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单词 lens
释义

lensn.

Brit. /lɛnz/, U.S. /lɛnz/
Forms: Plural lenses; also 1700s lens, lens's, and in Latin form lentes.
Etymology: < Latin lens lentil, from the similarity in form.
1.
a. A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, with two curved surfaces, or one plane and one curved surface, serving to cause regular convergence or divergence of the rays of light passing through it. Now sometimes applied to analogous contrivances for producing similar effects on radiations other than those of light, as in acoustic lens, electric lens.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > lens > [noun]
glass1545
optic1599
optic glass1607
perspicil1611
lenticular1658
spectacle-glass1682
lens1693
speculum1756
optical1944
lenslet1956
1693 E. Halley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 960 Finding the focus of any sort of lens.
1704 I. Newton Opticks i. i. 6 A Glass spherically Convex on both sides (usually called a Lens..).
1704 I. Newton Opticks i. i. 47 According to the difference of the Lenses I used various distances.
1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §56. 347 By the help of Speculums or Lens.
1719 J. T. Desaguliers in Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 1017 Telescopes made up of Convex Lentes.
1781 W. Cowper Charity 385 He claps his lens, if haply they may see, Close to the part where vision ought to be.
1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics v. §51. 45 Images are formed by lenses in the very same manner as they are formed by mirrors.
c1865 J. Wylde Circle of Sci. I. 65/1 The Coddington lens is an equally valuable little microscope.
1881 R. Routledge Pop. Hist. Sci. xii. 279 The property of a lens to form an image depends upon its power of refracting the rays of light.
1931 Physical Rev. 1 Aug. 585 (heading) Electron lenses.
1945 Jrnl. Sci. Instrum. 22 239/1 Another material useful for ultrasonic lenses, especially when the liquid is incompatible with plastics, is lithium.
1951 V. E. Cosslett Pract. Electron Microsc. ii. 35 Use is made of a surrounding shield of iron to concentrate the field into a small region near the middle of the lens.
1972 Science 16 June 1236/1 The spherical concave lens focused the sound at a nominal 3 cm from the transducer and provided a field 1 mm wide, extending from 2 to 4 cm in range.
b. spec. A lens or combination of lenses used in photography.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens
lens1843
1843 Fox Talbot in Abstr. Papers Royal Soc. 1837–43 4 313 The object lens.
1889 Harper's Mag. Jan. 258/1 So thoroughly has this region been set forth by the pen and the pencil and the lens.
c. Applied to certain objects which resemble a lens in shape.
ΚΠ
1903 Sci. Amer. 5 Sept. 165/2 The steam is conducted into what are termed ‘lenses’, which resemble a double-convex lens.
2. Anatomy.
a. A transparent biconvex or spherical structure in the vertebrate eye, typically located between the iris and vitreous humour, which assists in the focusing of light on the retina. Cf. crystalline lens n. at crystalline adj. and n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > parts of sight organ > [noun] > other parts
whitec1390
crystalline humoura1398
crystalloida1398
crystalline?a1425
eyeball1575
eyeglassa1616
crystalline lens1654
crystal1657
lens1719
membranula1821
zonule1828
angle1830
disc1861
1719 J. Quincy Lexicon Physico-medicum (1722) (at cited word)
1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 106 Indistinct vision..can only be remedied by the depression of the lens.
1840 G. V. Ellis Demonstr. Anat. 96 It is this artery..that is to be avoided when the needle is used to depress the lens.
1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 54 Except in Owls and aquatic Birds, the lens is flat.
b. One of the facets of a compound eye.
ΚΠ
1868 P. M. Duncan tr. L. Figuier Insect World Introd. 2 Eyes [of insects] composed of many lenses.
3. Geology. A body of ore or rock similar in shape to a biconvex lens.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > intrusion > lens
lentil1895
lenticle1898
lens1903
1903 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 213. 113 The principal mines..have revealed valuable ore bodies of two great types, those which occur as lenses, roughly parallel to the bedding, and those which occur in fracture or fissure zones.
1935 Economist 21 Dec. 1283/3 Further lenses of valuable ore would be discovered in that section.
1939 Proc. Prehistoric Soc. 5 40 Towards the top of the ferruginous gravels appears a lens of non-ferruginous, grey, clayey sand.
1969 G. M. Bennison & A. E. Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles vi. 128 These Lower Palaeozoic rocks occur as discontinuous outcrops or lenses in what has been termed the Meneage Crush Zone... Included lenses may be up to 1 mile in length.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
a. sense 1a, 1b.
lens aperture n.
ΚΠ
1916 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 63 166/2 (heading) Some matters concerning lens apertures.
1958 Oxf. Mail 19 May 7/4 The length of exposure and the size of the lens aperture are linked to ensure that the right amount of light reaches the film at every shutter speed.
1971 L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. ii. 62 The brightness of the image formed by the lens is determined not only by the diameter of the lens aperture but also the size of the image.
lens barrel n.
ΚΠ
1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 495/1 Lens barrel, the metal tube in which one or more lenses are mounted.
1958 Newnes Compl. Amateur Photogr. iv. 60 Camera body—the choice is between folding bellows or extending lens-barrel.
1967 R. R. Karch & E. J. Buber Graphic Arts Procedures: Offset Processes v. 143 The lens barrel contains a slot..used to insert filters for color work.
lens-board n.
ΚΠ
1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 289 The most important feature is the novel and convenient mode of attaching the front lens board to the baseboard.
1941 R. M. Allen Photomicrogr. ii. 67 Most manufacturers provide some type of fixture, preferably with focusing means incorporated in it, for carrying the lenses on the lens board.
1967 R. R. Karch & E. J. Buber Graphic Arts Procedures: Offset Processes v. 143 The lensboard, located directly in front of the copyboard, houses the lens.
lens-grinder n.
ΚΠ
1921 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 391 The foreign lense-grinder worked more cheaply than the English lense-grinder.
lens-holder n.
ΚΠ
1876 tr. G. Tissandier's Hist. & Handbk. Photogr. 223 The ordinary lens-holder being removed from the front of the camera.
1894 S. H. Gage Microscope (ed. 5) i. 4 (heading) Adjustable lens holder with universal joint.
lens mount n.
ΚΠ
1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 43 Unscrew the back combination and use the front alone in situ, thus gaining the length of the lens mount.
1938 H. Windisch New Photo-School vi. 166 A focusing screen is applied to the lens mount.
1972 Horne & Markham in A. M. Glauert Pract. Methods Electron Microsc. I. ii. iii. 354 Optical bench manufacturers make a large number of lens mounts and carriers.
lens-shutter n.
ΚΠ
1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 158 Your lens shutter, note book and other trifles are bestowed in your pockets.
lens-tube n.
ΚΠ
1858 T. Sutton & J. Worden Dict. Photogr. 260 The diaphragms within the lens-tube entirely prevent the reflection of light from the inside of the tube.
1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 198 The hood is..arranged to slide out and in on the lens tube.
1918 Photo-Miniature Mar. 25 Lens hood, the detachable rim of a lens-tube somewhat larger in diameter and carrying the lens-cap. Also any separate device of tubular box- or bellows-form fitted to the lens-tube, to screen the lens from strong light.
1971 L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. iv. 142 On 8 mm amateur cameras..the lens hood is usually limited to a deep flange extension to the lens tube itself.
lens-work n.
ΚΠ
1888 G. M. Hopkins Let. 1 May (1938) 144 Photography proper now is mere scaffolding..a poor bastard art succeeds the lens~work and disguises what that gives.
b.
lens-like adj.
ΚΠ
1836–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. II. 960/1 It [i.e. the facet] is convex on its external and internal surface, or lens-like.
lens-shaped adj.
ΚΠ
1839 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) 447 Lens-shaped..; resembling a double convex lens; as the seeds of Amaranthus.
1887 W. Phillips Man. Brit. Discomycetes 365 The conical points expand into lens-shaped..discs.
c. (In sense 2.)
lens-capsule n.
ΚΠ
1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 128 The lens-capsule may be so tough that the point of the needle will puncture but not lacerate it.
lens-matter n.
ΚΠ
1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 157 In cases where there is some lens matter enclosed between the anterior and posterior layers of the capsule.
lens-sector n.
ΚΠ
1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 484 A zone of central opacity in each lens, with the normal lens-sectors strongly marked therein.
C2.
lens cap n. a cap that fits over the end of a lens tube, used to protect the lens and, in early cameras without shutters, for regulating exposures.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > lens cap
lens cap1882
1882 Photogr. at Home: its Appliances & Apparatus for Amateurs 11 A little shield covered with black velvet..occupies the place of the ordinary lens cap.
1897 Sears, Roebuck Catal. No. 104. 474/2 The front of the camera can be removed if desired and exposure made with a lens cap.
1965 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 17 June (1970) 290 I wanted to be darned sure I didn't lose the lens cap on the camera.
1966 M. LaCour & I. T. Lathrop Photo Technol. iv. 48/2 It should seldom be necessary to clean a lens which has been protected from dust and fingerprints with a lens cap.
lens coating n. a thin transparent coating applied to a lens to reduce reflection of light at its surface.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > lens coating
lens coating1952
1952 C. B. Neblette Photogr. (ed. 5) ii. 48/1 Lens coatings are a remedial measure and do not entirely remove reflections.
1966 M. LaCour & I. T. Lathrop Photo Technol. iv. 48/2 Finger prints on the lens..are detrimental to the lens coating.
lens-eye n. = 2b.
ΚΠ
1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 769/1 The lens-eyes of insecta.
lens-form n. = lentiform adj.
ΚΠ
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 16 Seeds solitary, lens-form.
lens hood n. a tube, usually circular in cross-section and with outwardly sloping sides, fitted in front of a lens to shield it from light coming from outside the field of view.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > lens hood
sky shade1859
lens hood1891
1891 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 405 (heading) Lens screen or hood.
1908 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 55 245/1 The lens-hood..has recently revived, owing to the necessity of shading the lens from direct light in the case of anastigmats which possess large aperture.
1955 E. Hillary High Adventure xii. 210 I clipped on [to my camera] the lenshood and ultra-violet filter.
1968 L. A. Mannheim tr. H.-M. Brandt Photogr. Lens xv. 166 Lens hoods not only have to shield the lens against stray light, but also protect it against accidental finger marks and rain or snow.
lens louse n. slang (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > actors or characters > [noun] > other actors
lens louse1928
stand-in1929
baddie1934
goody1934
narrator1941
voice actor1958
playback singer1963
voice-over1966
voice actress1974
body double1981
1928 Amer. Speech 3 368 Actors who strive for the most advantageous positions are also called ‘lens lice’.
1950 J. Hall in Daily Mail 24 May Bane of the news-reel cameraman is what he calls a ‘lens louse’. They..never miss a chance of getting in front of a news-reel camera.
lensman n. = cameraman n. at camera n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographer > [noun] > professional
cameraman1883
press photographer1901
photojournalist1938
staff photographer1941
lensman1951
paparazzo1961
paparazzi1981
pap1988
1951 N.Y. Herald Tribune 26 Aug. iv. 4/4 It was common to see a Leatherneck lensman wield a 45-automatic pistol in one hand and a 16-mm. camera in the other, firing both simultaneously at the enemy only a few hundred yards away.
1964 Punch 5 Aug. 183/1 He's one of the best lensmen in the business.
1972 I. Hamilton Thrill Machine vi. 27 I held back with the pen and ink men while the lensmen pushed forward to the press barricades.
lens paper n. a kind of soft, thin, absorbent paper suitable for wiping lenses.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > apparatus > [noun]
spectacle-case1597
steel glass1662
dark glasses1733
bruiser1738
hone pavement1738
Ramsden's ghost1807
sunshade1829
optical bank1874
phacometer1876
optical bench1880
flat1897
lens paper1925
light pipe1939
lens tissue1941
optical fibre1960
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > wiping > [noun] > material for wiping with > lens paper
lens paper1925
lens tissue1941
1925 A. F. Collins Amateur Photographer's Handbk. iv. 61 Dirt that forms on the surfaces [of a lens] in an almost imperceptible film can usually be wiped off with a dry lens paper, which is a very soft Japanese tissue paper especially made for this purpose.
1973 Nature 27 July 233/1 Each portion [of ovary] was placed on defatted lens paper on a stainless steel mesh grid in a vitreosil dish.
lens tissue n. = lens paper n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > apparatus > [noun]
spectacle-case1597
steel glass1662
dark glasses1733
bruiser1738
hone pavement1738
Ramsden's ghost1807
sunshade1829
optical bank1874
phacometer1876
optical bench1880
flat1897
lens paper1925
light pipe1939
lens tissue1941
optical fibre1960
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > wiping > [noun] > material for wiping with > lens paper
lens paper1925
lens tissue1941
1941 A. Sussman Collins's Amateur Photographer's Handbk. (rev. ed.) iii. 75 Use some dry lens tissue, or an old linen handkerchief that has been freshly laundered.
1955 S. C. Gilmour Paper 305 Lens tissue, British-made paper of very thin substance and transparent texture, resembling Japanese tissue. Long fibres, great strength for the substance, and extreme absorbency are characteristics. Used for cleaning optical and microscope lenses.
lens turret n. a mounting fitted to the front of a camera and carrying several lenses, any of which can be brought into use by rotating the mounting.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > filming equipment > [noun] > camera > parts of
sprocket1879
film magazine1906
gate1909
claw1911
take-up1915
pull-down1933
lens turret1951
turret1951
squeeze lens1957
1951 R. Spottiswoode Film & its Techniques iii. 64 Camera noise readily seeps through a lens turret and tends to interfere with dialogue recording.
1963 Movie July–Aug. 26/3 Brault's insistence on leaving in blank frames as he shifts the lens turret in mid-reel occasionally gets in the way.
1971 L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. x. 311 A lens turret mounting is often preferred for unit lenses and is more convenient for automated operations.

Derivatives

lensed adj. provided with a lens or lenses.
ΚΠ
1859 G. A. Sala Twice round Clock (1861) 274 If you eye him narrowly through the many-lensed lorgnette.
1892 Illustr. London News 1 Oct. 431/3 An eye lensed like a microscope, though also lensed like yours and mine.
ˈlensless adj. having no lens or lenses.
ΚΠ
1890 J. Cagney tr. R. von Jaksch Clin. Diagnosis i. 44 The lensless-spectroscope consists of two tubes.

Draft additions 1997

a. spec. Either of the two pieces of glass or other transparent material which are enclosed by the frames of a pair of spectacles, sunglasses, goggles, etc.; the corresponding piece of glass, etc., in a monocle.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > ophthalmology or optometry > aids to defective vision > [noun] > spectacles > lens of spectacles
spectacle-glassa1582
spectacle eye1862
lens1875
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instruments for protecting the sight > [noun] > spectacles or eyeglasses > lens for
lens1875
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 899/1 Folder,..2. A form of spectacles in which the lenses fold together for the pocket.
1927 F. B. Young Portrait of Clare 26 She brushed the dust from her skirt..her grey eyes swimming behind the lenses of her pincenez.
1965 T. Capote In Cold Blood (1966) iv. 237 Mrs. Hickock removed the spectacles she was wearing, polished the smeared lenses and resettled them on her pudgy, agreeable face.
1976 Verbatim Sept. 10/2 Both lens [sic] of my safety glasses were so scratched up they had to give me new ones.
1987 B. Moore Colour of Blood xviii. 137 He stared at this man, at the..angry eyes behind thick lenses.
b. = contact lens n. at contact n. Compounds 3. Frequently in plural.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > ophthalmology or optometry > aids to defective vision > [noun] > contact lenses
contact lens1888
lens1888
contact glasses1906
contact1961
1888 C. H. May tr. A. E. Fick in Arch. Ophthalmol. 17 226 If the lens fits well, the patient does not complain, has no flow of tears, and either has no injection of the ocular conjunctiva, or very little.
1938 Trans. Ophthalm. Soc. 58 120 The question of tolerance was early recognized as important when it was found that some patients could wear a lens and others not.
1962 L. Daily & R. K. Daily in M. B. Raiford Contact Lens Managem. 155 After many weeks or months of wearing the lens, the patient may complain that vision is poor.
1987 New Yorker 16 Feb. 36/2 My lenses dry up, and I take them out.
1990 C. Brayfield Prince xxii. 487 Her eyes were tired and she had taken out her lenses, so she rummaged at the back of a drawer for her old spectacles to look at them properly.

Draft additions 1997

Also, a similarly-shaped body of other material.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved surface > [noun] > convexity > convex curve or part
convexity1600
convex1680
back1850
outcurve1902
lens1975
1975 J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iii. 57 Differential melting of a glacier sometimes results in isolated lenses of ice remaining in rock debris or till long after the bulk of ice has gone.
1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans vi. 188 Above this water a lens of very salty..but very warm..surface water remains.
1990 Independent 5 Nov. 15 The coconut palms and breadfruit trees..depend on a lens of fresh groundwater.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

lensv.

Brit. /lɛnz/, U.S. /lɛnz/
Etymology: < lens n.
Geology.
to lens out (intr.): of a body of rock: to become gradually thinner (along a particular direction) to the point of extinction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [verb (intransitive)] > narrow
to wedge out1819
pinch1867
to lens out1921
1921 G. H. Cox et al. Field Methods Petroleum Geol. 11 The effects of irregularities in sands may be considered to be of three types; those in which the sand lenses out entirely, those in which it loses its porosity, and those in which the porous sand continues but is of changing thickness.
1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. viii. 108/2 Mining went down to the 500-ft level below which the calcite bodies themselves lens out—as proved by angled diamond drill-holes.

Draft additions 1997

2. transitive. = film v. 3a. Also absol. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > film [verb (transitive)]
kinetograph1891
cinematograph1897
take1897
biograph1898
kinematograph1898
film1899
make1914
shoot1916
can1935
lens1942
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > film [verb (intransitive)]
film1913
shoot1916
lens1983
1942 Variety 28 Oct. 4 (heading) U.S. Signal Corps turning out army of ultra pix technicians for combat lensing.
1950 Variety 22 Mar. 20/1 While the pic was lensed as a locationer in Havana, little use has been made of the Cuban capital's natural surroundings.
1981 Gossip (Holiday Special) 7/2 To get the look and feel—that gritty realism so necessary for the film—the movie was lensed in the midst of the real Ft. Apache.
1983 Fortune 7 Mar. 47/3 Twenty Cheshire clerics have thumbed down homevid cameras lensing during wedding services.
1986 What Video? Dec. 46/1 Structures are clearly given extraordinary impact when lensed from a low-angle.
1990 Rolling Stone 22 Mar. 29/1 (heading) Prince to lens ‘Purple Rain’ sequel.

Draft additions 1997

ˈlenser n. now rare a cameraman.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > filming unit or team > [noun] > cameraman
camera operator1869
lenser1941
lighting cameraman1947
1941 Variety 31 Dec. 15/3 (heading) Lensers' row threatens to stall prod[uction].
1943 Variety 31 Mar. 8/1 A number of the lensers are said to have been killed in the shooting of the footage.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1976; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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