Panchaman.adj.

Brit.

/ˈpantʃəmə/,

/ˈpʌntʃəmə/, U.S.

/ˈpɑntʃəmə/

Inflections: Plural Panchamas, unchanged.

Forms: 1800s– Panchama, 1900s– Pancama, 1900s– Punchama. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymon: Sanskrit pañcama.

Etymology: < Sanskrit pañcama fifth (i.e. outside the four varnas; compare late Sanskrit pañcama-sthiti , Tamil pañcama-pantam , both in sense ‘fifth group’, although the concept is ancient and pan-Indian). Compare Tamil pañcamaṉ person of the lowest caste. Compare earlier Panchama Bandham n.

Now chiefly historical.

A. n.

In South India: a person who belongs to any of various groups or castes traditionally considered to be outside the four caste divisions of the varna system; a member of the fifth and lowest social rank in Hindu society (now known as Scheduled Castes or Dalits). Cf. Panchama Bandham n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [noun] > member of any low Hindu caste > member of specific low Hindu caste

Kunbi1598

pariah1613

Shudra1630

Vaishya1665

chuckler1759

bhangi1823

Kori1839

Mahar1855

sweeper1859

Kola1873

Sansi1882

Panchama1893

untouchable1909

Harijan1931

Scheduled Caste1935

Dalit1948

Scheduled Tribe1957

1855 H. H. Wilson Gloss. Judicial & Revenue Terms India 395/1 Paṇchaman, Tam[il]...An outcaste, a Pareya, a fifth caste man, not being included among the four regular castes.]

1893 H. A. Stuart Census of India 1891 XIII. Rept. x. 249 In the Tamil registers the persons returning Panchama were included in Paraiyan, but by an oversight the name was retained as a separate caste in the Telugu returns.

1908 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) XVI. 345 Of late years special efforts have been made to educate the depressed classes, or Panchamas.

1909 E. Thurston Castes & Tribes S. India VI. 44 The Government ruled that there is no objection to the proposal that Paraiyas and kindred classes should be designated Panchama Bandham or Panchama in future, but it would be simpler to style them the fifth class.

1917 Rangoon Gaz. 10 Oct. 12/1 A mass meeting of Panchamas (depressed classes) was held in Madras.

1932 G. S. Ghurye Caste & Race in India i. 10 In the Tamil and Malayalam regions..sometimes the village is divided into three parts: that occupied by the dominant caste in the village or by the Brahmins, that allotted to the Sūdras, and the one reserved for the Panchamas or untouchables.

1996 T. N. Murari Steps from Paradise 74 The woman was a panchama, thin and poor, and she wore no choli but had draped the faded and frayed saree across her front to hide her bosom.

B. adj.

In South India: that belongs to any of various groups or castes traditionally considered to be outside the four caste divisions of the varna system; that is a member of the fifth and lowest social rank in Hindu society. Cf. sense A.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [adjective] > belonging to low Hindu caste

pariah1711

sweeper1837

low-caste1894

Panchama1898

1898 J. A. Sharrock Rept. of S.P.G. Mission, Trichinopoly 1898 10 In this pastorate also there have been some conversions. This time it is from the Palla (Panchama) community.

1898 J. A. Sharrock Agric. Settlements for Panchamas 1 The number of settlers, that is Panchama catechumens, who have joined us run to 56 families.

1908 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) V. 348 About 300 Panchama pupils were under instruction at the twenty-nine schools specially maintained for those classes.

1924 Times 1 May 17/7 On a Panchama gentleman being appointed to a seat on the town council, five of its members..sent in their resignation.

1948 M. Desai tr. M. K. Gandhi Autobiogr. iv. x. 338 One of the clerks was a Christian, born of Panchama parents.

1999 Hindu 21 Feb. What happened to the assurances..that..panchama lands would be restored?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	panchama
释义	Panchaman.adj. Brit. /ˈpantʃəmə/, /ˈpʌntʃəmə/, U.S. /ˈpɑntʃəmə/ Inflections: Plural Panchamas, unchanged. Forms: 1800s– Panchama, 1900s– Pancama, 1900s– Punchama. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: A borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymon: Sanskrit pañcama. Etymology: < Sanskrit pañcama fifth (i.e. outside the four varnas; compare late Sanskrit pañcama-sthiti , Tamil pañcama-pantam , both in sense ‘fifth group’, although the concept is ancient and pan-Indian). Compare Tamil pañcamaṉ person of the lowest caste. Compare earlier Panchama Bandham n. Now chiefly historical. A. n. In South India: a person who belongs to any of various groups or castes traditionally considered to be outside the four caste divisions of the varna system; a member of the fifth and lowest social rank in Hindu society (now known as Scheduled Castes or Dalits). Cf. Panchama Bandham n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [noun] > member of any low Hindu caste > member of specific low Hindu caste Kunbi1598 pariah1613 Shudra1630 Vaishya1665 chuckler1759 bhangi1823 Kori1839 Mahar1855 sweeper1859 Kola1873 Sansi1882 Panchama1893 untouchable1909 Harijan1931 Scheduled Caste1935 Dalit1948 Scheduled Tribe1957 1855 H. H. Wilson Gloss. Judicial & Revenue Terms India 395/1 Paṇchaman, Tam[il]...An outcaste, a Pareya, a fifth caste man, not being included among the four regular castes.] 1893 H. A. Stuart Census of India 1891 XIII. Rept. x. 249 In the Tamil registers the persons returning Panchama were included in Paraiyan, but by an oversight the name was retained as a separate caste in the Telugu returns. 1908 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) XVI. 345 Of late years special efforts have been made to educate the depressed classes, or Panchamas. 1909 E. Thurston Castes & Tribes S. India VI. 44 The Government ruled that there is no objection to the proposal that Paraiyas and kindred classes should be designated Panchama Bandham or Panchama in future, but it would be simpler to style them the fifth class. 1917 Rangoon Gaz. 10 Oct. 12/1 A mass meeting of Panchamas (depressed classes) was held in Madras. 1932 G. S. Ghurye Caste & Race in India i. 10 In the Tamil and Malayalam regions..sometimes the village is divided into three parts: that occupied by the dominant caste in the village or by the Brahmins, that allotted to the Sūdras, and the one reserved for the Panchamas or untouchables. 1996 T. N. Murari Steps from Paradise 74 The woman was a panchama, thin and poor, and she wore no choli but had draped the faded and frayed saree across her front to hide her bosom. B. adj. In South India: that belongs to any of various groups or castes traditionally considered to be outside the four caste divisions of the varna system; that is a member of the fifth and lowest social rank in Hindu society. Cf. sense A. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [adjective] > belonging to low Hindu caste pariah1711 sweeper1837 low-caste1894 Panchama1898 1898 J. A. Sharrock Rept. of S.P.G. Mission, Trichinopoly 1898 10 In this pastorate also there have been some conversions. This time it is from the Palla (Panchama) community. 1898 J. A. Sharrock Agric. Settlements for Panchamas 1 The number of settlers, that is Panchama catechumens, who have joined us run to 56 families. 1908 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) V. 348 About 300 Panchama pupils were under instruction at the twenty-nine schools specially maintained for those classes. 1924 Times 1 May 17/7 On a Panchama gentleman being appointed to a seat on the town council, five of its members..sent in their resignation. 1948 M. Desai tr. M. K. Gandhi Autobiogr. iv. x. 338 One of the clerks was a Christian, born of Panchama parents. 1999 Hindu 21 Feb. What happened to the assurances..that..panchama lands would be restored? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.adj.1893
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