing to admit that even in the ‘good old times’ they were greatly annoyed by the so-called ‘pin holes’ in their goods. 1970 J. A. Scarlett Printed Circuit Boards iv. 53 Most firms use Beta-ray backscatter tests to check thicknesses of gold plating, together with an electrograph porosity test against pinholes. 2003 Pract. Fishkeeping Aug. 33/1 Varnishing is not the answer for even a missed ‘pinhole’ will allow water to get in and cause the varnish to blister. c. Originally U.S. A small hole in timber caused by a wood-boring beetle or its larva; spec. one made by an ambrosia beetle (cf. pinhole borer n. at Compounds). Cf. shot-hole n. 1b.In technical use a pinhole is not more than 1.5 mm (approx. 0.06 inch) in diameter, while a shothole is between 1.5 and 3 mm (approx. 0.12 inch). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > [noun] > hole made by beetle pinhole1894 1892 Science 29 July 64/2 The timber beetles enter directly through the bark, making their ‘pin-hole’ tunnels in all directions through the wood.] 1894 A. D. Hopkins in Bull. West Virginia Agric. Exper. Station Jan. 291 In order that we may refer to the different kinds of defects caused by insects, by some simple, descriptive names, I will present the following, provisional classification and popular names. Pin Holes. Small, round holes, one-hundredth of an inch to one-fourth of an inch in diameter. 1938 G. M. Hunt & G. A. Garratt Wood Preservation iii. 53 The insect defects produced in wood..may be classified as pinholes or grub holes, the distinction being principally a matter of size. 1962 C. L. Metcalf & W. P. Flint Destructive & Useful Insects (ed. 4) 846 The ambrosia or timber beetles tunnel into the sapwood and heartwood.., making ‘pinholes’ upon which they propagate fungi as food. 1990 D. Bolger Journey Home (1991) ii. 63 It was musty in the chalet, the spartan furniture riddled with the pinholes of woodworm. d. Metallurgy. A very small cavity in metal, esp. in the body or surface of a casting. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > qualities of metals > [noun] > imperfections > cavities in casting blowhole1691 sand-hole1691 air bladder1803 air hole1813 pipe1861 pinhole1906 1906 H. Adams Cassell's Engineers' Hand-bk. iv. 174 Pin-holes, or blow-holes in brass castings are produced by overheating the metal. 1947 J. C. Rich Materials & Methods Sculpt. iv. 70 The most common surface blemishes that may mar an otherwise perfect cast are caused by pinholes resulting from air bubbles imprisoned in the plaster mix. 1968 D. R. Cliffe Techn. Metall. xi. 268 ‘Gas holes’ (or ‘pin-holes’) are small, evenly distributed rounded cavities with bright walls caused by the release of dissolved gases during freezing. 2001 Mod. Casting (Nexis) 1 Sept. 29 During solidification, the dissolved gases will precipitate into tiny bubbles of gas, forming pinholes in the casting. e. Photography. A pinhole camera. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > [noun] > general types of box camera1828 daguerreotype1839 view camera1851 pistolgraph1859 pinhole camera1861 panoramic camera1862 pantoscopic camera1865 pistolograph1866 pantoscope1879 detective camera1881 filmograph1881 photographometera1884 photochronograph1887 snap-shooter1890 stand camera1890 tele-objective camera1891 film camera1893 magazine camera1893 panoram1893 telephoto1894 mutograph1897 tele-camera1899 telephote1903 press camera1912 reflex1922 candid camera1929 minicam1935 single-lens reflex1936 plate camera1937 magic eye1938 subminiature1947 miniature1952 all-sky camera1955 microfilmer1959 stereo-camera1959 streak camera1962 gallery camera1964 SLR1964 TLR1965 spy-camera1968 pinhole1976 multi-mode1981 digicam1989 point-and-shoot1991 1976 Broadcast 29 Nov. 18/1 The camera is a box—be it a still camera, a film camera, a television camera, a Polaroid, a pinhole. 1981 J. Monaco How to read Film (rev. ed.) ii. 60 Flexible film has replaced the drawing paper as the ‘screen’ upon which the image falls [in a camera]; but the greatest changes have taken place in the pinhole. 2004 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) 21 Mar. (Review section) 6/2 The original pinholes of the 19th century were adaptations of the camera obscura. 2. A hole into which a pin or peg fits. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > hole into which a peg, pin, knob, etc., fits scaffold holec1568 pinhole1659 scaffolding hole1663 keyhole1703 keyway1835 winder-hole1840 knob hole1851 wall-box1875 1659 T. Willsford Architectonice 17 The corner tyles have their upper angles acute, with pinholes in them. 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. i. 8 The inside of the Hinge below the Pin-hole of the Joynt. 1727 R. Bradley Compl. Body Husbandry 43 The pin-holes in the beam, the use of which is to make this plough cut more or less deep, by fixing the wheels nearer to or farther from the paring-plate. 1880 G. Grove Dict. Music I. 721/2 Single plates of metal, allowing room for the pin-holes [for the tuning-pins in a pianoforte] in the wooden block. 1891 P. G. Stone Archit. Antiq. Isle of Wight i. 112 Small roofing slates were also found about the site. They were thick, and still retained the original pin-holes. 1968 E. H. Gaylord & C. N. Gaylord Struct. Engin. Handbk. vi. 71 The AISC Specification requires that the allowable tensile stress on the net section transverse to the axis of the member be reduced 25 percent at pinholes in pin-connected plates. 1988 Rally Car Oct. 44/1 The tyre..comes with pin holes to fit studs in ice and snow conditions. B. adj. 1. Designating, involving, or relating to a very small aperture or perforation; of the size of a pinprick. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [adjective] > very small pinhole1826 1826 Lancet 4 Feb. 656/1 ‘A pin-hole aperture’ was discovered in the intestine. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 288 ‘Pinhole’ wound leading to fracture on tibia. 1946 C. W. Briggs Metall. of Steel Castings iii. 136 (heading) Pinhole porosity. 1991 S. Cisneros Woman Hollering Creek 71 Heavy British wing tips with the pin-hole design on the heel and toe. 2. Photography. Having, or relating to the use of, a very small aperture in place of a lens, esp. in pinhole camera.The use of pinhole in relation to an experiment demonstrating the properties of light occurs in J. Ferguson Lect. Sel. Subj. (1760) viii. 209. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > [noun] > general types of box camera1828 daguerreotype1839 view camera1851 pistolgraph1859 pinhole camera1861 panoramic camera1862 pantoscopic camera1865 pistolograph1866 pantoscope1879 detective camera1881 filmograph1881 photographometera1884 photochronograph1887 snap-shooter1890 stand camera1890 tele-objective camera1891 film camera1893 magazine camera1893 panoram1893 telephoto1894 mutograph1897 tele-camera1899 telephote1903 press camera1912 reflex1922 candid camera1929 minicam1935 single-lens reflex1936 plate camera1937 magic eye1938 subminiature1947 miniature1952 all-sky camera1955 microfilmer1959 stereo-camera1959 streak camera1962 gallery camera1964 SLR1964 TLR1965 spy-camera1968 pinhole1976 multi-mode1981 digicam1989 point-and-shoot1991 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > [adjective] > types of camera pinhole1861 twin-lens1894 reflex1907 autofocus1917 miniature1921 autofocusing1922 wide-field1925 beam-splitting1935 point-and-shoot1964 subminiature1968 multi-mode1980 multiprogramme1990 1856 D. Brewster Stereoscope viii. 137 I have no doubt that when chemistry has furnished us with a material more sensitive to light, a camera without lenses, and with only a pin-hole, will be the favourite instrument of the photographer.] 1861 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 32 232 We are compelled, therefore, to regard Sir David Brewster's pin-hole camera as an optical as well as a photographical absurdity. 1891 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 31 89 As the focal length increases, the brightness (B) in the image of a properly proportioned pin-hole camera diminishes. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 644/2 Pinhole photography, photography involving the use of a pinhole instead of a lens to form an image on a camera plate. 1996 Observer 29 Dec. 14/2 Using pinhole microwave cameras in painstaking surveillance operations on council estates provided hard evidence that had previously eluded the police. Compounds pinhole borer n. any of various small beetles that bore fine-diameter tunnels in trees and felled timber; = ambrosia beetle n. at ambrosia n. Compounds.Cf. shot-hole borer n. at shot-hole n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Curculionoidea or Rhyncophora > member of family Platypodidae (pinhole borer) pinhole borer1916 the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Curculionoidea or Rhyncophora > family Scolytidae > member of (bark-beetle) timber-capricorn1803 timber-beetle1841 bark-borer1859 bark-beetle1862 pin borer1890 scolytid1890 timberman1894 engraver beetle1896 ambrosia beetle1897 pinhole borer1916 shot-hole borer1916 1916 Indian Forester 42 217 (heading) Ambrosia beetles or pin-hole and shot-hole borers. 1945 Timber Pests (Timber Devel. Assoc.) 29 Many Pin-hole borers are small insects; others, similar in habit, cause larger holes, sometimes referred to as ‘shot-holes’. 2000 Christchurch (N.Z.) Press (Nexis) 12 May 2 An independent study found 80 per cent of the trees were dead or dying from pinhole borer, black smut, and wasps. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). pinholev. 1. transitive. To penetrate or perforate with or as with a pin. Chiefly in passive. ΚΠ 1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country i. 6 Palace-panes Pinholed athwart their windowed filagree By twinklings sobered from the sun outside. 1882 G. B. Cavalcaselle & J. A. Crowe Raphael I. vi. 304 The whole of [the drawing of] these figures was pinholed for use on the panel of some altar-piece. 1930 Times 17 Mar. 18/4 The cappings of cells [in a beehive] are sunken and pin-holed. 1990 Tea & Coffee Trade Jrnl. Oct. 72 Some street-wise roasters..pack their coffee in gas-tight pouches which have been intentionally pinholed. 2. intransitive. To develop a tiny hole or holes; to become perforated with pinholes. ΚΠ 1934 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 28 June 5/7 (advt.) Clopay Window Shades... Will not pinhole, crack or fray. 1941 Light Metals 4 133/1 A means of knowing, before the casting, whether or not the metal..is likely to pin-hole. 1985 D. Holloway Which? Bk. Plumbing & Central Heating iii. 39/3 A corroded ball can ‘pinhole’ and start filling with water. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1617v.1873 |
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