penuryn.

Brit.

/ˈpɛnjᵿri/, U.S.

/ˈpɛnjəri/

Forms: late Middle English penowrye, late Middle English penure, late Middle English peynurie, late Middle English punyrie (transmission error), late Middle English 1600s pennurie, late Middle English 1600s pennury, late Middle English–1500s penurye, late Middle English–1600s penurie, late Middle English– penury; also Scottish pre-1700 penurie.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pēnūria.

Etymology: < classical Latin pēnūria, paenūria want, need, of uncertain origin; perhaps related to paene almost (see pene- prefix); compare -y suffix³. Compare Middle French, French pénurie (1468; rare before the 18th cent.), Italian penuria (a1342), Spanish penuria (1427–8), Catalan penúria (1482). N.E.D. (1905) enters quot. ?1463 at sense 1 as the sole example of Penur sb., but the form probably simply shows a transmission error.

1. The condition of being destitute; hardship, poverty, need.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun]

waedlec888

wanspeedc893

wanea1100

wandrethc1175

miseasea1200

povertya1225

lowness?c1225

needc1225

orcostc1225

poorness?a1300

unwealtha1300

defaultc1300

porailc1325

straitnessa1340

poorhead1340

mischiefa1375

miseasetya1382

needinessa1382

misterc1385

indigencec1386

scarcitya1387

noughtc1400

scantnessc1400

necessity?1406

penurya1425

povertnessa1434

exilitya1439

wantc1450

scarcenessc1475

needinga1500

povertiesa1500

penurity?a1505

poortith?a1513

debility1525

tenuity1535

leanness1550

lack1555

Needham1577

inopy1581

pinching1587

dispurveyance1590

egency1600

macritude1623

penuriousness1630

indigency1631

needihood1648

necessitousness1650

egestuosity1656

straitened circumstancesa1766

unopulence1796

Queer Street1811

lowliness1834

breadlessness1860

unwealthiness1886

out-of-elbowness1890

secondary poverty1901

Short Street1920

a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) 1 Cor. vii. 26 Þe nede þe apostyl callys þe penurye of þe world, þe whylke þe spousys oft tyme suffryn.

c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 105 For þei deserue mercy of God vpon theim þat is in penurie [Fr. qui sont en misere].

?1463 R. Cutler in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 260 He is a gentyl-man and of is kynne and in gret penure.

a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 299 (MED) Thus my enmye mortale doyth..Desolate me make and in penurye me cast.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xxi. f. cxj But she, of her penury [so 1611; 1881 R.V. want], hath cast in all the substaunce that she hadde.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. i. 37 What prodigall portion haue I spent, that I should come to such penury ?

1640 T. Fuller Joseph's Coat 24 Having their penury doubled by the Antiperistasis of others plenty.

1751 T. Gray Elegy xiii. 7 Chill Penury repress'd their noble rage.

1796 S. L. Mitchill Let. 24 Oct. in Trans. Soc. Promotion of Useful Information (1801) 249 Penury is generally associated with ignorance and nastiness, and often with indolence.

a1839 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 237 Penury with love, I will not doubt it, Is better far than palaces without it.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People ix. §5. 645 Shaftesbury's course rested..on the belief that the penury of the Treasury left Charles at his mercy.

1905 E. Wharton House of Mirth ii. xiii. 514 Ten months earlier the amount it stood for had represented the depths of penury.

1993 C. T. Rowan Dream Makers, Dream Breakers xv. 239 Chill penury? Was this the minister's way of saying that he had run into terrible economic distress?

2. Dearth, deficiency, or want of something. In later use chiefly poetic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > state of being limited in amount > scarcity, dearth, or deficient supply of anything

littleOE

dear cheapc1325

dearth1340

scanta1350

scantityc1386

scarcenessa1387

scarcitya1400

chertea1420

penury?a1425

poverty?1440

penuritya1500

geason1509

carity1530

scantness1543

famishment1569

fewty1596

famine1611

stint1651

grutch1815

?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 366 (MED) Hise briþeren suffriden greet nede & penurie of mete.

c1447 in H. Anstey Epistolae Academicae Oxon. (1898) I. 261 Þe gret..multitude of scolars and the gret penury of boks þat ben amang us.

1565 J. Bell Queen Elizabeth & Swedish Princess (1926) 51 Standinge betwixte too extremyties, chose rather to hassarde them selves in the terryble Seas, then by longer abode to fall into extreame penurye of necessaries.

1650 J. Hall Grounds Monarchy 52 Which..partly in this penury of Books, forgettingly I passe.

1699 S. Garth Dispensary v. 57 You owe..to your Stars your penury of Sense.

1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France (1789) I. viii. 50 There is an absolute penury of public news.

1815 Wks. of Alexander Pennecuik 58 (note) Proofs of this penury of wood still remain.

1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminiscences in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 3/1 In early youth I laboured under a peculiar embarrassment and penury of words.

1913 A. H. Adams Coll. Verses 57 A tattered host of eucalypt From whose gaunt uniform is made A ragged penury of shade.

a1982 E. Morgan Coll. Poems (1996) 541 I do not see the lover fall through lust, Or the great heart through penury of feeling.

†3. Miserliness, parsimoniousness. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [noun]

fastship?c1225

scarcenessa1300

scarcity1340

niggardyc1390

nithingheada1400

scarcehead1420

nigonryc1430

niggardship?a1439

pinching1440

straitheadc1450

straitnessc1460

niggard cheap1463

niggardnessc1487

nigonshipa1500

niggardise1502

niggishness1519

niggardliness1556

parsimony1561

illiberality1581

nearness1584

tenacity1586

Euclionism1599

paring1607

servilitya1610

niggeralitya1612

scanting1625

scant-handednessa1627

closefistedness1631

niggardess1632

close-handedness1646

strait-handedness1649

penury1651

unbountifulness1660

parsimoniousness1671

penuriousness1672

stinginess1682

closeness1712

illiberalness1727

meanness1755

cheeseparing1834

scrimping1835

churlishness1846

screwing1848

skinflintism1853

screwiness1856

flint-paring1860

skinflintiness1861

scrimp1864

flint-skinning1873

penny-pinching1895

skimping1898

tight-fistedness1975

1651 Bp. J. Taylor XXVIII Serm. x. 130 God sometimes punishes..idlenesse with vanity, penury with oppression.

1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis xviii. 24 Let them not still be obstinately blind,..with Malignant penury, To sterve the Royal Vertues of his Mind.

1754 S. Foote Knights i. 4 He is a thrifty, wary Man... The very Abstract of Penury!

1806 T. C. Metcalfe in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 810 When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, the ill I may do is beyond all calculation.

1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems xxiii. 4 A father and a step-dame Each for penury fit to tooth a flint-stone.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penury
释义	penuryn. Brit. /ˈpɛnjᵿri/, U.S. /ˈpɛnjəri/ Forms: late Middle English penowrye, late Middle English penure, late Middle English peynurie, late Middle English punyrie (transmission error), late Middle English 1600s pennurie, late Middle English 1600s pennury, late Middle English–1500s penurye, late Middle English–1600s penurie, late Middle English– penury; also Scottish pre-1700 penurie. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pēnūria. Etymology: < classical Latin pēnūria, paenūria want, need, of uncertain origin; perhaps related to paene almost (see pene- prefix); compare -y suffix³. Compare Middle French, French pénurie (1468; rare before the 18th cent.), Italian penuria (a1342), Spanish penuria (1427–8), Catalan penúria (1482). N.E.D. (1905) enters quot. ?1463 at sense 1 as the sole example of Penur sb., but the form probably simply shows a transmission error. 1. The condition of being destitute; hardship, poverty, need. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] waedlec888 wanspeedc893 wanea1100 wandrethc1175 miseasea1200 povertya1225 lowness?c1225 needc1225 orcostc1225 poorness?a1300 unwealtha1300 defaultc1300 porailc1325 straitnessa1340 poorhead1340 mischiefa1375 miseasetya1382 needinessa1382 misterc1385 indigencec1386 scarcitya1387 noughtc1400 scantnessc1400 necessity?1406 penurya1425 povertnessa1434 exilitya1439 wantc1450 scarcenessc1475 needinga1500 povertiesa1500 penurity?a1505 poortith?a1513 debility1525 tenuity1535 leanness1550 lack1555 Needham1577 inopy1581 pinching1587 dispurveyance1590 egency1600 macritude1623 penuriousness1630 indigency1631 needihood1648 necessitousness1650 egestuosity1656 straitened circumstancesa1766 unopulence1796 Queer Street1811 lowliness1834 breadlessness1860 unwealthiness1886 out-of-elbowness1890 secondary poverty1901 Short Street1920 a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) 1 Cor. vii. 26 Þe nede þe apostyl callys þe penurye of þe world, þe whylke þe spousys oft tyme suffryn. c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 105 For þei deserue mercy of God vpon theim þat is in penurie [Fr. qui sont en misere]. ?1463 R. Cutler in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 260 He is a gentyl-man and of is kynne and in gret penure. a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 299 (MED) Thus my enmye mortale doyth..Desolate me make and in penurye me cast. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xxi. f. cxj But she, of her penury [so 1611; 1881 R.V. want], hath cast in all the substaunce that she hadde. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. i. 37 What prodigall portion haue I spent, that I should come to such penury ? View more context for this quotation 1640 T. Fuller Joseph's Coat 24 Having their penury doubled by the Antiperistasis of others plenty. 1751 T. Gray Elegy xiii. 7 Chill Penury repress'd their noble rage. 1796 S. L. Mitchill Let. 24 Oct. in Trans. Soc. Promotion of Useful Information (1801) 249 Penury is generally associated with ignorance and nastiness, and often with indolence. a1839 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 237 Penury with love, I will not doubt it, Is better far than palaces without it. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People ix. §5. 645 Shaftesbury's course rested..on the belief that the penury of the Treasury left Charles at his mercy. 1905 E. Wharton House of Mirth ii. xiii. 514 Ten months earlier the amount it stood for had represented the depths of penury. 1993 C. T. Rowan Dream Makers, Dream Breakers xv. 239 Chill penury? Was this the minister's way of saying that he had run into terrible economic distress? 2. Dearth, deficiency, or want of something. In later use chiefly poetic. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > state of being limited in amount > scarcity, dearth, or deficient supply of anything littleOE dear cheapc1325 dearth1340 scanta1350 scantityc1386 scarcenessa1387 scarcitya1400 chertea1420 penury?a1425 poverty?1440 penuritya1500 geason1509 carity1530 scantness1543 famishment1569 fewty1596 famine1611 stint1651 grutch1815 ?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 366 (MED) Hise briþeren suffriden greet nede & penurie of mete. c1447 in H. Anstey Epistolae Academicae Oxon. (1898) I. 261 Þe gret..multitude of scolars and the gret penury of boks þat ben amang us. 1565 J. Bell Queen Elizabeth & Swedish Princess (1926) 51 Standinge betwixte too extremyties, chose rather to hassarde them selves in the terryble Seas, then by longer abode to fall into extreame penurye of necessaries. 1650 J. Hall Grounds Monarchy 52 Which..partly in this penury of Books, forgettingly I passe. 1699 S. Garth Dispensary v. 57 You owe..to your Stars your penury of Sense. 1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France (1789) I. viii. 50 There is an absolute penury of public news. 1815 Wks. of Alexander Pennecuik 58 (note) Proofs of this penury of wood still remain. 1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminiscences in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 3/1 In early youth I laboured under a peculiar embarrassment and penury of words. 1913 A. H. Adams Coll. Verses 57 A tattered host of eucalypt From whose gaunt uniform is made A ragged penury of shade. a1982 E. Morgan Coll. Poems (1996) 541 I do not see the lover fall through lust, Or the great heart through penury of feeling. †3. Miserliness, parsimoniousness. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [noun] fastship?c1225 scarcenessa1300 scarcity1340 niggardyc1390 nithingheada1400 scarcehead1420 nigonryc1430 niggardship?a1439 pinching1440 straitheadc1450 straitnessc1460 niggard cheap1463 niggardnessc1487 nigonshipa1500 niggardise1502 niggishness1519 niggardliness1556 parsimony1561 illiberality1581 nearness1584 tenacity1586 Euclionism1599 paring1607 servilitya1610 niggeralitya1612 scanting1625 scant-handednessa1627 closefistedness1631 niggardess1632 close-handedness1646 strait-handedness1649 penury1651 unbountifulness1660 parsimoniousness1671 penuriousness1672 stinginess1682 closeness1712 illiberalness1727 meanness1755 cheeseparing1834 scrimping1835 churlishness1846 screwing1848 skinflintism1853 screwiness1856 flint-paring1860 skinflintiness1861 scrimp1864 flint-skinning1873 penny-pinching1895 skimping1898 tight-fistedness1975 1651 Bp. J. Taylor XXVIII Serm. x. 130 God sometimes punishes..idlenesse with vanity, penury with oppression. 1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis xviii. 24 Let them not still be obstinately blind,..with Malignant penury, To sterve the Royal Vertues of his Mind. 1754 S. Foote Knights i. 4 He is a thrifty, wary Man... The very Abstract of Penury! 1806 T. C. Metcalfe in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 810 When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, the ill I may do is beyond all calculation. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems xxiii. 4 A father and a step-dame Each for penury fit to tooth a flint-stone. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1425
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