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单词 model
释义

modeln.adj.

Brit. /ˈmɒdl/, U.S. /ˈmɑd(ə)l/
Forms: 1500s–1600s moddel, 1500s–1600s moddell, 1500s–1600s modill, 1500s–1700s modell, 1500s–1700s modle, 1500s– model, 1600s moddle, 1600s modele, 1600s modiall (perhaps transmission error), 1600s modil, 1600s modull, 1600s–1700s modelle; Scottish pre-1700 modal, pre-1700 moddell, pre-1700 modell, pre-1700 1700s– model, 1800s moddle.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French modelle.
Etymology: < Middle French, French †modelle (1542 in sense A. 4b, 1563 in sense A. 4a, 1576 in sense A. 10, 1656 in sense A. 9a, 1676 in sense A. 11a; French modèle ) < Italian modello (a1537 denoting a figure made of wood or other materials used to make a mould in metal casting, a1544 in sense ‘perfect example worthy of imitation’) < post-classical Latin modellus (recorded 1327 in a British source in sense ‘mould, vessel’) < classical Latin modulus (see modulus n.) with alteration of the suffix (compare -el suffix2). Compare Spanish modelo (16th cent.), Portuguese modelo (16th cent.). Compare Dutch model (first half of the 17th cent.; < French), German Modell (17th cent.; < Italian), Swedish modell (mid 17th cent.), and Danish model (probably both via German). Compare mould n.3 and module n.With branch A. IV. compare parallel senses at module n. (first attested earlier in sense A. 15a); with sense A. 17 compare earlier mutule n., modillion n.
A. n.
I. A representation of structure, and related senses.
†1.
a. A set of designs (plans, elevations, sections, etc.) for a projected building or other structure; a similar set of drawings made to scale and representing the proportions and arrangement of an existing building. Also (occasionally): a plan of a town, garden, etc. Also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > plans of buildings or structures
ground-plot1563
model1570
ichnography1598
skiagraphy1636
plane1639
skiagraph1648
plain1659
plan1664
planography?1668
scheme1703
ground plan1731
working plan1767
working drawing1785
detail1819
floor-plan1867
Z-plan1887
block plan1909
master plan1914
1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. ciijv Now, may you of any Mould, or Modell of a Ship, make one, of the same Mould..bigger or lesser.
1575 G. Gascoigne Hearbes 173 in Posies And I shall well my sillie selfe content, To come alone vnto my louely Lorde, And vnto him..To tel some..reasonable worde, Of Hollandes state, the which I will present, In Cartes, in Mappes, and eke in Models made.
c1582 T. Digges Briefe Disc. Dover Hauen in Archaeologia (1794) 11 228 The proportion of the fludgates and capestainds..shall in modell bee allsoe sett downe.
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing i. iii. 42 Wil it serue for any model to build mischiefe on? View more context for this quotation
1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) ii. sig. D4 My plot still rises, According to the modell of mine owne desires.
1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden Pref. sig. A3v The Stationer hath..bestowed much cost and care in hauing the Knots and Models by the best Artizan cutte in great varietie.
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 279 So I haue made a Platforme of a Princely Garden, Partly by Precept, Partly by Drawing, not a Modell, but some generall Lines of it.
1714 J. Swift Some Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs (1741) 7 When a Building is to be erected, the Model may be the Contrivance only of one Head.
b. A description of structure. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun] > a description of structure
model1578
1578 T. Digges in L. Digges Progn. Everlasting To Rdr. M I founde a description or Modill of the world and situation of Spheres Cœlestial and Elementare according to the doctrine of Ptolome.
1578 T. Digges in L. Digges Progn. Everlasting To Rdr. M But in this our age one rare witte..hath by long studie,..deliuered a new Theoricke, or model of the world, shewing that the earth resteth not in the Center of the whole world, but only in the Center of thys our mortal world.
c. A summary, epitome, abstract; the argument of a literary work. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > non-fiction > summary or epitome > [noun] > synoptical statement
abstract1436
titling1465
capitulation1523
aphorism1528
argument1535
table1560
analysis1588
the brief1601
abstractive1611
synopsis1611
method1614
synopsy1616
modela1626
scheme1652
syllabus1653
précis1760
summing up1795
aperçu1828
conspectus1839
vidimus1884
auto-abstract1892
standfirst1972
a1626 F. Bacon Let. to T. Matthew in J. Spedding Life & Lett. (1870) IV. 133 Of this, when you were here, I shewed you some model.
a1627 T. Middleton Women beware Women v. ii, in 2 New Playes (1657) 191 The Actors that this model here discovers, Are onely four.
a1649 J. Winthrop Hist. New Eng. (1826) (modernized text) II. 231 That treatise about arbitrary government, which he first tendered to the deputies in a model, and finding it approved by some, and silence in others, he drew it up more at large.
1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 126 I have now..given you the..unformed rudiments of our Britannic constitution. And here I deliver to you my little model of the finished construction there of.
2.
a. Something which accurately resembles or represents something else, esp. on a small scale; a person or thing that is the likeness of another. Frequently in the (very) model of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > [noun] > shaping > that which or one who shapes
shaperc1425
model1594
modeller1712
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] > image of a person or thing
print1340
imagec1384
similitude?a1425
picturec1475
similitudeness1547
portrait1567
idol1590
model1594
self-imagea1672
duplicate1701
moral1751
ditto1776
fetch1787
double1798
fetch-like1841
splitting image1880
spitting image1901
spit1929
split-image1950
clone1977
1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. K2 What a thing is heauen in comparison of thee, of which Mercators globe is a perfecter modell than thou art?
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. ii. 28 Thou doost consent In some large measure to thy fathers death, In that thou seest thy wretched brother die, Who was the modell of thy fathers life. View more context for this quotation
1603 M. Drayton Barrons Wars iv. xxxiv. 87 Seeing Lundy that so faire doth stand..This little modell of his banish'd Land.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 51 I had my fathers signet in my purse Which was the modill of that Danish seale. View more context for this quotation
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 21 Delighted (as the Father in his Childe) in this new modell of himselfe.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. 0. 16 O England: Modell to thy inward Greatnesse, Like little Body with a mightie Heart. View more context for this quotation
1665 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim xv. 131 These quiet places are the resemblances of the serene regions above, and little models of heaven.
1720 C. Beckingham Henry IV p. xii Our Author's Scenes from France their Hero bring, To shew the Perfect-Model of a King.
1749 T. Smollett tr. A. R. Le Sage Gil Blas IV. x. xii. 115 If Scipio in his childhood was a real Picaro, he has corrected his conduct so well since that time, that he is now the model of a perfect servant.
1776 J. Bentham Fragm. on Govt. iii. §8 105 A Duke's son gets a seat in the House of Commons. There needs no more to make him the very model of an Athenian cobbler.
1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. II. vi. i. 62 A gigantic Swede,..who, had he not been..splay-footed, might have served for the model of a Samson.
1824 J. Hogg Private Mem. Justified Sinner 138 The likeness to my late hapless young master is so striking, that I can hardly believe it to be a chance model.
1879 W. S. Gilbert Pirates of Penzance i I am the very model of a modern Major-General.
1899 S. R. Crockett Little Anna Mark (1900) lii. 438 He minds me of Sir James—the very model of Sir James.
1936 J. Buchan Island of Sheep i. vi. 110 He started at every noise. He was the very model of a nervous wreck.
1980 ‘J. le Carré’ Smiley's People xxi. 259 Today was a model of last week, last week was a model of the week before, George.
1993 Q Jan. 119/3 Cruise is the very model of a modern movie star.
b. An archetypal image or pattern. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > physical representation of abstraction > symbolizing > symbolizing by a type > [noun] > a type
byseningc1175
samplera1400
image1548
express1553
mapa1591
emblema1631
pantotype1644
model1745
1745 E. Young Consolation 67 When shall I..Gaze on Creation's Model in Thy Breast Unveil'd, nor wonder at the Transcript more?
1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 421 Every work of art has its model framed in the imagination.
1849 G. G. Foster in S. M. Blumin N.Y. by Gaslight (1991) 216 There are three distinct classes of eating-houses, and each has its model or type.
†3. A small portrait, as on a medal; (hence also) a medal. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > [noun] > portrait-painting > a portrait
portraiturec1385
physiognomy1483
picture1505
portrait1585
retrait1590
model1605
ritratto1629
family portrait1732
portrait picture1853
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 225 You, that haue seene within this ample Table, Among so many Models [1608 Modules] admirable [Fr. parmy tant de pourtraits], Th' admired beauties of the King of Creatures.
1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 356 Modells or Medalia to be worne by the said hundreth persons of the societie, and the Masters of counting houses.
1626 R. Boyle in Lismore Papers (1886) II. 190 I receaved..a chayn, and the kings picture or modull of gowld fastened to the chayn of gold.
1658 I. Walton Life of Donne (ed. 2) 91 That model of Gold of the Synod of Dort, with which the States presented him at his last being at the Hague.
4.
a. A three-dimensional representation, esp. on a small scale, of a person or thing or of a projected or existing structure; esp. one showing the component parts in accurate proportion and relative disposition.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > three-dimensional representation > [noun]
figure1340
model1611
1611 T. Heywood Golden Age i. sig. B4 Enter Saturne with wedges of gold and siluer, models of ships, and buildings, bow and arrowes, &c.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 221 Menelaus with fiftie ships, sent him only one, with the models of the other in clay, to colour his perjury.
1662 S. Pepys Diary 30 July (1970) III. 149 Cooper..begun his lecture upon the body of a ship—which my having of a modell in the office is of great use to me, and very pleasant and useful it is.
1665 J. Moxon tr. Barozzio Vignola (1702) 76 If they were all cut out, and placed one above another..you would..have the Model of a true pair of Stairs.
1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. i. 31 Prometheus, who..is feign'd by the Poets to have first form'd Man, that is to say, form'd the Model of a Man by the help of Water and Earth; and then stole Fire from the Sun to animate the Model.
1766 tr. F. Hasselquist Voy. & Trav. Levant 149 They..force them to buy..models of the grave of Christ.
1824 ‘R. Stuart’ Descr. Hist. Steam Engine 96 The university's collection of mechanical and philosophical models.
1832 G. Downes Lett. from Continental Countries I. 192 A model of William Tell stands opposite another of his son. They are formed of wood.
1852 A. Jameson Legends Monastic Orders (ed. 2) 149 At his feet is a small model of a hill.
1939 J. B. Morton Bonfire of Weeds i. 23 The author appears to be able to make everything, from a model of the Palace of Justice in Brussels to a bust of his aunt, out of cheese.
1957 L. Durrell Justine i. 34 He had a model of the perfect woman built in rubber—life-size.
1973 T. Pynchon Gravity's Rainbow iii. 341 Often she will dream some dainty pasteboard model, a city-planner's city,..so tiny her bootsoles could wipe out neighbourhoods at a step.
b. Art. An object or figure made in clay, wax, etc., as an aid to the execution of the final form of a sculpture or other work of art; a maquette. Formerly (also): †a sketch or study made for a painting (obsolete).In quot. 1613 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > [noun] > model
figment1592
model1613
stookiea1828
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > [noun] > a drawing > rough or preliminary
skiagraphy1594
model1613
shadow1656
sketch1668
cartoona1684
schizzo1686
ébauche1722
scratch1752
croquis1805
galloping sketch1834
pochade1846
abbozzo1849
scribbling1863
thumbnail sketch1900
under-drawing1934
bozzetto1935
pensiero1959
1613 J. Marston & W. Barksted Insatiate Countesse v. i. sig. I Imagine that she had a Lord, Iealous, the Aire should rauish her chaste lookes: Doating like the creator in his models.
1686 W. Aglionby Painting Illustr. (new ed.) Explan. Terms Model, Is any Object that a Painter works by, either after Nature, or otherwise; but most commonly it signifies that which Sculptors, Painters, and Architects make to Govern themselves by in their Design.
1695 J. Dryden in tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica Pref. p. xliv To make a Sketch, or a more perfect Model of a Picture, is in the language of Poets, to draw up the Scenary of a Play.
1699 M. Lister Journey to Paris (new ed.) 43 Monsieur Gerardon..made..the Statua Equestris designed for the Place de Vendosme; he told me he had been almost ten years in making the Model with assiduity and daily application.
1801 R. Cecil Wks. (1811) I. 138 An instrument for transferring the form of the model to the marble.
1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 456/1 He [sc. the mould maker] then pours the semi-fluid around and over the [clay] model until the upper part has the designed thickness.
1856 Eng. Cycl., Biogr. II. 929 [article Flaxman] The contents of his studio included nearly all his working models, casts of all his chief works, &c.
1951 H. Read Meaning of Art (ed. 3) ii. 240 The sculptor's maquette, or model, was reproduced, generally by other hands, either by being cast in bronze, or by being reproduced to scale by mechanical methods in marble.
1966 H. Moore On Sculpture 220 I could only promise to make notebook drawings from which I would do small clay models.
†5. = mould n.3 9a. Obsolete. rare.See note at sense A. 15a; quot. a1616 at sense A. 1a placed under this sense in N.E.D. (1907) is now reassigned to sense A. 2a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > cast or impression > mould
mouldc1330
matrice1587
moulder1612
plasm1620
matrix1626
model1636
form1655
impress1695
proplasm1695
form-board1917
1636 in R. W. Cochran-Patrick Rec. Coinage Scotl. (1876) II. 106 [The melted bullion] is poured out in a grit irne modell quhilk is drawen thairto with chanells.
†6. Plastering. A tool for moulding a cornice, having a pattern in profile which is impressed on the plaster by working the tool backwards and forwards. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > [noun] > mould or pattern
mouldc1400
moul1565
running mould1813
model1825
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 606 Plastering. The tools of the plasterer consist of..rules called straight-edges; and wood models.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 606 The models or moulds are for running plain mouldings, cornices, &c.
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iii. 587 The plasterer's tools are—a spade or shovel..stopping and picking out tools..wood models.
7. Dentistry. A positive copy of the teeth or oral cavity which is cast in metal, plaster, etc., from an impression, and which may be used to construct dental appliances.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > models or casts
impression1839
model1839
bite1848
squash bite1914
1839 C. A. Harris Dental Art xxi. 348 The obtaining of a model of the alveolar ridge, or ridges, when one for each jaw is required, though apparently very easy, is nevertheless often attended with some difficulty.
1857 Brit. Jrnl. Dental Sci. 1 579/1 Mr. Saunders thought that the plan of bending down the front part of the model could be fatal to a correct impression.
1917 F. A. Peeso Crown & Bridge-work vii. 140 When the plaster for the impression has been tinted, the impression and model are easily distinguished by the difference in coloring.
1938 Dental Rec. 58 14 I think, from a study of the original models, that there had probably been pyorrhœa for some years.
1940 J. Osborne Dental Mech. i. 1 The introduction..to the subject is the technique necessary for the accurate construction of a model, or positive likeness of the patient's mouth, from an impression or negative likeness.
1973 D. H. Roberts Fixed Bridge Prostheses v. 66 Only one model can be poured from each impression.
8.
a. A simplified or idealized description or conception of a particular system, situation, or process, often in mathematical terms, that is put forward as a basis for theoretical or empirical understanding, or for calculations, predictions, etc.; a conceptual or mental representation of something. Frequently with modifying word. Cf. sense A. 1b. mathematical model n. a description or representation of something conceived or presented in mathematical terms.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > idealized system or process
model1901
society > communication > representation > [noun] > a representation > hypothetical
theoretical model1815
model1901
schema1939
mock-up1954
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientific procedure
method1660
principle1723
model1901
scenario1962
1901 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 64 392 If this symbolism, this model, is too complex to admit of the application of existing mathematical apparatus, then a simplification is effected by omitting one complicating condition after another, until the symbolic model is brought within the range of the measuring capacities of the investigator.
1906 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 3 537 The physical scientist selects among these mathematical models such as will enable him best to manipulate or anticipate his facts.
1913 N. Bohr in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 26 1 According to this [sc. Rutherford's] theory, the atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons [etc.]... Great interest is to be attributed to this atom-model.
1940 Econ. Jrnl. 50 91 Previous models of the Trade Cycle..have thus mostly been based on the assumption of statically stable situations.
1958 Listener 11 Dec. 972/1 I want to discuss the cosmological theories which are generally classed as the evolutionary models of the universe.
1964 Arch. Pathol. 78 390/1 The usual laboratory animals such as rabbits, rats,..and dogs have been subject to a myriad of procedures designed to produce ‘models’ of human disease.
1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 117/1 There are many other varieties of speech error. All of them must be accounted for in a model of speech production.
1990 A. Stevens On Jung iii. 28 We can represent Jung's model of the psyche in the form of a diagram.
1997 New Scientist 19 Apr. 11/3 His unpublished calculations, using sophisticated mathematical models of air turbulence, reveal that no breaking wave should have come anywhere near the DC-8.
b. Mathematical Logic. A set of entities that satisfies all the formulae of a given formal or axiomatic system.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > mathematical philosophy > [noun] > model theory or model
model1940
model theory1957
1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic vi. 271 The fact that such classes constitute a model of the traditional real number system was pointed out by Dedekind.
1948 Jrnl. Symbolic Logic 13 16 (heading) Models of logical systems.
1952 S. C. Kleene Introd. Metamath. ii. 25 When the objects of the system are known only through the relationships of the system, the system is abstract... Then any further specification of what the objects are gives a representation (or model) of the abstract system, i.e. a system of objects which satisfy the relationships of the abstract system and have some further status as well.
1963 W. V. Quine Set Theory vi. 135 We have provided a model of arithmetic in set theory when we have provided a way of so reinterpreting arithmetical notations in set-theoretic terms as to carry the truths of arithmetic into truths of set theory.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XI. 639/2 By Gödel's completeness theorem of 1930, if a formal system based on the first-order functional calculus F is consistent, there is a model in which the objects are the natural numbers.
1982 W. S. Hatcher Logical Found. Math. i. 32 By a model for F we mean any interpretation of F in which the proper axioms of F are all true.
II. An object of imitation.
9.
a. A person, or a work, that is proposed or adopted for imitation; an exemplar. Later also: a person or place on which a fictional character, location, etc., is based.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [noun] > a pattern or model of conduct
bysenc950
ensample1297
mirrora1300
ensamplerc1374
examplea1382
foregoer1382
exemplara1393
essamplerie1393
forbyseninga1400
patternc1425
spectaclec1430
precedent1535
spectable1535
foregoinga1586
modela1586
copya1616
leading card1635
patron saint1803
fugleman1814
fore-mark1863
parable1894
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. K It is very defectious in the circumstaunces; which greeueth mee, because it might not remaine as an exact model of all Tragedies.
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 274 Ye Pagan Poets..; from henceforth still be dumb Your fabled praises of Elisium, Which by this goodly modell [1608 Module] you haue wrought.
1639 N. N. tr. J. Du Bosc Compl. Woman i. E ivv The desire we have to become like to some goodly model.
1694 E. Gibson Let. 1 Feb. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Lit. Men (1843) 217 I had a letter last night from Dr. Parsons, with a fresh request to send him down a [history of a] Countie finish'd, from whence he might take a model to adjust his own materials.
1714 J. Gay Let. to Lady 31 I then resolved some model to pursue, Perused French critics, and began anew.
1739 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) VIII. 214 Which young officers should propose to themselves as a model.
1817 W. Whewell Let. in M. Moorman William Wordsworth (1965) II. ix. 325 His [sc. Coleridge's] critique on the Daffodils might serve as a model for similar strictures on all Wordsworth's Wordsworthian poems.
1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. iii. ii. 267 Models may form our taste as critics, but do not excite us to be authors.
1838 R. W. Emerson Addr. Divinity Coll. 26 Imitation cannot go above its model.
1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 2) IV. xix. 419 [The church] of Rouen, we are told, being his special and immediate model.
1916 G. B. Shaw Androcles & Lion Epil. 51 The Empire which served for my model when I wrote Androcles was..much nearer my home than the German one.
1954 T. S. Eliot Confidential Clerk iii. 130 You had your father before you, as a model; You knew your inheritance.
1972 F. Fitzgerald Fire in Lake i. 15 As the family provided the model for village and state, there was only one type of organization.
1985 P. Auster N.Y. Trilogy (1988) i. iv. 34 The Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk (thought by some to be the model for Robinson Crusoe).
b. Biology. An animal or plant to which another bears a mimetic resemblance.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > by habits or actions > [noun] > that another mimics
model1877
the world > plants > by nutrition or respiration > [noun] > mimicry > plant mimicked by another
model1877
1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 127/1 Probably this beetle shared in the immunity from attack accorded to its model.
1907 Nature 31 Oct. 673/2 An insect thus resembled by another is spoken of as its ‘model’, the imitating insect is called a ‘mimic’.
1930 R. A. Fisher Genetical Theory Nat. Selection 148 The resemblance which is favourable to the mimic will be for the same reason disadvantageous to the model.
1968 R. D. Martin tr. W. Wickler Mimicry in Plants & Animals i. 16 (caption) Leaf beetles..serve as models for roaches.., which are palatable and resemble their models so closely that they are also avoided by predators.
1968 R. D. Martin tr. W. Wickler Mimicry in Plants & Animals iv. 43 This weed [sc. rye-weed]..is less demanding and tougher than its model, the wheat plant.
1994 Nature 24 Feb. 684/1 The mimic streak-headed honeyeater is never attacked by its oriole model.
c. Social Psychology. A person who models or exemplifies a desired behaviour. Cf. model v. 11.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example
byseningc1175
mirrora1300
samplera1300
formc1384
calendarc1385
patternc1425
exemplar?a1439
lighta1450
projectc1450
moul1565
platform1574
module1608
paradigma1623
specimen1642
butt1654
paradigm1669
type1847
fore-mark1863
model1926
1926 L. L. Bernard Introd. Social Psychol. xxi. 323 The initiative in conditioning these imitative responses may be taken by either the imitator or the model who is imitated.
1962 Nebraska Symp. on Motivation 10 221 Association of a model with rewards promotes precise imitation of the model's behavior.
1989 P. Randall & C. Gibb Professionals & Parents 56 The parent ‘models’ the desirable behaviour that they wish the child to learn. The child's initial attempts to imitate this model should be rewarded.
10. A person or thing eminently worthy of imitation; a perfect exemplar of some excellence. Also: a representative specimen of some quality.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > perfect person or thing > model
patronessc1450
modela1586
type1847
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1593) iv. sig. Ll6 These vnfortunate louers..not forgetting with viny embracements, to giue any eye a perfect modell of affection.
1598 R. Carew Herrings Tayle sig. B4v Amazement..forst him pay the eye his debt, Who this modell of beautie curiously suruaide, Where nature all her art, art her wit displaide.
1638 David's Troubles Remembred f. 9v In thy face I see a modell of all heavenly grace.
1710 M. Chudleigh Ess. Several Subj. sig. B6 Our Blessed Saviour has exalted Ethicks to the sublimest height, and his admirable Sermon on the Mount, is the noblest, the exactest Model of Perfection.
1788 A. Seward Lett. (1811) II. 104 A man [sc. Johnson] who, hating dissenters of all denominations, held up the writings of Clarke and the life of Watts as models of perfection.
1795 W. Paley View Evidences Christianity (ed. 3) II. ii. ii. 63 The Lord's prayer is a model of calm devotion.
1805 N. Nicholls Reminisc. Gray in Corr. with Gray (1843) 43 Mr. Gray thought the narrative of Thucydides the model of history.
1868 A. C. Swinburne W. Blake 16 Their vivid and vigorous style is often a model in its kind.
1871 E. F. Burr Ad Fidem xi. 211 Models of pure and noble conduct.
1952 P. Bowles Let it come Down ii. x. 119 ‘I guess there are plenty of untrustworthy people here..’, he said. ‘Untrustworthy!’ cried Mr. Holland. ‘The place is a model of corruption!’
1976 E. Fromm To have or to Be? (1979) ii. v. 97 The closer we are to arriving at the model of human nature, the greater are our freedom and well-being.
1985 E. Kuzwayo Call me Woman ii. vii. 103 She was a perfect model of womanhood, full of charm, beauty and dignity.
11.
a. A person or (less commonly) a thing serving as an object to be copied or depicted by an artist, sculptor, etc.; a person employed to pose for this purpose.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > model
sitter1649
model1691
1691 A. Gavin Frauds Romish Monks (ed. 3) 391 [She] commonly serv'd for a Model to the Limners of the Academy.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) In the Academies they give the Term Model to a naked Man, disposed in several Postures.
1760–1 C. Lennox Ladies Museum I. xcii He [sc. Sir Anthony Van Dyck] kept men and women for models to paint by.
1845 C. Dickens Let. 18 Mar. (1977) IV. 280 The drollest thing I have seen, is a daily gathering of Artists' ‘Models’ on the steps of a church.
1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun I. ii. 31 One of those living models..whom artists convert into saints or assassins, according as their pictorial purposes demand.
1891 R. Kipling Light that Failed ix. 187 But remember, old man, she isn't a woman: she's my model; and be careful.
1938 N. Marsh Artists in Crime iv. 44 The classes..worked from the model every morning in the studio.
1951 S. Spender World within World i. 22 Ella consented to be my model for hours on end.
1999 Daily Tel. 22 Jan. 23/1 The artists' model made famous by Francis Bacon had wanted a church funeral near Cheyne Walk.
b. A person employed to wear clothes for display, or to appear in displays of other goods.Originally used of women, and still usually understood in this sense unless preceded by a modifying word, as child, male, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > manifestation > showing to the sight > [noun] > one who shows
showerc1400
proposer1566
show-woman1794
monstrator1852
exposer?1870
model1904
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > modelling or displaying clothing > [noun] > model
showgirl1816
show-woman1848
mannequin1893
trier on1895
model1904
fashion-model1962
model girl1962
male model1975
1904 Books of To-day May 3 One of the models of the establishment came gracefully towards me.
a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) II. i. 7 She was dressed in the sleek tight-fitting trying-on robe of the professional model.
1959 Guardian 26 Oct. 7/7 If the men were only going to become part-time models, they would need to go on doing one or two lessons a fortnight.
1994 Arena Sept. 145/2 Every fashion model worth his pout is wearing a pair of sidies.
c. euphemistic. A prostitute.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute
meretrixOE
whoreOE
soiled dovea1250
common womanc1330
putec1384
bordel womanc1405
putaina1425
brothelc1450
harlot?a1475
public womanc1510
naughty pack?1529
draba1533
cat1535
strange woman1535
stew1552
causey-paikera1555
putanie?1566
drivelling1570
twigger1573
punka1575
hackney1579
customer1583
commodity1591
streetwalker1591
traffic1591
trug1591
hackster1592
polecat1593
stale1593
mermaid1595
medlar1597
occupant1598
Paphian1598
Winchester goose1598
pagan1600
hell-moth1602
aunt1604
moll1604
prostitution1605
community1606
miss1606
night-worm1606
bat1607
croshabell1607
prostitute1607
pug1607
venturer1607
nag1608
curtal1611
jumbler1611
land-frigate1611
walk-street1611
doll-common1612
turn-up1612
barber's chaira1616
commonera1616
public commonera1616
trader1615
venturea1616
stewpot1616
tweak1617
carry-knave1623
prostibule1623
fling-dusta1625
mar-taila1625
night-shadea1625
waistcoateera1625
night trader1630
coolera1632
meretrician1631
painted ladya1637
treadle1638
buttock1641
night-walker1648
mob?1650
lady (also girl, etc.) of the game1651
lady of pleasure1652
trugmullion1654
fallen woman1659
girlc1662
high-flyer1663
fireship1665
quaedama1670
small girl1671
visor-mask1672
vizard-mask1672
bulker1673
marmalade-madam1674
town miss1675
town woman1675
lady of the night1677
mawks1677
fling-stink1679
Whetstone whore1684
man-leech1687
nocturnal1693
hack1699
strum1699
fille de joie1705
market-dame1706
screw1725
girl of (the) town1733
Cytherean1751
street girl1764
monnisher1765
lady of easy virtue1766
woman (also lady) of the town1766
kennel-nymph1771
chicken1782
stargazer1785
loose fish1809
receiver general1811
Cyprian1819
mollya1822
dolly-mop1834
hooker1845
charver1846
tail1846
horse-breaker1861
professional1862
flagger1865
cocodette1867
cocotte1867
queen's woman1871
common prostitute1875
joro1884
geisha1887
horizontal1888
flossy1893
moth1896
girl of the pavement1900
pross1902
prossie1902
pusher1902
split-arse mechanic1903
broad1914
shawl1922
bum1923
quiff1923
hustler1924
lady of the evening1924
prostie1926
working girl1928
prostisciutto1930
maggie1932
brass1934
brass nail1934
mud kicker1934
scupper1935
model1936
poule de luxe1937
pro1937
chromo1941
Tom1941
pan-pan1949
twopenny upright1958
scrubber1959
slack1959
yum-yum girl1960
Suzie Wong1962
mattress1964
jamette1965
ho1966
sex worker1971
pavement princess1976
parlour girl1979
crack whore1990
1936 B. Start Adventure in Algeria ii. 49 I looked up to see a pretty dark-haired girl standing beside me... ‘Good God above!’ I ejaculated as I realized she was one of the nude ‘models’ on exhibition in the room.
1963 Observer 3 Nov. 33/1 ‘Company director’ and ‘model’ are useful euphemisms for those who appear in dubious court cases.
1968 J. Lock Lady Policeman ii. 19 There had been an increase of newsagents' notice-board ads for ‘Models’.
1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 195 Working as hostesses in high-class clubs, as ‘models’ or simply walking the streets.
1972 Screw 12 June 33/4 (advt.) Young male nude model. Experienced, handsome... Completely versatile and cooperative. Your place or mine.
12. colloquial.
a. Chiefly Australian. Short for model prison n. at Compounds 2. Also: time served in a model prison; esp. in to do model. the Model (now historical): Pentonville Prison in London, opened in 1842, on the design of which many later prisons were based; (also) Port Arthur Prison, Tasmania, closely resembling Pentonville.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun] > sentence or term of
time1790
lagging1819
stretch1821
model1845
birdlime1857
penal1864
prison sentence1867
rap1870
bit1871
spot1895
hard time1896
sleep1911
jolt1912
bird1924
fall1926
beef1928
trick1933
porridge1950
custodial sentence1951
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun]
quarternOE
prisona1200
jailc1275
lodgec1290
galleya1300
chartrea1325
ward1338
keepingc1384
prison-house1419
lying-house1423
javel1483
tollbooth1488
kidcotec1515
clinkc1530
warding-place1571
the hangman's budget1589
Newgate1592
gehenna1594
Lob's pound1597
caperdewsie1599
footman's inn1604
cappadochio1607
pena1640
marshalsea1652
log-house1662
bastille1663
naskin1673
state prison1684
tronk1693
stone-doublet1694
iron or stone doublet1698
college1699
nask1699
quod1699
shop1699
black hole1707
start1735
coop1785
blockhouse1796
stone jug1796
calaboose1797
factory1806
bull-pen1809
steel1811
jigger1812
jug1815
kitty1825
rock pile1830
bughouse1842
zindan1844
model1845
black house1846
tench1850
mill1851
stir1851
hoppet1855
booby hatch1859
caboose1865
cooler1872
skookum house1873
chokey1874
gib1877
nick1882
choker1884
logs1888
booby house1894
big house1905
hoosegow1911
can1912
detention camp1916
pokey1919
slammer1952
joint1953
slam1960
1845 Cumberland Times (Parramatta) 27 Dec. 4/3 Forgery is become of common occurrence in Melbourne - the last offender was one of the recently arrived ‘model’ pets.
1856 H. Mayhew Great World London 113 This is Pentonville Prison, vulgarly known as ‘the Model’, and situate[d] in the Caledonian Road.
1910 L. Esson Three Short Plays (1911) 14 Constable: How did he take it? It was his first stretch in the Jug. Smithy: Rotten. I done model with him.
1981 M. Weidenhofer Port Arthur 76 In every respect, except in its size, the separate prison at Port Arthur—or The Model, as it came to be known—resembled Pentonville.
b. In plural. Short for model dwellings n. at Compounds 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > [noun] > collectively > type of
model dwellings1851
model1887
tenantry1905
row housing1920
social housing1928
open housing1958
tobacco housing1960
twilight housing1971
co-housing1988
1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Oct. 4/2 The parish has gone down..and the building of the ‘models’ has not made it better.
1896 Daily Chron. 25 Aug. 5/6 The ordinary streets and the smaller models, which make up the bulk of the Ghetto, as we find it in Whitechapel [etc.].
1900 Daily News 25 Oct. 3/4 The overcrowding per acre caused by ‘models’ was just as unhealthy as overcrowding per room.
c. Scottish. Short for model lodging house n. at Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > public lodging-places > [noun] > boarding house
pensiona1652
boarding-house1728
lodging-house1766
private hotel1796
drum1846
boarding-place1854
lodging-hall1860
rooming house1873
chawl1891
model1899
guest house1925
kipping-house1925
pensione1929
pensionnat1963
1899 ‘J. Flynt’ Tramping with Tramps ii. 233 The price..is threepence a night, and this is the common price all over Great Britain, except in the so-called ‘Models’, where a penny more is charged simply for the very deceitful name.
1927 Scots Observer 26 Mar. 10/3 The lowest of the derelicts spent the night..in a ‘flophouse’ (which is worse than the lowest ‘model’).
1935 A. MacArthur & H. K. Long No Mean City xix. 282 ‘A model’ in Gallowgate—one of those buildings which are ironically termed ‘Working Men's Hotels’.
1985 M. Munro Patter 46 Model lodging house, a hostel for the single homeless, often shortened to model: ‘Ye can go an stay in the model for aw Ah care’.
III. A type or design.
13. Style of structure or form; design, structural type; build, make.
a. Of systems, institutions, and other immaterial things.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > [noun] > specifically of immaterial things, systems, etc.
featurea1375
model1591
module1649
cast1709
1591 M. Sutcliffe Treat. Eccl. Discipline i. 8 As the autors of these stirres are ignorant, so their plats and models are ignarantly and absurdly defectiue.
1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 10 Such a new-deuised modell, as neuer saw Sun before.
1629 J. Ford Lovers Melancholy iv. i. 62 The modell of the Heauens, the Earth, the Waters, The harmony, and sweet consent of times, Are not of such an excellence..as [etc.].
1656 J. Harrington Common-wealth of Oceana 52 That the Archives of ancient prudence should be ransackt, before any Counsellour should presume to offer any other matter..towards the consideration to be had by the Councill upon a Modell of Government.
a1731 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Gentleman (1890) 22 Exactly after the modelle of the Common-wealth of Rome.
1759 W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. viii, in Wks. (1851) II. 239 Such acts as..paved the way for a full and legal establishment of the presbyterian model.
1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret ii. 28 He will put us into the model of the thing at once.
1816 S. W. Singer Researches Hist. Playing Cards 218 Whether this was a re-impression of Murner's book, or a new one on the same model we know not.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People viii. §5. 508 The new faith..borrowed from Calvin its model of Church government.
1913 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 7 262 The military and police forces of the Sultan are being reorganized on the French model.
1991 Nation 11 Feb. 148/2 Two contending camps: those who favored a ‘geo-economic’ approach based on enhanced U.S. competitiveness in world trade along the lines of the Japanese and West German models, and those [etc.].
1993 Western Canada Aviation Museum Aviation Rev. Sept. 8/1 Canadian wings were patterned after the Royal Air Force model until the Canadian Forces were integrated and unified in 1968.
b. Of material structures.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > [noun]
hue971
shapec1050
form1297
casta1300
entailc1320
fashionc1320
featurec1325
tailc1325
suitc1330
figuringc1385
figure1393
makinga1398
fasurec1400
facea1402
makec1425
proportionc1425
figuration?a1475
protracture1551
physiognomy1567
set1567
portraiturea1578
imagerya1592
model1597
plasmature1610
figurature1642
scheme1655
morphosis1675
turn1675
plasma1712
mould1725
format1936
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > style of creation or construction
shaft888
suitc1330
generationa1382
makinga1398
frame?1520
workmanship1578
imagerya1592
model1597
fabricaturec1600
builtc1615
fabric1644
module1649
get-up1857
fashioning1870
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > of construction or composition
shaft888
makea1325
suitc1330
makinga1398
mark1482
inventiona1513
workmanship1578
cut1590
model1597
mould1667
fashioning1870
Mk.1921
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > style of creation or construction > of manufactured things
makea1325
makinga1398
model1597
build1667
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. xiv. 23 A fault no lesse grieuous,..then if some King should build his mansion house by the modell of Salomons palace.
1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 46 This Town is..built very stately at the Italian model.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 107 These Vessels that are for this Voyage are huge unshapen things, and bear both the Name and Model of their old Junks.
1751 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer Putney..has a Ch. after the same model with that of Fulham.
1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm iii. 62 All His works are perfect, both in model and in movement.
1838 E. A. Poe Ligeia in Tales of Grotesque & Arabesque (1840) 183 There was the couch, too—the bridal couch—of an Indian model, and low.
1906 J. G. Horner Mod. Milling Machines v. 130 That large and growing group of machines which is built on the model of the common planing machine, with bed, table, housings, and cross rail.
1948 R. Raven-Hart Canoe in Austral. 47 They could go off..to build ‘gunyahs’, shelters after the aboriginal model.
†c. Also Model. The plan for the reorganization of the English parliamentary army, passed by the House of Commons in 1644–5; (also) the parliamentary army, following its reorganization according to this plan. See also new model n. and adj. Obsolete.In early use also: any army compared or likened to the reorganized parliamentary army in some way (in quot. 1653 used of a Scottish army raised in rebellion against the Commonwealth).
ΚΠ
1645 O. Cromwell Let. 4 June in Lett. & Speeches (1845) I. 209 That you would be pleased to make Captain Rawlins..a Captain of Horse. He has been so before; was nominated to the Model.
1653 Let. of Intelligence July in C. H. Firth Scotl. & Commonw. (1895) 185 The claus of the commission concernein the Commander in cheife was, they should chuse whome they would Middleton being content with him, therefore 'tis thought that Midleton will be chused cheife of their modell.
a1675 B. Whitelocke Memorials Eng. Affairs (1682) anno 1645 118/2 They [sc. the House of Commons]..debated about the new Model of the Army.
d. An article of clothing of a particular style, which is produced for show by a designer, or fashionable in a particular season, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [noun]
wearing?c1225
guisec1275
attire1382
habita1420
shapea1425
trick1542
fashion1544
trim1579
suit shape1598
garb1608
form1664
toilet1752
macaroni dressa1777
turn-out1812
style1814
set-out1834
get-up1842
rig1843
feather1854
model1859
make-up1883
1859 Southern Literary Messenger Jan. 14/2 A quarter of a yard longer at the bottom, and as much shorter at the top, than the Parisian models.
1880 Queen 12 June (advt.) Messrs Jay import from the first houses in Paris. Models of every style.
1906 Bazaar, Exchange & Mart Suppl. 3 Oct. 1308/1 Great bargains in ladies' wearing apparel, new and equal to new. Paris models.
1933 N. Coward Design for Living i. 22 A silly pride made me..parade my attraction for you, like a mannequin. New spring model, with a few extra flounces!
1975 Times 29 July 8/5 The Valentino collection is untypically small... Strikes..have dogged the production of the models.
e. A particular make or design of motor vehicle or (in later use) any manufactured article; an item made to such a design, or produced in a specified year; each of a series of designs for the same type of object (frequently attributive, usually with following numeral or sequential letter). Also in extended use.See also Model T n. at Compounds 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > of specific design or brand
model1900
marque1906
nameplate1972
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > of construction or composition > one of a series of varying designs
marque1906
model1930
1900 Automobile Topics 22 Dec. 366/1 For sale. Two-passenger Winton, 1900 model, in first-class condition.
1901 Automobile Topics 21 Sept. 848 Type No. 2. Model ‘C’—12 HP. Double Cylinder Gasoline Engine.
1909 Westm. Gaz. 2 Nov. 5/1 The engine of the 20-h.p. model..is of the monobloc order.
1927 Motor Cycling 7 Dec. 102 (heading) Road tests of 1928 models.
1930 H. Crane Let. 29 Dec. (1965) 360 The middle west business man, approved panic model of 1931.
1942 E. Paul Narrow Street ii. 17 Mary drew from somewhere inside her waist a dog-eared American passport of a model no longer in vogue.
1968 Listener 23 May 670/1 There are still 405-line-only models, which cannot be converted, on sale.
1987 D. Rowe Beyond Fear xi. 384 Accepting yourself means..giving up shopping around for an alternative self, a better model.
14. Music. The particular curvature of surface of a violin, viol, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > bowable instrument > [noun] > violin > violin of specific make > model
model1833
1833 T. Fardely tr. J. A. Otto Treat. Violin i. 5 The form, or model, is then scooped or worked out according to the taste of the artists.
1836 G. Dubourg Violin ix. 232 The instruments by the three Amati are rather higher, or less flat, in the model than those of Straduarius.
1848 J. Bishop tr. J. A. Otto Treat. Violin (1875) i. 4 The even side [of the wood for the violin's back or belly] is then smoothed and the model traced on it.
1931 A. Hill et al. Violin Makers Guarneri Family iii. 49 We shall miss that orthodox ‘Andrea Guarneri’ of small Amati form, with its light edges and corners, f-holes of small design, full breasted model, and low sides.
†IV. Other uses, mainly parallel to senses of module n.
15.
a. Scale of construction; allotted measure; the measure of a person's ability or capacity. Cf. module n. 1. Obsolete.The meaning in quot. 1597 at sense A. 2a is unclear. Commentators have suggested that it applies either to the flesh or to the soil of the grave; in N.E.D. (1907) the quot. was placed at sense A. 5, along with senses relating to shaping, moulding, and small-scale representation. However, the corresponding sense of module is of comparable date, and the quot. has been reassigned on this basis; see also:
1807 F. Douce Illustr. Shakspeare I. 410 Model or module, for they were the same in Shakespeare's time, seems to mean in this place, a measure, portion, or quantity.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > limited
module1583
model1597
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun] > of construction, representation, or reproduction
module1583
model1597
scale1662
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II iii. ii. 149 Nothing can we call our owne, but death: And that small modle of the barren earth, Which serues as paste, and couer to our bones. View more context for this quotation
1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Modell, measure.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. K3v An Errour ordinarie with Counsellors of Princes, that they counsell their Maisters according to the modell of their owne mind and fortune. View more context for this quotation
1623 R. Carpenter Conscionable Christian 39 Hauing..spoken..(according to the modell of time allotted for me to speake, and you to heare) of the reall religious practice [etc.].
1624 Bp. F. White Replie to Iesuit Fishers Answere 301 We are farre from appointing ignorant persons to be Iudges of that which exceedeth their modill and skill.
1625 F. Bacon Of Unity in Relig. in Ess. (1862) 427 Of this I may giue onely this Aduice, according to my small Modell.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxiv. 130 Thus much (considering the modell of the whole worke) is sufficient.
1662 H. Hibbert Syntagma Theologicum 206 Shall any reduce and shrink up the thoughts and wayes of God to their narrow and straitned model?
1675 R. Baxter Catholick Theol. ii. i. 278 I tell you the Ignorant and Carnal sort of Priests and Fryers did each man talk according to his Model, and so do all Sects.
b. Compass, extent of space. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > [noun] > surrounded space or extent
compassc1386
circuit1483
circuity1542
boundage1598
modelc1605
c1605 in J. Lyly Wks. (1902) III. 493 The thundringe God whose all-embracinge powre Circles ye modell of this spatious rounde.
16. Architecture. = module n. 3b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > unit of proportion based on column diameter
modulus1563
model1598
module1664
1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge i. 89 But because Vitruvius measureth this order by models [It. moduli],..I purpose likewise to keepe the same course, making the diameter of this columne at the base, to consist of two models, whose height with the base and Capitell shal be fourteene models.
1665 J. Moxon tr. Barozzio Vignola (1702) To Rdr. Our Author to avoid that..certain uncertainty hath reduc'd all his measure, to a convenient and universal measure, which is called by the Name of a Model [It. modulo]: The invention whereof hath made the whole Art of Architecture very easie.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Module or Model, (in Architect.) a kind of Measure, the Diameter of the Bottom of a pillar in each order, by which its Length, etc. is measured.
17. Architecture. = modillion n. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > entablature > cornice > corona > parts of or associated parts
modillion1563
plancher1565
cartouse1611
soffita1652
planceer1660
model1663
mundilion?1677
plafond1723
cartouche1726
cartridge-
1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 39 The Models in the Cornishes may be just over the middle of the Column.
B. adj. (chiefly attributive).
1. That is a model or example; serving or intended to serve as a pattern for imitation; exemplary, ideal. Frequently in model city, model farm, model town (see also sense A. 3).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [adjective] > exemplary
exemplar1585
exemplary1629
pattern1657
emulablea1684
model1831
textbookish1914
textbook1916
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [adjective] > exemplary
paradigmatical1577
exemplary1593
suit-worth1594
exampling1605
paradigmatic1662
model1831
exemplaric1836
1831 H. Kilham Jrnl. 24 Apr. (1837) xiv. 400 A village-school, with even a small farm attached..would, if it were conducted as a model-farm,..be a great advantage.
1843 M. Fuller in Dial July 11 Lectures on some model-woman of bridal-like beauty and gentleness.
1845 Builder 18 Jan. 35/2 The so-called model houses in the Bagnigge-wells-road.
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits v. 84 Sir Kenelm Digby..was a model Englishman.
1857 C. Kingsley Two Years Ago I. Introd. p. xxii There's my lord's..model cottages, with more comforts in them, saving the size, than my father's house had.
1860 All Year Round 26 May 161 A mill-owner, whose mill, I was assured, was a model one.
1885 Public Opinion 9 Jan. 32/1 A model Bishop of London is..more easily imagined than discovered.
1891 Tablet 2 May 694 How did so model a youth get on at the University?
1898 E. Howard To-morrow iv. 41 Another site for a model city could be purchased.
1909 Chambers's Jrnl. Feb. 87/1 It [sc. Kinlochleven] is built on the model-town system.
1970 G. E. Evans Where Beards wag All xi. 117 A farmer who had a few years before built himself a model farm with the most up-to-date farm buildings and all the latest equipment.
1986 B. Gilroy Frangipani House i. 4 As a model inmate Mama King was allowed to walk around the grounds.
2. That is a model or representation of something else, esp. on a small scale; esp. designating a miniature reproduction of a building, machine, vehicle, etc., constructed for pleasure, as model aeroplane, model railway, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > other toys > [noun] > model railway or train set
model railway1909
train set1939–40
pike1940
1850 G. Cayley Jrnl. 28 Mar. in C. H. Gibbs-Smith Cayley's Aeronautics (1962) §44. 140 I have drawn one of the wings made for my model apparatus.
1877 Spirit of Times 15 Dec. 537/1 (advt.) Marine Screw Engines and Boilers for driving Model Yachts from 1 to 10 feet in length.
a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) iv. vi. 353 On Tamaiti's medicine-tree..the model canoes are hung up ex voto for a prosperous voyage.
1906 E. Nesbit Railway Children i. 3 Peter had a birthday—his tenth. Among his other presents he had a model engine.
1909 (title of periodical) Model railways and locomotives.
1912 S. Leacock Sunshine Sketches iv. 101 If a man is trying to make a model aeroplane..and he is brought to a stop by the need of reckoning the coefficient of torsion of cast-iron rods, it shows [etc.].
1920Model aeroplane [see model dwellings n. at Compounds 2].
1936 Jrnl. Higher Educ. 7 74/2 No little brother can cry at him to help carve and fit together a model airplane.
1938 Daily Herald 21 Dec. 6/1 The collecting of model soldiers is a nursery pastime elevated into the dignity of an adult occupation by the word ‘research’.
1950 Sci. News 15 83 Rockets are powerful research tools... Their value in aerodynamics lies in their ability to propel full-sized or model aircraft..at supersonic speeds in order that the unknown aerodynamic forces in play at these speeds can be measured.
1969 D. E. Westlake Up your Banners (1970) xxxviii. 274 [He] never had a model train set when he was young.
1973 Country Life 17 May 1385/1 Model soldiers have gone far beyond the realm of child's play and toy soldiers.
1974 Times 8 Feb. 15/5 Pursuits such as whippet racing and model aircraft flying.
1992 Canad. Geographic Jan. 10/1 The ornithopter looks like a propellerless model airplane.

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the noun.
a. General attributive (chiefly in sense A. 11).
(a)
model day n.
ΚΠ
1873 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 301 I keep it up, dreading the model day like I used to dread Sunday.
model-room n.
ΚΠ
1829 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) III. 103 A Model Room for the Jacksonian Professor.
1882 Harper's Mag. July 239/1 He was soon promoted to the mould loft, model-room, and drawing-room.
model-stand n.
ΚΠ
1876 Appletons' Jrnl. Jan. 22 108/1 The model-stand, which generally occupied the centre of the room, had been rolled near the entrance-door, and upon it stood a manikin.
1899 W. C. Morrow Bohemian Paris 43 They placed the helpless M. Haidor on the model-stand.
1934 A. Woollcott While Rome Burns (1936) 16 She had that sweet composure of the spirit which made it an effortless thing for her to sit hour after hour on the model-stand.
model-throne n.
ΚΠ
1894 Harper's Mag. Feb. 342/1 She sounded her war-cry at the studio door and went in and made kind inquiries, and sitting cross-legged on the model-throne, ate her bread and cheese.
1898 T. Watts-Dunton Aylwin viii. ii A..burly woman,..standing on the model-throne between two lay figures.
(b) Objective (chiefly in sense A. 4a).
model-building n.
ΚΠ
1957 B. F. Skinner in S. Saporta & J. R. Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 235/2 Model-building has a special status in the field of verbal behavior.
1989 Psychol. Today Sept. 63/3 In addition to puzzles—and for real manual challenge—kids this age enjoy realistic three-dimensional model-building projects.
model-maker n.
ΚΠ
1591 M. Sutcliffe Treat. Eccl. Discipline vii. §v. 185 By studying in corners, manie melancholike modelmakers, and church-coblers may be made.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Disegnante, a map or modle maker.
1855 Sci. Amer. 21 July 359/3 They reflect much credit upon the skill of Mr. S. as a model maker.
1946 Nature 28 Dec. 928/2 He obtained a job as a model-maker to a firm of instrument manufacturers.
1989 C. Caufield Multiple Exposures (1990) xxi. 216 The model-maker has the challenging task of trying to translate complex ecological processes that are not yet fully understood into a mathematical formula.
model-making n.
ΚΠ
1859 Sci. Amer. 9 July 31/2 One expert in Pattern and Model making also, may hear of an eligible situation by addressing ‘R.D.,’ No. 260 South 17th-street, Philadelphia.
1906 C. Hall Models i. 15 He merely regards model-making as a pleasant and instructive hobby.
1920 Glasgow Herald 29 Oct. 9 The Prince of Wales..accepted from him a model aeroplane with which he won first prize in the junior section of a model-making competition.
1946 Nature 14 Sept. 361/2 The two tanks and propeller-testing tunnel were in operation, and it was possible to see every stage in the process of model-making and testing.
1990 Times Educ. Suppl. 23 Nov. 25/4 It presents a head-down, brain-centred version of human learning and displays a penchant for model-making and hypothesising.
b.
model agency n. chiefly British an agency that supplies models (sense A. 11).
ΚΠ
1945 Glamour Nov. 166/2 First, you have an interview with one of the leading model agencies, such as Conover or Powers.
1992 PIC Aug. 36/1 I began to work for the model agencies doing paid tests, but as the recession took hold, even these became scarce.
model-drawing n. drawing in perspective from solid figures; the branch or stage of art teaching which deals with this.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > [noun] > drawing in specific manner
purfling1601
outlining1795
lining1823
sketching1824
free-hand1841
model-drawing1843
cartooning1846
line-work1895
1843 J. B. Williams (title) A manual for teaching model-drawing from solid forms.
1890 C. M. Yonge More Bywords 254 In my time..there were other kinds of improvement than in model-drawing and all the rest of it.
model girl n. a female fashion model.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > modelling or displaying clothing > [noun] > model
showgirl1816
show-woman1848
mannequin1893
trier on1895
model1904
fashion-model1962
model girl1962
male model1975
1962 John o' London's 4 Jan. 20/1 Witches who are model girls gone macabre.
1974 R. Harris Double Snare iii. 19 Her figure..must once have been willowy in the model girl fashion.
1991 J. Tanner Folly's Child 108 Unlike some couturiers Madame did not mind if her model girls did not have the same colour hair.
model release n. a legal contract which allows the copyright owner of a photograph, etc., to use it freely without permission from its subject.
ΚΠ
1946 Sears Advertising Policies 171/2 Cross Reference Terms... Model Release: See Photographs, Testimonials.
1960 Misc. Rep. N.Y. 2nd Ser. 18 175 The ‘model release’ involved in the case at bar allows to ‘Avedon, advertisers, customers, successors and assigns’ ‘the unrestricted use of’ the model's ‘name, portrait or picture, for advertising purposes.’
1991 Photo Answers May 45/3 For certain kinds of uses, it's worth getting model releases for both people and building pictures.
model school n. an establishment at which fashion models (sense A. 11b) are trained.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > modelling or displaying clothing > [noun] > model > school for
model school1966
1966 A. Prior Operators iv. 40 Robin..said he knew some people in modelling who could help her... He had not been able to afford the so-called Model School.
Model T n. an early type of mass-produced car made by the Ford Motor Company of America; (now also used as) the type of something outmoded or old-fashioned; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > oldness or ancientness > [noun] > old-fashionedness > something that is old-fashioned
fogramity1796
fossil1844
back number1882
vieux jeu1896
dinosaur1899
Model T1909
old hat1911
throwback1923
museum piece1928
geriatric1977
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor car > [noun] > specific model
Olds1907
Model T1909
Ford1914
Rolls1915
Merc1930
T-model1932
beetle1958
T-bird1958
VW1958
Mini1959
Moke1959
deux-chevaux1962
Mini-Moke1962
Liftback1973
Beemer1978
Roller1979
foreign2010
1909 Automobile 7 Jan. 9/1 Model T of the Ford line is in the same class, in that it is all automobile and no price.
1912 V. W. Pagé Mod. Gasoline Automobile xii. 618 The Ford car is one of the most popular of moderate-priced automobiles and over 100,000 of the Model ‘T’ are now on the road.
1912 V. W. Pagé Mod. Gasoline Automobile xii. 619 (caption) Outlining the distinctive control system of Ford Model ‘T’ automobile.
1930 L. Mumford in Archit. Rec. Jan. 20/1 One might call this the model T dilemma. Mass-production..suffers..from rigidity.
1932 A. Huxley Brave New World ii. 27 Twenty-three years after Our Ford's first T-Model was put on the market.]
1945 Amer. Speech 20 148/1 Model T, non~com technician.
1947 Reader's Digest Jan. 119/1 Such simple demands as wages, hours and working conditions are strictly Model T.
1966 Economist 26 Mar. 1251/2 A return to the one-off, custom-built job, is playing right back into Britain's hands and away from the undeveloped nations churning out marine model-Ts.
model year n. North American a period of a year's duration, at the end of which new models of a vehicle replace those previously on the market.
ΚΠ
1939 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 34 661 We selected a model year as the proper unit [for measuring the elasticity of automobile demand].
1956 Automotive News 15 Oct. 1/3 Arrival of the 1957 model year has failed to dampen prospects for a nearly complete sweepout of 1956 cars by Election Day.
1991 Alabama Game & Fish May 12/1 Check the HIN..to verify the boat's model year.
C2. Compounds of the adjective.
model dwellings n. now historical (originally in London) large buildings divided into flats and intended to supply better arrangements for sanitation and comfort than were otherwise available, at low rents.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > [noun] > collectively > type of
model dwellings1851
model1887
tenantry1905
row housing1920
social housing1928
open housing1958
tobacco housing1960
twilight housing1971
co-housing1988
1851 (title) Plans and descriptions of the model dwellings in London, erected by The Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes.
1891 M. Williams Later Leaves 369 In the case of many cleared areas,..model dwellings have been erected for the accommodation of the persons displaced.
1920 J. Galsworthy Foundations ii Poor little things, livin' in they model dwellin's. Therr's no air for 'em.
1988 Amer. Hist. Rev. 93 314 In the spirit of Lord Shaftesbury's philanthropic model dwellings movement..James Lumsden..hired architect James Wylson to design a tenement for working-class residents.
model home n. North American = show house n. 3b.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > house built as advertisement
model home1921
show house1929
show home1966
1921 Sun (Baltimore) 18 May 5/3 (heading) To show model homes at building exposition..next September.
1997 Chicago Tribune 6 Apr. xvi. 6 (advt.) Visit our 18 walk-thru model homes priced from $109,000 to $139,000.
model lodging house n. now Scottish any of a number of lodging houses established c1840–5 by various philanthropists, and placed under certain regulations intended to secure the comfort and orderly conduct of the residents; later in extended use, applied to other lodging houses regardless of standard.
ΚΠ
1847 Illustr. London News 23 Jan. 61 Model Lodging House in St. Giles's.
1892 Econ. Jrnl. 2 416 The writer describes a model lodging-house which she established in the docks district. Miss March-Phillips found that ‘better surroundings do in time incline the very roughtest to a better habit of living’.
1973 People's Jrnl. (Inverness) 28 July 1/3 One solution, Mr Macdonald thinks, might be a ‘model’ lodging house as there was in the burgh half-a-century ago.
model prison n. a prison intended to be, or regarded as, a model in organization, conditions, etc.; (formerly) spec. a prison having a regime emphasizing the separate confinement and reformation of inmates (also called separate prison).
ΚΠ
1835 1st Rep. Sel. Comm. House of Lords Gaols 71 in Parl. Papers 1835 (Commons) XI. 1 There should be one or more Central Prisons more immediately under their control. These should be situated either in the Metropolis or its immediate Vicinity, and would serve as Model Prisons for the rest of the Country.
1927 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 20 66 The Peking model prison well deserves its title, since in addition to being well-lighted and clean and providing excellent food..it employs convicts in a variety of trades.
1996 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. 12 Jan. a11/4 It is not necessary to spend millions on model prisons.
model school n. a school which is intended to be exemplary in organization, teaching methods, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > school > [noun] > other types of school
writing schoola1475
rectory1536
spelling school1704
greycoat1706
rural school1734
Charter School1763
home school1770
Philanthropine1797
British school1819
side school1826
prep school1829
trade school1829
Progymnasium1833
finishing-school1836
field schoola1840
field school1846
prairie school1851
graded school1852
model school1854
Philanthropinum1856
stagiary school1861
grade school1869
middle school1870
language school1878
correspondence school1889
day continuation school1889
prep1891
Sunday school1901
farm school1903
weekend school1907
Charter School1912
folk high school1914
pre-kindergarten1922
Rabfak1924
cram-shop1926
free school1926
crammer1931
composite school1943
outward-bound1943
blackboard jungle1954
pathshala1956
Vo-Tech1956
St. Trinian's1958
juku1962
cadre school1966
telecentre1967
academy2000
academy school2000
1854 C. Dickens Hard Times i. iii. 15 To think of these vagabonds..attracting the young rabble from a model school.
1935 Discovery Nov. 342/1 The prime cause of the excavation was the announcement that a new model school was to be built on a field..which..covered part of the site of Camulodunum.
1986 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 13 June 9/3 Model schools will be opened in villages to tap rural talent.
model village n. (a) a village providing a high standard of housing, typically built to accommodate the workforce of a large employer (now historical) (b) a small-scale model of a village, esp. one built as a visitor attraction.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > three-dimensional representation > [noun] > model of a town or country
panstereorama1842
typoramaa1891
model village1906
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > village > [noun] > other types of village
post village1673
mill village1834
lake-settlement1863
pile village1863
lake-village1865
lake-hamlet1878
pile settlement1878
garden village1892
tree-village1901
model village1906
street village1928
strategic hamlet1963
1906 W. A. Harvey Model Village & its Cottages 9 It was in 1895 that Mr. George Cadbury, the senior member of the present firm, commenced the work of building a model village.
1960 (title) The model village, Bourton on the Water.
1980 Newsweek (U.S) (Nexis) 9 June 81 Elaborate graphics suggested energy-efficient improvements in aerodynamic design and tiny model villages showed Americans of the future making use of a host of renewable energy resources.
1991 J. B. Schor Overworked Amer. iv. 101 Communitarians and socialist-feminists built model villages in which women shared housework.
2000 Bath Chron. (Electronic ed.) 14 Oct. It's always seemed curious to me that Bourton-on-the-Water in the Cotswolds has a model village. The real thing seems just like one.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

modelv.

Brit. /ˈmɒdl/, U.S. /ˈmɑd(ə)l/
Inflections: Present participle modelling, (chiefly U.S.) modeling; past tense and past participle modelled, (chiefly U.S.) modeled;
Forms: 1500s–1600s modell, 1500s– model, 1600s moddel; Scottish pre-1700 moddel, pre-1700 moddell, pre-1700 modell, pre-1700 modle, pre-1700 1700s– model.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: model n.
Etymology: < model n. Compare Middle French, French modeler (1585 in sense ‘to make to resemble something’, 1600 in sense 4a), Italian modellare (1598 in Florio).
†1. intransitive. To draw or project plans. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1581 R. Mulcaster Positions v. 35 Whose vse [of drawing] all modelling, all mathematikes, all manuaries do finde and confesse to be to so notorious and so needefull.
†2.
a. transitive. To present in outline or as a model; to portray or describe in detail. Also with forth, out. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > [verb (transitive)]
depaint?c1225
paintc1275
figurec1380
resemblea1393
portraya1398
represent?a1425
impicture1523
portrait1548
shadow1553
to paint forth1558
storize1590
personate1591
limn1593
propound1594
model1604
table1607
semble1610
rendera1616
to paint out1633
person1644
present1649
to figure out1657
historize1668
to fancy out1669
to take off1680
figurate1698
refer1700
display1726
depicture1739
depict1817
actualize1848
1604 M. Drayton Moyses ii. 57 Afflicted London,..When thy affliction seru'd me for a booke, Whereby to modell Egipts miserie.
a1649 W. Drummond Poems (1656) 185 Cease dreames,..To modell forth the passions of to morrow.
a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1660) vii. iii. 303 Our Saviour when he modells out Religion to them..points them out to Something fuller of inward life and spirit.
b. transitive. To construct a model or theory of the structure of. Obsolete.Cf. sense 10.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > speculation > confirmation of hypothesis, theory > propose a theory [verb (transitive)]
theorize1644
model1667
to set up1803
theorize1820
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 79 When they come to model Heav'n And calculate the Starrs. View more context for this quotation
†3.
a. transitive. To give shape or form to; to frame, fashion (esp. an immaterial object). Obsolete. to model out: to produce (a facial expression) by studied effort.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > an immaterial thing
shapea1300
model1605
idea1638
module1695
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 299 Iustice and Mercie modeld [1608 modul'd] in their kinde.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. x. xiv. 1848 The Mother..played a womans part, shed teares,..modeld out a deiected Countenance, and..made an impression in them of her innocencie.
1673 in H. Paton Rep. Laing MSS (1914) I. 392 Had this change bin..a litle lower modeld at first..it might..have attained..settlement.
1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey I. 53 I forthwith began to model a different conversation for the lady, thinking..that I had been mistaken in her character.
1793 J. Lindley Jrnl. 1 Sept. in Friends' Misc. (1832) II. 152 A little after sun-set, we turned out our horses at the east end of the great plains, kindled a fire and began to model a tent.
1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) IV. 382 Articles were only minutes..and ought to be so modelled..as to make them effectual.
1849 H. W. Longfellow Building of Ship in Seaside & Fireside 12 The old man, in whose busy brain Many a ship that sailed the main Was modelled o'er and o'er again.
b. transitive. To form (something) after, or in imitation of, a particular model; to use as an example to follow. With after, on, upon. Frequently reflexive in later use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > form according to a certain model
modelize1600
moulda1616
model1730
1613 G. Markham Second Pt. First Bk. Eng. Arcadia f. 45v They [sc. my sorrowes]..shall serue hereafter, for Lamentations Maister-peece, by whose example hee shall modell out strange afflictions.
1730 A. Bower Historia Litteraria (1731) 1 No. 5. 437 He was ordered either to suppress them, or to model them according to the Plan that was prescribed to him.
1813 T. Jefferson Let. 28 Oct. in Writings (1984) 1307 They seem to have modelled their morality on the story of Jacob and Laban.
1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. I. 207 The earliest writers of France had modelled their taste by the Greek.
1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 15 I make this maiden an ensample To nature..Whereby to model newer races, Statelier forms, and fairer faces.
1882 B. A. Hinsdale Garfield & Educ. ii. 302 Each new college is modelled after the older ones.
1898 J. E. C. Bodley France II. iii. iv. 181 Parliamentary institutions primarily modelled on the English pattern.
1919 A. A. Milne Not that it Matters 142 It is useless to model ourselves now on the strong, silent man of the novel whose face is a shutter to hide his emotions.
1938 R. G. Collingwood Princ. of Art xiv. 318 All artists have modelled their style upon that of others.
1978 I. Berlin Russian Thinkers 54 The Slavophils may have done something to discredit for him historical theories modelled upon the natural sciences.
1990 N. Gordimer My Son's Story 26 Children learn from modelling themselves on others.
†c. transitive. To plan out, put into preliminary shape. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > prepare in preliminary manner
model1683
rough1770
1683 J. Dryden Life Plutarch 71 in J. Dryden et al. tr. Plutarch Lives I Having model'd, but not finish'd them [sc. the ‘Lives’] at Rome, he afterwards resum'd the work in his own Country.
d. transitive. To mould or make similar in form to.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > assimilate in form to
model1683
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > render similar to [verb (transitive)] > become like
imitate1598
assimilate1630
assimilize1654
model1683
1683 Britanniæ Speculum 39 The Words which they received..seem much to be modelled to that Dialect.
1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 6 Every state, to one lov'd blessing prone, Conforms and models life to that alone.
1903 Contemp. Rev. Mar. 357 The sea-shell models to its form the wandering fish that dwells therein by choice.
1936 E. Thomas in Detective Fiction Weekly 1 Feb. 47/1 Her..hair was beaten back from her smooth forehead and her white dress modeled tightly to her body by the strong trade wind.
†e. transitive. To bring into (a particular shape). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > put into a certain shape
form1297
figurec1430
shape1457
cast1512
fashion1526
mould1667
set1678
modela1704
throw1804
a1704 T. Brown Ess. Satire Ancients in Wks. (1730) I. 16 Some modell'd them [sc. Satires] into a purposed form to act at the end of their Comedies.
a1817 T. Dwight Trav. New-Eng. & N.-Y. (1821) II. 149 It is impossible for a brook of this size to be modelled into more diversified, or more delightful, forms.
4.
a. transitive. To produce (a figure, likeness, etc.) by moulding, carving, etc., esp. in clay, wax, or some other malleable material. Also intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > three-dimensional representation > make three-dimensional representation of [verb (transitive)]
drawa1398
model1624
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > model [verb (transitive)]
drawa1398
mould1408
moul1530
model1624
1624 J. Webster Monuments Honor sig. C The cheife person..is, Sir Thomas White, sitting in his Eminent Habit of Lord Maior,..behind him is the Colledge of St. Iohn Baptist in Oxford exactly modeld.
1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 99 Having an extraordinary address in modelling the Figures.
1771 Bp. G. Horne Disc. Creat. Man in Wks. (1818) II. 9 He moulded or modelled him [sc. man] as a potter doth.
1780 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) IV. v. 95 Michael..began with modelling small figures in clay, to show his skill.
1784 W. Hayley Mausoleum i. i, in Plays 382 He modell'd our figures in clay.
1824 J. Elmes Gen. Dict. Fine Arts Fictor, in ancient art, an artist who models or forms statues and reliefs in clay.
1851 E. Ruskin Let. 9 Sept. in Effie in Venice (1965) ii. 190 I have got..a Master to teach me to Model.
1858 O. W. Holmes Autocrat of Breakfast-table ii. 30 I rough out my thoughts in talk as an artist models in clay.
1904 J. Conrad Nostromo ii. ii. 123 With his fine, old, clean-shaven face of a uniform tint as if modelled in yellow wax.
1962 J. Hawkes Lime Twig v. 120 He thought of the faces children model out of bread dough and of the eyes they fashion by sinking raisins into the dough with their stubby thumbs.
1988 B. Chatwin Utz 18 This precocious child..found himself bewitched by a figurine of Harlequin that had been modelled by the greatest of Meissen modellers.
†b. transitive. figurative. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1641 J. Milton Of Reformation 45 But by what example can they shew that the form of Church Discipline must be minted, and modell'd out to secular pretences?
†5.
a. transitive. To organize (a group of people, a community, a government, etc.), esp. after a particular or desirable model. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > put in (proper) order [verb (transitive)] > reduce to order > give structure to or organize
edifya1340
beset1413
reduce?a1425
institutea1538
compile1596
to deraign battle1596
modelize1600
skillc1610
organize1632
formalize1646
model1652
modulize1656
structure1664
economize1691
regiment1698
structurize1912
pattern1967
1652 H. Crompton Glory of Women 36 For modelling brave Cities, and each Town, There's many women were of great renown.
1654 T. Fuller 2 Serm. 12 Were they all collected into one Body,..summed up and modelled in one Corporation.
1665 E. Phillips in Baker's Chron. Kings of Eng. (new ed.) 699 They propose, first, to have the Army setled and modelled in a way of Unity, before they determin'd upon the Government.
1693 Humours & Conversat. Town 41 There's not a Trader..but has his share in Modelling the Government.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 421 The design was to keep up and model the army now raised.
1724 R. Fiddes Gen. Treat. Morality Pref. 63 God, who founded human society, may model it as he pleases.
1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives I. 220 Being asked, What city was best modelled? he answered, That, where those who are not injured are no less ready to prosecute..offenders than those who are.
1842 J. Aiton Clerical Econ. v. 244 The whole power of instituting and modelling parishes was at one time entirely ecclesiastical.
b. transitive. To classify, arrange in a system. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1727 C. Threlkeld Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum Pref. He [sc. Boerhaave] has concisely modelled plants according to method.
†6. transitive. To train or mould (a person, his or her ways) to a particular mode of life or behaviour; (also) to use as an agent or instrument. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > teaching > training > train [verb (transitive)]
to teach of1297
exercec1374
informc1384
schoolc1456
break1474
instruct1510
nuzzle1519
train1531
train1542
frame1547
experience?c1550
to trade up1556
disciplinea1586
disciple1596
nursle1596
accommodate1640
educate1643
model1665
form1711
to break in1785
scholar1807
the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > act in accordance with [verb (transitive)] > set (an example) > mould (a person) to an example
model1665
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > instrumentality > render instrumental [verb (transitive)] > use as mere instrument
propertya1616
model1665
1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. v. v. sig. Ll1v Those whom their nearness to Him, or their Employments, make the conspicuous and exemplary Persons, being thus model'd, their Relations and Dependants will quickly be so too.
1666 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 24 By their too powerfull perswasions to modell him to their designes.
1672 O. Walker Of Educ. i. ii. 24 One..who may continually attend the Child,..model his manners, and preserve him from danger.
1701 G. Farquhar Sir Harry Wildair ii. i. 13 'Tis an insupportable toil tho' for Women of Quality to model their Husbands to good Breeding.
1736 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. IX. 214 He modelled him, and instructed him fully in all that it was necessary to say or do.
†7. transitive. To plan, machinate. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)]
forethinkc897
bethinka1225
compass1297
contrivec1330
ordain1340
conjectc1380
imaginec1380
cast1382
ordaina1387
advisec1400
forecast1413
imagec1450
ordainc1450
project1477
foreminda1535
invent1539
aimc1540
practise1550
plat1556
trive1573
meditate1582
patterna1586
plot1589
platform1592
design1594
chew1600
forelay1605
to map out1618
to cut out1619
agitate1629
laya1631
plod1631
cut1645
calculate1654
concert1702
to scheme out1716
plan1718
model1725
to rough out1738
to lay out1741
plan1755
prethink1760
shape1823
programme1834
pre-plan1847
encompass1882
target1948
1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey III. x. 339 Each friend you seek in yon enclosure lies,..Think'st thou by wit to model their escape?
†8. intransitive. Of a drawing in progress: to have the appearance of natural relief; to appear three-dimensional. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > draw [verb (intransitive)] > assume appearance of relief
model1885
1885 F. Fowler Drawing in Charcoal & Crayon iv. 44 The face now begins to model and look round.
9.
a. intransitive. To act as a model by posing for an artist or sculptor, or by wearing clothes for display.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > modelling or displaying clothing > [verb (intransitive)]
model1915
1915 W. B. Yeats Reveries (1916) 153 A pretty gentle-looking girl was modelling in the middle of the room.
1927 Cleveland Press 4 Mar. Vivian..will model Saturday in the shoe section of the Bailey Co.
1950 P. White Let. 1 July (1994) iii. 81 Betty tells me you are modelling again.
1975 T. Callender It so Happen 74 She modelled for him for free. She was a good sitter.
b. transitive. To display (clothes) as a fashion model.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > modelling or displaying clothing > [verb (transitive)]
model1931
1931 Durant (Oklahoma) Daily Democrat 29 Oct. 3/2 See them [sc. coats] modeled during style promenade tomorrow.
1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xxii. 260 A natural blonde with the clothes and figure of a girl who has ‘modelled’ clothes.
1969 Guardian 30 June 7/1 I was watching this Negro modelling sleepwear.
1985 O. Clark Diary 3 July (1998) 177 I sat and watched a poxy fashion show, enlivened only by Kari Anne modelling a thirties tea-gown.
10.
a. transitive. To devise a (usually mathematical) model or simplified description of (a phenomenon, system, etc.). Cf. model n. 8a.Cf. sense 2b.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > [verb (transitive)] > hypothetically
model1957
the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > calculate or solve [verb (transitive)] > devise mathematical model
model1957
1957 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. B. 14 160 Our intention throughout has been to choose mathematical models for their convenience exactly in so far as we are ignorant of the probable true behaviour of what is being modelled.
1960 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. B. 22 242 In order to obtain complete predictive accuracy the model would be no simpler than what was being modelled, and would not be a model.
1972 Physics Bull. Feb. 84/3 The UKAEA has modelled the diffusion of particles in a fluid acted on by buoyancy, winds, currents and turbulence.
1972 Sci. Amer. May 97/3 Our hope is that the maps will..eventually be of aid to meteorologists who are modeling the present circulation in the atmosphere.
1990 Green Mag. Apr. 33/2 There are sea level changes all the time... It is very dynamic and difficult to model.
b. transitive. To serve or behave as the analogue of (a phenomenon, system, etc.).
ΚΠ
1979 Proc. AFIPS Conf. 48 95/1 The first is not regular and it models a particular process structure in which all messages are passed to the intended destination within a single step.
1991 Sci. Amer. Oct. 20/1 Hinton's network models the processing that goes on when the brain turns letters into meaning.
11. transitive. Social Psychology. To exemplify (a mode of behaviour) unconsciously or deliberately, so as to elicit the same behaviour in another person, esp. a child.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [verb (transitive)] > set an example to
ensamplec1380
exemplifyc1425
pattern1594
sample1600
type1836
model1961
1961 D. T. Campbell in I. A. Berg & B. M. Bass Conformity & Deviation iii. 121 The more numerous the models modeling the same act, the stronger the incentive for that act.
1986 R. J. Cameron in R. J. Cameron Portage vi. 86 Parents of more competent children modelled behaviours that they wanted their children to perform rather than merely using words.
1992 R. D. Gross Psychol. (rev. ed.) 190 Both fairly specific behaviours (eg nailbiting) and more general, emotional states (eg fear of the dentist) can be modelled (the latter through facial expressions, body posture, etc.).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.adj.1570v.1581
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