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单词 mankind
释义

mankindn.adj.1

Brit. /ˌmanˈkʌɪnd/, U.S. /ˌmænˈkaɪnd/ (in sense A. 3)Brit. /ˈmankʌɪnd/, U.S. /ˈmænˈˌkaɪnd/
Forms: see man n.1 and kind n.
Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: man n.1, kind n.
Etymology: < man n.1 + kind n. Compare earlier mankin n.1 (and cognates cited s.v.), man's kind n. at man n.1 Compounds 3, and Old Icelandic mannkind . With senses A. 1 and A. 2 compare man n.1 I.; with sense A. 3 compare man n.1 II.Metrical evidence from earlier quots., and the testimony of various dictionaries up to the late 19th-cent., indicate variability in the placement of the primary stress. Cent. Dict. (1890) marks stress exclusively on the second syllable, but notes that it ‘formerly also’ fell on the first. N.E.D. (1905) appears to be the first source to note contrastive stress in sense A. 3; compare also quot. 1924 at sense A. 3. Webster's Dict. Eng. Usage (1989) 621/2 notes that objections are less often raised to mankind than to man in generic use (i.e. in sense A. 1); this is probably in large part due to the comparative rarity of mankind in sense A. 3 in modern use.
A. n.
1. The human species. As a collective noun: human beings in general.Formerly frequently with plural agreement.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > [noun]
maneOE
worldOE
all fleshc1000
mankinOE
earthOE
little worldc1175
man's kinda1200
mankinda1225
worldrichec1275
slimec1315
kindc1325
world1340
sectc1400
humanityc1450
microcosma1475
peoplea1500
the human kindred?1533
race1553
homo1561
humankind1561
universality1561
deadly?1590
mortality1598
rational1601
vicegerent1601
small world1604
flesh and blooda1616
mannity1621
human race1623
universea1645
nations1667
public1699
the species1711
Adamhood1828
Jock Tamson's bairns1832
folx1833
Bimana1839
human1841
peeps1847
menfolk1870
manfolk1876
amniota1879
peoplekind1956
personkind1972
a1225 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 203 Do wai moder þi wepynge i thole þis ded for man-kende.
a1350 in K. Böddeker Altengl. Dichtungen (1878) 200 (MED) Iesu..Þin armes spredeþ to mankynde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 9372 (MED) Þe fader of heuen Dight his dere sun to send..Vntil erth..for to bring man-kind o wa.
c1400 (?c1384) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 143 If monkynde in þo stat of innocense..schulde not be ydel.
1480 W. Caxton Descr. Brit. 6 In Britayne ben hoot welles well arayed and adressyd to the vse of mankynde.
1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xvi. lxxi. 576 Onichius..hath in itself colour medelyd lyke the naylle of mankinde.
c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 1762 Thus was mankynde delyueryd from hys foon.
?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens ii. sig. Dij Howe many in nombre are all the bones in a body of mankynde?
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxiij Sathan the ennemye of almankinde.
1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. xvi. 295 The great nomber of diseases wherwith mankind is peyned.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 186 How many goodly creatures are there heere? How beauteous mankinde is? View more context for this quotation
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvi. 139 A Law of Nature, equally obliging all man-kind.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. iii. 49 Allowing that Mankind hath the Rule of Right within himself.
1774 O. Goldsmith Grecian Hist. I. vi. 202 Mankind never suffer any work to be lost which tends to make them more wise or happy.
1809 S. Smith Serm. I. 405 To study mankind aright, we must observe, no less the circumstances in which he is placed, than [etc.].
1825 E. Bulwer-Lytton Falkland 14 Thrown early among mankind, I should early have imbibed their feelings.
1860 R. W. Emerson Wealth in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 83 A man whose eyes, ears, and mind are armed by all the science, arts, and implements which mankind have anywhere accumulated.
1902 J. B. Greenough & G. L. Kittredge Words 158 The history of language is the history of mankind.
1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love viii. 116 What a dread he had of mankind, of other people!
1940 E. Wilson To Finland Station i. ii. 7 There had become dominant..the idea of human progress, of the capacity of mankind for self-improvement.
1987 P. Lomas Limits of Interpretation i. 3 It would appear that there is no easy solution to the ills of mankind.
2.
a. The nature of man; human nature. to take (also fang, nim) mankind: to assume human form, to become incarnate. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > [noun] > nature of man
mannisheOE
fleshc1000
mannessc1225
mankina1325
mankinda1325
naturec1390
flesh and bloodc1450
human nature1474
humankind?1504
humanities1613
homineity1660
a1325 St. Mark (Corpus Cambr.) 30 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 160 (MED) In þe forme þat he was an eorþe þe he mankunde nom.
a1400 Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 985/43* (MED) Our lord ȝoght to tak mankynd and bring vus oute of woo.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 245 God descendid into mankinde and couplid so to him a singuler mankinde.
c1480 (a1400) St. Mary Magdalen 242 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 263 & how mane-kynd þat he can fange.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) iv. 530 And mankynd biddis vs that we To procur vengeans besy be.
1493 Festivall (1515) (de Worde) f. 94 That our lorde had taken mankynde.
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 67 He come from heuin, and tuke mankynde.
b. Human feeling, humanity. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [noun] > humaneness
menska1250
manhead1340
humanityc1384
manlinessc1384
manhooda1425
mankind1605
humaneness1729
humanitarianism1850
1605 B. Jonson Sejanus v. i. 754 Ô you, whose mindes are good, And haue not forc'd all mankind, from your brests. View more context for this quotation
3. The male sex; men or male people in general. Cf. menkind n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > man > [noun] > men collectively
wapman-kinc1175
manc1300
menkinda1470
mankind1526
manhood1588
mens-kind1592
the sterner (alsobetter, rougher, stronger) sex1608
lords of creation1649
menfolk1749
masculinity1860
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. vi. 9 Abusars of themselves with the mankynde.
1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxxxviiiv Thus for the more parte fareth al mankynde to praye, and to crye after womans grace.
?c1570–4 Bp. R. Cox Injunctions in 2nd Rep. Commissioners Rubrics, Orders, & Directions Public Worship App. E. 406/2 in Parl. Papers 1867–8 (1868) XXXVIII. 1 Their chyldren and seruauntes both mankinde and womankinde.
?1573 L. Lloyd Pilgrimage of Princes f. 80 If any mankinde wyll enter therein..he shall incontinent bee reft of his sences. And if any womankinde happen to go vnto that water, she shall..bee barren.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 200 Should all despaire That haue reuolted Wiues, the tenth of Mankind Would hang themselues. View more context for this quotation
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 155 Without admission of any man-kind in their company.
1696 G. Granville She-gallants ii. i. 1 I wou'd have seen all Mankind at the Devil, before I'de have taken so much pains for any one of 'em.
1828 Q. Rev. 37 402 What would mankind, or womankind, or childkind think.
1874 A. Trollope Lady Anna I. ix. 111 The infinite simplicity and silliness of mankind and womankind at large.
1924 O. Jespersen Philos. Gram. xvii. 231 Mankind (now stressed on the second syllable) comprises all human beings, but the younger mankind (stressed on the first syllable) is opposed to womankind.
1978 Daily Tel. 8 May 3/5 Lord Denning..thought it would be very wrong if the Act was thought to ‘obliterate..all the chivalry and courtesies which we expect of mankind to womenkind’.
B. adj.1
1. Male. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > sex and gender > male > [adjective]
malea1382
masclea1425
masculinec1425
mankind1479
menskins1534
1479 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 230 Ane ayre mankynd, gottyn of the said John Boyd.
1639 J. Ford Ladies Triall ii. sig. D4 Sir, consider, My sex, were I mankinde, my sword should quit A wounded honour.
a1640 P. Massinger Guardian i. ii. 40 in 3 New Playes (1655) I keep no mankind servant in my house, In fear my chastity may be suspected.
2. Of a woman: masculine. Obsolete (English regional in later use).In some uses, not readily distinguishable from mankind adj.2
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > woman > [adjective] > man-like woman
mannisha1425
manlyc1511
mankind1566
Amazonical1582
Amazonian1595
virago1598
manlike1605
masculine1611
viraginian1642
viraginous1667
Amazonic1782
strong-minded1843
andromorphous1865
1566 J. Studley tr. Seneca Agamemnon v. i. sig. Fviii The mankynd dame wt trembling hand The swerde drew from her syde.
1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 19 Virago, a manly woman, or a mankind woman.
1591 H. Smith Preparatiue to Mariage (Field) 61 A mankind woman is a monster, that is, halfe a woman and halfe a man.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes A bould, shamelesse, mankinde, virago woman.
1599 H. Porter Pleasant Hist. Two Angrie Women of Abington sig. F3 Why she is mankind, therefore thou mayest strike her.
1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. ii. sig. E2v Are women growne so mankind? must they be wooing.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. ii. 18 Virg. You shall stay too: I would I had the power To say so to my Husband. Sicin. Are you mankinde? Volum, I foole, is that a shame.
a1625 J. Fletcher Monsieur Thomas (1639) iv. vi. sig. K3 'Twas a sound knock she gave me, A plaguy mankinde girle.
1635 Life Long Meg of Westminster (1816) 22 For that hee had heard shee was so mankind as to beat all she met withall, he would try her manhood.
1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words II. 7 Mankind-woman, a coarse, masculine female. Frequently used in this sense.
3. Human. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > [adjective]
fleshya1400
human?c1450
mankind1584
Adamite1719
humanish1837
1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xv. xii. 412 I coniure you..ye infernall kings..to appeare..in faire forme and shape of mankind kings.

Derivatives

mankindly adj. Obsolete rare human; humane.
ΚΠ
c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 8 We may calle mankyndli [c1450 Longleat mankyndely] lif verrai chyualrie, as the Scripture seith in many partes.
c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 79 Vaunting is no mankindely preising, but it is a tourned vice of þe soule.
mankindliness n. Obsolete rare human form; human kindness.
ΚΠ
c1440 S. Scrope in tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 4 Wherfore the lak [of wit] be youen to my book, And of your mankyndlynes take at worthe.
a1475 ( S. Scrope tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Bodl. 943) (1999) 124 Haue in mynde that day that men shalle calle the & thou shalt not here, for than thi ianglynge tunge shal be stille..þe mankindelynes [a1460 anon. tr. manhode] shalle bee waasted in the erthe.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

mankindadj.2

Forms: 1500s mankin, 1500s mankine, 1500s man-kynde, 1500s–1600s mankind, 1600s mankinde.
Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: man-keen adj.
Etymology: Variant of man-keen adj., after mankind n. and adj.1
Obsolete.
Infuriated, furious, fierce, mad. Cf. man-keen adj. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > by nature > [adjective] > wild or vicious
wildc725
wrothOE
keenOE
ramagec1300
fell?c1335
furiousc1374
fierce1377
ramageousa1398
eagerc1405
savage1447
naughtyc1460
criminal1477
ill1480
shrewd1509
mankind1519
roidc1540
mad1565
horn-mad1579
fierceful1607
man-keen1607
indomite1617
fellish1638
ferocious1646
ferousa1652
ferinea1676
kwaai1827
skelm1827
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adjective]
grimlyc893
wrothc893
reighOE
grima1000
grillc1175
witherc1175
grimfula1240
sturdy1297
wild1297
fiercea1300
man-keenc1300
stoutc1300
cruelc1330
fell?c1335
wicked1375
felonousc1386
felona1400
cursedc1400
runishc1400
keen?c1425
roid?c1425
wolvishc1430
ranishc1450
malicious1485
mankind1519
mannish1530
lionish1549
truculent?c1550
lion-like1556
tigerish?1573
tiger-like1587
truculental1593
Amazonian1595
tigerous1597
feral1604
fierceful1607
efferous1614
lionly1631
tigerly1633
feroce1641
ferocious1646
asperous1650
ferousa1652
blusterous1663
wolfish1674
boarisha1718
savage-fierce1770
Tartar1809
Tartarly1821
wolfy1828
savagerous1832
hawkish1841
tigery1859
attern1868
Hunnish1915
1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xii. f. 127 He set dogges, that were mankynde [L. canibus efferatis] vpon the man to be all to torne.
a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iv. viii. sig. H.jv Come away, by the matte she is mankine. I durst aduenture the losse of my right hande, If she dyd not slee hir other husbande.
1599 Bp. J. Hall in J. Marston Scourge of Villanie (new ed.) iii. Satyra Nova sig. Hv I Ask'd Phisitions what theyr counsell was For a mad dogge, or for a mankind Asse?
1605 G. Chapman Al Fooles in Wks. (1873) I. 167 Good Signor Cornelio be not too mankinde against your wife.
a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iii. i. 51 You brach, Are you turn'd mankind?
1672 J. Josselyn New-Englands Rarities 13 They [sc. Bears]..are never mankind, i.e. fierce, but in rutting time.

Derivatives

mankindly adv. rare cruelly, ferociously.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adverb]
grimc893
grimly971
bremeOE
reighlyOE
witherc1200
felonly1303
asperlyc1314
fellc1330
fellyc1330
fiercelya1375
sturdilyc1374
wickedlya1375
sternly1398
runishlyc1400
witherlyc1400
felonmentc1470
cruelly1487
blusterously1548
boarishlya1563
tiger-like1576
sternfully1582
mankindly1606
wolvishly1628
truculently1654
tigerously1698
tigerishly1878
1606 G. Chapman Sir Gyles Goosecappe ii. i. sig. C3v You driue maids a-fore you,..as man-kindelie, as if you had taken a surfet of our Sex lately.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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n.adj.1a1225adj.21519
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