petrifiedadj.

Brit.

/ˈpɛtrᵻfʌɪd/, U.S.

/ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪd/

Forms: late Middle English 1600s– petrified, 1600s–1700s petrefied, 1600s–1700s petrify'd.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: petrify v., -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: < petrify v. + -ed suffix¹. Compare Middle French, French pétrifié (also in 17th cent. as †pétréfié ; 1580 in sense 1a, 1782 in sense 2), Italian petrificato , (now usually) pietrificato (1499 in sense 1b, 1550 in sense 1a in acque petrificate (plural) ‘stalactites’, second half of the 18th cent. in sense 2).

a. That has been petrified; subjected to petrifaction; converted into stone or a stony substance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > formation of rock or stone > [adjective] > petrified

petrified?a1425

putrefied1761

lapidified1832

lithified1877

stonified1882

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 35 (MED) Whan þai [sc. apostemes] ar vnwisely infrigidate..þan þe subtile is resolued & þe grosse petrified, i. stony, & reduced in to melancolie.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia xvii. 109 The pores of this petrify'd substance.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 471 He abounded in things petrified,..a morsel of Cork, yet retaining its levitie, Sponges, Gutts.

1703 M. Martin Descr. W. Islands Scotl. 151 There is a Cave..having many petrified Twigs hanging from the top.

1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 52 We met with very large Cakes of the petrified Sand.

1815 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. (ed. 2) xvi. 442 Petrified fish have been discovered in solid rocks in the very attitude of seizing and swallowing their prey.

1861 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom (ed. 3) xxiv. §1612. 605 The countless petrified remains known by the names of Hamites, Lituites, Orthoceratites, Cirthoceratites.

1936 Amer. Home Feb. 56/4 The opening around the firebox was made of granite, which is not inclined to crack on exposure to heat. Petrified wood is another excellent material to use.

1979 D. L. Dineley Fossils i. 11 The buried shells..or petrified parts of organisms of the past..are all fossils.

1993 Wind River Country Summer 2/1 This is the top rockhound area in the U.S. Jade, arrow-heads, petrified wood and many other things, including fossils, abound.

b. In extended use: represented or embodied in stone; made or carved from stone.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > sculpture or carving > [adjective] > sculptured or carved > in specific material

petrified1635

found1989

1635 W. Habington Castara (ed. 2) i. 59 Spencer hath a Stone; and Draytons browes Stand petrefied ith'wall, with Laurell bowes Yet girt about.

1795 H. L. Piozzi Diary 1 Feb. in Thraliana (1942) II. 910 Helena Maria Williams..lives with Mr. Stone tho' he has a Wife alive—Mr. Chappelow says comically that she is petrefied.

1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood iv. 26 An approach..resembling a petrified grove of tombstones, urns, draperies, and broken columns.

1889 J. J. Hissey Tour in Phaeton 106 Our cathedrals, abbeys, and ancient churches are truly petrified poems.

1991 Conjunctions 17 30 Could the rocks, hooded like a procession of petrified penitents, possibly be cupolas, lanterns or ventilation shafts made of glazed tiles, earthenware and broken fragments?

2. figurative. Hardened, immobilized, paralysed, (now) esp. rigid with fear, terrified (of).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted

hard hearteOE

steelena1000

hardOE

hard-heartedc1225

stony?c1230

yhert1340

dure1412

hardedc1425

induratec1425

stonishc1450

hardenedc1480

steely1508

flinty1536

endured1540

stiff-stomached1540

heartless1556

indured1558

flint-hearted1560

iron1561

marble1565

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

rocky?1578

brawned1582

flinted1582

padded1583

obdure?1590

brawny1596

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

steeled1600

cauterized1603

indurated1604

flinty-hearted1629

ahenean1630

dedolent1633

brawny-hearteda1639

hard-grained1643

callous1647

upsitten1682

seared1684

petrified1720

calloused1746

coreless1813

pebble-hearted1816

hard-shelled1848

hard-plucked1857

steel trap1921

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > feeling of wonder, astonishment > [adjective] > and stunned

astoned1297

mazeda1325

astonieda1375

clumseda1400

stupefact?a1425

astoundc1440

matedc1450

astonate1522

stupid1571

astounded1619

sparrow-blasteda1652

petrified1720

stupent1747

stounded1756

stupefied1790

stunned1845

shent1861

the mind > emotion > fear > physical symptoms of fear > [adjective] > petrified or frozen

numbed1553

dead-strookena1593

dead-struck1597

petrified1720

the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > [adjective] > like hard substance

adamantinea1382

rock-like1595

unmalleable1606

immarbled1641

iron-bound1648

inflexible1698

cast iron1829

teak-built1847

granitic1862

inelastic1867

petrified1870

ossified1901

shatter-proof1936

sclerotic1965

the mind > emotion > fear > [adjective] > afraid of > petrified of

petrified1963

1720 R. Welton tr. T. Alvares de Andrade Sufferings Son of God II. xix. 533 Melt the Petrified Obduracy of this Harden'd Heart!

1791 H. More Estimate Relig. Fashionable World 210 How would the petrified enquirer be astonished.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xvi. 187 This petrified coldness was better than a passionate, futile opposition.

1870 F. M. Müller Sci. Relig. (1873) 67 A careful interpretation of the petrified language of ancient India and Greece.

1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 342 The very Rabbi was petrified; the elders of the Kahal stood dumb.

1963 R. Wolff I, Keturah (1964) ii. xvii. 229 I was petrified of all the gadgets.

1974 W. J. Burley Death in Stanley St. xi. 186 He was trying to get at the gun... I was petrified!

1995 K. Atkinson Behind Scenes at Museum (1996) vi. 172 I still walk in my sleep and she's petrified that I'm going to do something nasty to her when she's fast asleep.

Compounds

petrified forest n. an area covered with the petrified remains of trees, usually broken and scattered across the ground; also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > concretion or petrifaction > [noun] > specific

wood-stone1794

shell rock1807

petrified forest1830

biolith1852

dogger1876

spongolite1945

1830 Illinois Monthly Mag. Oct. 31 The earth's surface is literally covered with stumps, roots and limbs of petrified trees; presenting the appearance of a ‘Petrified Forest’.

1874 Ladies' Repository Apr. 302/1 The cathedral of Antwerp..was a sacred island in the tumultuous main. Through the perpetual twilight, tall columnar trunks..grew from a floor checkered with prismatic lights and sepulchral shadows. Each shaft of the petrified forest rose to a preternatural height.

1937 M. Huxley Let. 13 Oct. in Lett. A. Huxley (1969) 425 We drove through all the view places and the petrified forests and the grand-canyons.

1970 C. Major Swallow the Lake ii. 27 The petrified forest of the past.

1986 G. Bradley Terms to Be Met Foreword Here we are with our youngest at the Petrified Forest.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	petrified
释义	petrifiedadj. Brit. /ˈpɛtrᵻfʌɪd/, U.S. /ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪd/ Forms: late Middle English 1600s– petrified, 1600s–1700s petrefied, 1600s–1700s petrify'd. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: petrify v., -ed suffix¹. Etymology: < petrify v. + -ed suffix¹. Compare Middle French, French pétrifié (also in 17th cent. as †pétréfié ; 1580 in sense 1a, 1782 in sense 2), Italian petrificato , (now usually) pietrificato (1499 in sense 1b, 1550 in sense 1a in acque petrificate (plural) ‘stalactites’, second half of the 18th cent. in sense 2). 1. a. That has been petrified; subjected to petrifaction; converted into stone or a stony substance. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > formation of rock or stone > [adjective] > petrified petrified?a1425 putrefied1761 lapidified1832 lithified1877 stonified1882 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 35 (MED) Whan þai [sc. apostemes] ar vnwisely infrigidate..þan þe subtile is resolued & þe grosse petrified, i. stony, & reduced in to melancolie. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia xvii. 109 The pores of this petrify'd substance. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 471 He abounded in things petrified,..a morsel of Cork, yet retaining its levitie, Sponges, Gutts. 1703 M. Martin Descr. W. Islands Scotl. 151 There is a Cave..having many petrified Twigs hanging from the top. 1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 52 We met with very large Cakes of the petrified Sand. 1815 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. (ed. 2) xvi. 442 Petrified fish have been discovered in solid rocks in the very attitude of seizing and swallowing their prey. 1861 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom (ed. 3) xxiv. §1612. 605 The countless petrified remains known by the names of Hamites, Lituites, Orthoceratites, Cirthoceratites. 1936 Amer. Home Feb. 56/4 The opening around the firebox was made of granite, which is not inclined to crack on exposure to heat. Petrified wood is another excellent material to use. 1979 D. L. Dineley Fossils i. 11 The buried shells..or petrified parts of organisms of the past..are all fossils. 1993 Wind River Country Summer 2/1 This is the top rockhound area in the U.S. Jade, arrow-heads, petrified wood and many other things, including fossils, abound. b. In extended use: represented or embodied in stone; made or carved from stone. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > sculpture or carving > [adjective] > sculptured or carved > in specific material petrified1635 found1989 1635 W. Habington Castara (ed. 2) i. 59 Spencer hath a Stone; and Draytons browes Stand petrefied ith'wall, with Laurell bowes Yet girt about. 1795 H. L. Piozzi Diary 1 Feb. in Thraliana (1942) II. 910 Helena Maria Williams..lives with Mr. Stone tho' he has a Wife alive—Mr. Chappelow says comically that she is petrefied. 1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood iv. 26 An approach..resembling a petrified grove of tombstones, urns, draperies, and broken columns. 1889 J. J. Hissey Tour in Phaeton 106 Our cathedrals, abbeys, and ancient churches are truly petrified poems. 1991 Conjunctions 17 30 Could the rocks, hooded like a procession of petrified penitents, possibly be cupolas, lanterns or ventilation shafts made of glazed tiles, earthenware and broken fragments? 2. figurative. Hardened, immobilized, paralysed, (now) esp. rigid with fear, terrified (of). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted hard hearteOE steelena1000 hardOE hard-heartedc1225 stony?c1230 yhert1340 dure1412 hardedc1425 induratec1425 stonishc1450 hardenedc1480 steely1508 flinty1536 endured1540 stiff-stomached1540 heartless1556 indured1558 flint-hearted1560 iron1561 marble1565 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 rocky?1578 brawned1582 flinted1582 padded1583 obdure?1590 brawny1596 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 steeled1600 cauterized1603 indurated1604 flinty-hearted1629 ahenean1630 dedolent1633 brawny-hearteda1639 hard-grained1643 callous1647 upsitten1682 seared1684 petrified1720 calloused1746 coreless1813 pebble-hearted1816 hard-shelled1848 hard-plucked1857 steel trap1921 the mind > mental capacity > expectation > feeling of wonder, astonishment > [adjective] > and stunned astoned1297 mazeda1325 astonieda1375 clumseda1400 stupefact?a1425 astoundc1440 matedc1450 astonate1522 stupid1571 astounded1619 sparrow-blasteda1652 petrified1720 stupent1747 stounded1756 stupefied1790 stunned1845 shent1861 the mind > emotion > fear > physical symptoms of fear > [adjective] > petrified or frozen numbed1553 dead-strookena1593 dead-struck1597 petrified1720 the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > [adjective] > like hard substance adamantinea1382 rock-like1595 unmalleable1606 immarbled1641 iron-bound1648 inflexible1698 cast iron1829 teak-built1847 granitic1862 inelastic1867 petrified1870 ossified1901 shatter-proof1936 sclerotic1965 the mind > emotion > fear > [adjective] > afraid of > petrified of petrified1963 1720 R. Welton tr. T. Alvares de Andrade Sufferings Son of God II. xix. 533 Melt the Petrified Obduracy of this Harden'd Heart! 1791 H. More Estimate Relig. Fashionable World 210 How would the petrified enquirer be astonished. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xvi. 187 This petrified coldness was better than a passionate, futile opposition. 1870 F. M. Müller Sci. Relig. (1873) 67 A careful interpretation of the petrified language of ancient India and Greece. 1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 342 The very Rabbi was petrified; the elders of the Kahal stood dumb. 1963 R. Wolff I, Keturah (1964) ii. xvii. 229 I was petrified of all the gadgets. 1974 W. J. Burley Death in Stanley St. xi. 186 He was trying to get at the gun... I was petrified! 1995 K. Atkinson Behind Scenes at Museum (1996) vi. 172 I still walk in my sleep and she's petrified that I'm going to do something nasty to her when she's fast asleep. Compounds petrified forest n. an area covered with the petrified remains of trees, usually broken and scattered across the ground; also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > concretion or petrifaction > [noun] > specific wood-stone1794 shell rock1807 petrified forest1830 biolith1852 dogger1876 spongolite1945 1830 Illinois Monthly Mag. Oct. 31 The earth's surface is literally covered with stumps, roots and limbs of petrified trees; presenting the appearance of a ‘Petrified Forest’. 1874 Ladies' Repository Apr. 302/1 The cathedral of Antwerp..was a sacred island in the tumultuous main. Through the perpetual twilight, tall columnar trunks..grew from a floor checkered with prismatic lights and sepulchral shadows. Each shaft of the petrified forest rose to a preternatural height. 1937 M. Huxley Let. 13 Oct. in Lett. A. Huxley (1969) 425 We drove through all the view places and the petrified forests and the grand-canyons. 1970 C. Major Swallow the Lake ii. 27 The petrified forest of the past. 1986 G. Bradley Terms to Be Met Foreword Here we are with our youngest at the Petrified Forest. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.?a1425
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