pannagen.

Brit.

/ˈpanɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈpænɪdʒ/

Forms: Middle English pounage, Middle English pownage, Middle English– panage, Middle English– pannage, 1500s pannadge, 1500s pasnage, 1500s 1800s– pawnage, 1600s–1800s paunage.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French pannage.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman pannage, paunage, pounage, Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French panage (1268 in Old French), Middle French pasnage (1232 in Old French (Normandy); 1196 as paasnaige ) < post-classical Latin pastionaticum pasturage of pigs, payment for pasturing pigs (mid 9th cent.) < classical Latin pāstiōn- , pāstiō feeding, pasturing, in post-classical Latin also feeding pigs on acorns (7th cent.), right of pannage, payment for pannage (9th cent.; from 1086 in British sources; < pāst- , past participial stem of pāscere to feed (see pascent adj.) + -iō -ion suffix¹) + post-classical Latin -aticum -age suffix. Post-classical Latin forms showing varying degrees of Latinization of the French word include: pastinaticum (from 9th cent. in continental sources), pasnaticum (from 11th cent. in continental sources; 1159 in a British source), pastinagium (c1115 in a British source, 1227 in a continental source), pasnagium, panagium, pannagium (frequently from 11th cent. in British and continental sources). Compare Old Occitan panatge (14th cent., Occitan panatge).Compare the following examples of post-classical Latin and Anglo-Norman equivalents in British sources, in sense 1a:c1124 in G. W. S. Barrow Regesta Regum Scottorum (1960) I. 135 Et omnem decimam pasnagii mei.1168 in Pipe-rolls Cumberland, Westmorland, & Durham (1847) 10 vij li. de Pasnagio foreste de Cumberland.1252 in W. H. Hart & P. A. Lyons Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia (1884) I. 356 Pro porcis suis pastis in bosco de Broughtone, dabit paunagium ad manerium de Wystowe.1347–8 Rolls of Parl. II. 205/2 En lieu de Disme de Pannage. Compare the following further examples in sense 1b:1252 in W. H. Hart & P. A. Lyons Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia (1884) I. 298 Gilbertus..dat..pro porco super annum unum denarium..sive fuerit pannagium sive non.c1290 Britton (1865) II. iii. vii. §5. 69 Et puis soit enquis de mel et de pannage et de pesson des glans des noyz et de autre manere des fructz.1321–2 Rolls of Parl. I. 388/2 Porcs a pesczer en temps de pestzon..santz doner pasnage.

Now chiefly historical.

a. Law. The right or privilege to pasture pigs (or other animals) in a forest; payment made to the owner of a tract of woodland for this right or privilege; the right to collect such payment; the income accruing from this.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for privilege > [noun] > of pasturing swine

thistle-tack1303

pannage1392

tack-money1688

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > tenure and rights > [noun] > rights

pannage1392

commonc1405

stint1437

agistmenta1450

intercommon1449

commonty1466

foggage1471

communitya1475

gist1493

commoning?a1509

arrentationc1540

wether gang1561

browsage1570

pasturage1572

feed1575

intercommoner1581

frankfold1609

broouage1610

fellow commoner1612

horsegate1619

frankfoldage1628

shack1629

tatha1641

retropannage1679

levancy and couchancya1691

commonance1701

stinter1701

horse-lease1721

stray1736

goose-gate1739

commonage1792

twinter1846

couchance1886

levance1886

sheep-stray1891

stintholder1894

1392 Proclam. Richard II in E. Powell & G. M. Trevelyan Peasants' Rising (1899) 20 (MED) Thar be no man..be vertue of any patente of the Kyng..to take any costume, panage or toll of the tenaunts of the Dukes of Lancastre.

c1430 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 324/2 Gif copy of ackornys hapnis to be in the King's forest, the forster aw to somonde alswel burges as land men that thai bryng thar swyn thar that the King may haf fra thaim pannage.

c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 27 (MED) I..yefe and graunt..to þe church..pannage of here owne hogges.

1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 33 §10 The office of kepyng of the Parke of Maylewyg..with the Herbage and Pownage of the same.

1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng viii. f. 8 Also it is to be inquered, of panage herbage.

1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest xii. §1. f. 68^v The profit of the mast, which is called Pawnage:..Pawnage is rather the money that is receaued for the Agistment of the mast, then the mast, or the Agistment it selfe.

1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia iii. iv. 70 Immunities and Exemptions from Theolonie, Pontage,..Pannage, Passage.

1693 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 691 He ends this Treatise with an Enumeration of the Quit-rents formerly paid out of the Weald, as Gavel-swine, Scot-ale, Pannage.

1794 A. Pringle Gen. View Agric. Westmoreland 51 Regulations..full of the mention of forests, and chaces,..and mastage, and pannage, and vert.

1839 T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. 18 Sir Robert & his heirs were also to have the pannage of the swine agisted in their own woods.

1880 J. Williams Rights of Common 21 Nuts, acorns, the mast of trees, the right to which is known by the name of pannage.

1979 J. M. Gilbert Hunting & Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotl. 107 By far the most common toll was pannage, which had been collected throughout the twelfth century.

2002 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 Aug. 18/4 The ancient right to grave one's pigs on acorns is called pannage or pawnage.

b. The foraging of pigs in woodland for food; the action of pasturing pigs in this way. In later use frequently attributive, esp. in pannage season, pannage time.

ΚΠ

a1450 Forest Laws in W. A. Baillie-Grohman & F. Baillie-Grohman Master of Game (1904) 242 (MED) If..ony man..agistyth his wode in pannage time..ye shul do vs to wite.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 181 (MED) Hyt sholde be lawefull to hem to haue her beestes..in þe foreseyde woode, pasture & pannage.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Danger..In the Forest-Law, a Duty paid by the Tenants to the Lord, for leave to plough and sow in the time of Pannage, or Mast-feeding.

1864 C. Kingsley Roman & Teuton ix. 257 The nobles about gave up to him their rights of venison, and vert, and pasture, and pannage of swine.

1892 C. M. Yonge Old Woman's Outlook 250 In the New Forest there is a period called Pannage time, when the cottagers have a right, for six weeks, to turn out their swine to enjoy the harvest under the trees.

1963 Times 18 May 9/5 The 1962 annual report of the Commoners Defence Association states that new legislation will lengthen the pannage season.

1987 Nat. World Winter 16 (caption) Pigs are put out for pannage in the autumn.

2. Acorns, beechmast, or other forage which pigs may find in a forest. Also: pasturage of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > pig fodder > mast

mastOE

buck-masta1425

acornc1425

pannage?c1425

beech-applec1450

mastage1532

beech-mast1577

buck1664

pawn1664

ovest1866

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > feeding pigs

swillinga1722

pannage1772

shackage1885

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > action or occupation of pasturing > types of pasturing

foggage1471

summering1477

intercommoning1573

commonage1610

intercommonage1628

fore-eatagea1642

summering ground1664

retropannage1679

summering plain1688

pannage1772

free range1877

free ranging1882

stockage1884

shackage1885

mob stocking1953

?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer Former Age (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1878) 7 They eten mast, hawes, and swich pounage.

1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 28 What usefull supplies the pannage of England would afford other Countries.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. vi. 171 Mast, Acorn, Pannage.

1713 E. Gibson Codex Juris Eccl. Anglicani 706 Acorns..are the chief of those things, which the ancient Laws call Pannage.

1772 E. Hasted in Philos. Trans. 1771 (Royal Soc.) 61 165 To afford pannage for so large a number as 1200 hogs.

1855 G. Emerson Farmer's & Planter's Encycl. Rural Affairs (new ed.) 47/2 Scarcely an estate is mentioned without its being stated that it afforded pannage, or mast in its wood, for such a number of swine.

1882 Athenæum 19 Aug. 232 Herds of wild ponies and droves of wilder pigs thriving on the pannage.

1916 Jrnl. Ecol. 4 84 In Domesday Book..Hertfordshire, with its area of 611 sq. miles, is given as affording pannage for 30,720 swine.

1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. iii. 71 Pigs were already plentiful..and the surrounding woodland supplied the necessary pannage.

2000 Guardian 2 Dec. (Travel section) 11/1 The Domesday entry..shows that the people of Laxton were cultivating about 720 acres of arable land, with..woodland providing pannage (acorns and beechmast) for pigs.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pannage
释义	pannagen. Brit. /ˈpanɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈpænɪdʒ/ Forms: Middle English pounage, Middle English pownage, Middle English– panage, Middle English– pannage, 1500s pannadge, 1500s pasnage, 1500s 1800s– pawnage, 1600s–1800s paunage. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French pannage. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman pannage, paunage, pounage, Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French panage (1268 in Old French), Middle French pasnage (1232 in Old French (Normandy); 1196 as paasnaige ) < post-classical Latin pastionaticum pasturage of pigs, payment for pasturing pigs (mid 9th cent.) < classical Latin pāstiōn- , pāstiō feeding, pasturing, in post-classical Latin also feeding pigs on acorns (7th cent.), right of pannage, payment for pannage (9th cent.; from 1086 in British sources; < pāst- , past participial stem of pāscere to feed (see pascent adj.) + -iō -ion suffix¹) + post-classical Latin -aticum -age suffix. Post-classical Latin forms showing varying degrees of Latinization of the French word include: pastinaticum (from 9th cent. in continental sources), pasnaticum (from 11th cent. in continental sources; 1159 in a British source), pastinagium (c1115 in a British source, 1227 in a continental source), pasnagium, panagium, pannagium (frequently from 11th cent. in British and continental sources). Compare Old Occitan panatge (14th cent., Occitan panatge).Compare the following examples of post-classical Latin and Anglo-Norman equivalents in British sources, in sense 1a:c1124 in G. W. S. Barrow Regesta Regum Scottorum (1960) I. 135 Et omnem decimam pasnagii mei.1168 in Pipe-rolls Cumberland, Westmorland, & Durham (1847) 10 vij li. de Pasnagio foreste de Cumberland.1252 in W. H. Hart & P. A. Lyons Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia (1884) I. 356 Pro porcis suis pastis in bosco de Broughtone, dabit paunagium ad manerium de Wystowe.1347–8 Rolls of Parl. II. 205/2 En lieu de Disme de Pannage. Compare the following further examples in sense 1b:1252 in W. H. Hart & P. A. Lyons Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia (1884) I. 298 Gilbertus..dat..pro porco super annum unum denarium..sive fuerit pannagium sive non.c1290 Britton (1865) II. iii. vii. §5. 69 Et puis soit enquis de mel et de pannage et de pesson des glans des noyz et de autre manere des fructz.1321–2 Rolls of Parl. I. 388/2 Porcs a pesczer en temps de pestzon..santz doner pasnage. Now chiefly historical. 1. a. Law. The right or privilege to pasture pigs (or other animals) in a forest; payment made to the owner of a tract of woodland for this right or privilege; the right to collect such payment; the income accruing from this. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for privilege > [noun] > of pasturing swine thistle-tack1303 pannage1392 tack-money1688 the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > tenure and rights > [noun] > rights pannage1392 commonc1405 stint1437 agistmenta1450 intercommon1449 commonty1466 foggage1471 communitya1475 gist1493 commoning?a1509 arrentationc1540 wether gang1561 browsage1570 pasturage1572 feed1575 intercommoner1581 frankfold1609 broouage1610 fellow commoner1612 horsegate1619 frankfoldage1628 shack1629 tatha1641 retropannage1679 levancy and couchancya1691 commonance1701 stinter1701 horse-lease1721 stray1736 goose-gate1739 commonage1792 twinter1846 couchance1886 levance1886 sheep-stray1891 stintholder1894 1392 Proclam. Richard II in E. Powell & G. M. Trevelyan Peasants' Rising (1899) 20 (MED) Thar be no man..be vertue of any patente of the Kyng..to take any costume, panage or toll of the tenaunts of the Dukes of Lancastre. c1430 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 324/2 Gif copy of ackornys hapnis to be in the King's forest, the forster aw to somonde alswel burges as land men that thai bryng thar swyn thar that the King may haf fra thaim pannage. c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 27 (MED) I..yefe and graunt..to þe church..pannage of here owne hogges. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 33 §10 The office of kepyng of the Parke of Maylewyg..with the Herbage and Pownage of the same. 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng viii. f. 8 Also it is to be inquered, of panage herbage. 1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest xii. §1. f. 68^v The profit of the mast, which is called Pawnage:..Pawnage is rather the money that is receaued for the Agistment of the mast, then the mast, or the Agistment it selfe. 1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia iii. iv. 70 Immunities and Exemptions from Theolonie, Pontage,..Pannage, Passage. 1693 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 691 He ends this Treatise with an Enumeration of the Quit-rents formerly paid out of the Weald, as Gavel-swine, Scot-ale, Pannage. 1794 A. Pringle Gen. View Agric. Westmoreland 51 Regulations..full of the mention of forests, and chaces,..and mastage, and pannage, and vert. 1839 T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. 18 Sir Robert & his heirs were also to have the pannage of the swine agisted in their own woods. 1880 J. Williams Rights of Common 21 Nuts, acorns, the mast of trees, the right to which is known by the name of pannage. 1979 J. M. Gilbert Hunting & Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotl. 107 By far the most common toll was pannage, which had been collected throughout the twelfth century. 2002 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 Aug. 18/4 The ancient right to grave one's pigs on acorns is called pannage or pawnage. b. The foraging of pigs in woodland for food; the action of pasturing pigs in this way. In later use frequently attributive, esp. in pannage season, pannage time. ΚΠ a1450 Forest Laws in W. A. Baillie-Grohman & F. Baillie-Grohman Master of Game (1904) 242 (MED) If..ony man..agistyth his wode in pannage time..ye shul do vs to wite. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 181 (MED) Hyt sholde be lawefull to hem to haue her beestes..in þe foreseyde woode, pasture & pannage. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Danger..In the Forest-Law, a Duty paid by the Tenants to the Lord, for leave to plough and sow in the time of Pannage, or Mast-feeding. 1864 C. Kingsley Roman & Teuton ix. 257 The nobles about gave up to him their rights of venison, and vert, and pasture, and pannage of swine. 1892 C. M. Yonge Old Woman's Outlook 250 In the New Forest there is a period called Pannage time, when the cottagers have a right, for six weeks, to turn out their swine to enjoy the harvest under the trees. 1963 Times 18 May 9/5 The 1962 annual report of the Commoners Defence Association states that new legislation will lengthen the pannage season. 1987 Nat. World Winter 16 (caption) Pigs are put out for pannage in the autumn. 2. Acorns, beechmast, or other forage which pigs may find in a forest. Also: pasturage of this kind. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > pig fodder > mast mastOE buck-masta1425 acornc1425 pannage?c1425 beech-applec1450 mastage1532 beech-mast1577 buck1664 pawn1664 ovest1866 the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > feeding pigs swillinga1722 pannage1772 shackage1885 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > action or occupation of pasturing > types of pasturing foggage1471 summering1477 intercommoning1573 commonage1610 intercommonage1628 fore-eatagea1642 summering ground1664 retropannage1679 summering plain1688 pannage1772 free range1877 free ranging1882 stockage1884 shackage1885 mob stocking1953 ?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer Former Age (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1878) 7 They eten mast, hawes, and swich pounage. 1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 28 What usefull supplies the pannage of England would afford other Countries. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. vi. 171 Mast, Acorn, Pannage. 1713 E. Gibson Codex Juris Eccl. Anglicani 706 Acorns..are the chief of those things, which the ancient Laws call Pannage. 1772 E. Hasted in Philos. Trans. 1771 (Royal Soc.) 61 165 To afford pannage for so large a number as 1200 hogs. 1855 G. Emerson Farmer's & Planter's Encycl. Rural Affairs (new ed.) 47/2 Scarcely an estate is mentioned without its being stated that it afforded pannage, or mast in its wood, for such a number of swine. 1882 Athenæum 19 Aug. 232 Herds of wild ponies and droves of wilder pigs thriving on the pannage. 1916 Jrnl. Ecol. 4 84 In Domesday Book..Hertfordshire, with its area of 611 sq. miles, is given as affording pannage for 30,720 swine. 1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. iii. 71 Pigs were already plentiful..and the surrounding woodland supplied the necessary pannage. 2000 Guardian 2 Dec. (Travel section) 11/1 The Domesday entry..shows that the people of Laxton were cultivating about 720 acres of arable land, with..woodland providing pannage (acorns and beechmast) for pigs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1392
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