Okhranan.

Brit.

/ə(ʊ)ˈkrɑːnə/,

/ɒˈkrɑːnə/,

/ə(ʊ)ˈxrɑːnə/,

/ɒˈxrɑːnə/, U.S.

/ɑˈkrɑnə/,

/ɑˈxrɑnə/

Forms: 1800s– Okhrana, 1900s– Ochrana, 1900s– Ohrana, 1900s– Okrana, 1900s– Oxrana. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymon: Russian oxrana.

Etymology: < Russian oxrana protection, security, guard, also security service < oxranjat′ to guard, protect (see note) + -a , suffix forming feminine nouns); compare the fuller name for the organization, oxrannoe otdelenie ‘security department’. Compare Okhranka n.Russian oxranjat′ is a prefixed derivative < Old Church Slavonic xraniti to guard, protect (cognate with Russian xoronit′, in the same sense), further etymology uncertain. The medial x (usually transliterated kh in English use) is also sometimes pronounced with the non-naturalized pronunciation /x/.

In Imperial Russia: a secret police department set up in 1881 (after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II) to maintain state security and suppress revolutionary activities, and abolished after the February Revolution in 1917 (now historical). Also (in later and extended use): the security services of the Soviet Union or its successors. Cf. Okhranka n.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > political police > [noun] > secret service or police > other spec.

Okhrana1884

Cheka1921

GPU1922

Gay-Pay-Oo1923

Ogpu1923

Rabkrin1928

Gestapo1934

Seguridad1937

Abwehr1945

Kempeitai1947

Sicherheitsdienst1947

Okhranka1948

Securitate1951

SMERSH1953

K.G.B.1960

SAVAK1962

Shin Bet1964

Stasi1964

BOSS1969

Mukhabarat1969

Mossad1972

Shabak1972

1884 Times 14 Oct. 2/6 The instructions to the police authorities were issued by the Emperor's Okhrana, or Special Body Guard of known and secret members.

1907 Cosmopolitan Jan. 237/2 The exact number, local distribution, and cost of the ‘okhrana’..are known to no single official.

1928 Illustr. Hist. Russ. Rev. I. 65 The confidential reports of the police and the ‘Okhrana’ furnish convincing evidence of the political nature of the unrest in the capital.

1974 T. P. Whitney tr. A. Solzhenitsyn Gulag Archipel. I. i. ii. 67 Section 13, presumably long since out of date, had to do with service in the Tsarist secret police—the Okhrana.

1989 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Foucault's Pendulum lxxix. 445 My father—nothing to be ashamed of; water under the bridge—worked for the Okhrana.

1991 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 11 July b3/3 A delegation from the Soviet Union's Ministry of Internal Affairs..policing branch, Ohrana, were on hand Thursday at the 25th International Security Conference.

2000 Guardian (Electronic ed.) 29 Apr. The krysha (roof) is the protection racket... The okhrana is the security outfit, official or unofficial... Try telling the two apart.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	okhrana
释义	Okhranan. Brit. /ə(ʊ)ˈkrɑːnə/, /ɒˈkrɑːnə/, /ə(ʊ)ˈxrɑːnə/, /ɒˈxrɑːnə/, U.S. /ɑˈkrɑnə/, /ɑˈxrɑnə/ Forms: 1800s– Okhrana, 1900s– Ochrana, 1900s– Ohrana, 1900s– Okrana, 1900s– Oxrana. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymon: Russian oxrana. Etymology: < Russian oxrana protection, security, guard, also security service < oxranjat′ to guard, protect (see note) + -a , suffix forming feminine nouns); compare the fuller name for the organization, oxrannoe otdelenie ‘security department’. Compare Okhranka n.Russian oxranjat′ is a prefixed derivative < Old Church Slavonic xraniti to guard, protect (cognate with Russian xoronit′, in the same sense), further etymology uncertain. The medial x (usually transliterated kh in English use) is also sometimes pronounced with the non-naturalized pronunciation /x/. In Imperial Russia: a secret police department set up in 1881 (after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II) to maintain state security and suppress revolutionary activities, and abolished after the February Revolution in 1917 (now historical). Also (in later and extended use): the security services of the Soviet Union or its successors. Cf. Okhranka n. ΘΚΠ society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > political police > [noun] > secret service or police > other spec. Okhrana1884 Cheka1921 GPU1922 Gay-Pay-Oo1923 Ogpu1923 Rabkrin1928 Gestapo1934 Seguridad1937 Abwehr1945 Kempeitai1947 Sicherheitsdienst1947 Okhranka1948 Securitate1951 SMERSH1953 K.G.B.1960 SAVAK1962 Shin Bet1964 Stasi1964 BOSS1969 Mukhabarat1969 Mossad1972 Shabak1972 1884 Times 14 Oct. 2/6 The instructions to the police authorities were issued by the Emperor's Okhrana, or Special Body Guard of known and secret members. 1907 Cosmopolitan Jan. 237/2 The exact number, local distribution, and cost of the ‘okhrana’..are known to no single official. 1928 Illustr. Hist. Russ. Rev. I. 65 The confidential reports of the police and the ‘Okhrana’ furnish convincing evidence of the political nature of the unrest in the capital. 1974 T. P. Whitney tr. A. Solzhenitsyn Gulag Archipel. I. i. ii. 67 Section 13, presumably long since out of date, had to do with service in the Tsarist secret police—the Okhrana. 1989 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Foucault's Pendulum lxxix. 445 My father—nothing to be ashamed of; water under the bridge—worked for the Okhrana. 1991 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 11 July b3/3 A delegation from the Soviet Union's Ministry of Internal Affairs..policing branch, Ohrana, were on hand Thursday at the 25th International Security Conference. 2000 Guardian (Electronic ed.) 29 Apr. The krysha (roof) is the protection racket... The okhrana is the security outfit, official or unofficial... Try telling the two apart. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1884
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