learningn.
/ˈləːnɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈlərnɪŋ/ 1. The action of learn v.† b. Teaching; schooling. Obsolete.
a. The action of receiving instruction or acquiring knowledge; spec. in Psychology, a process which leads to the modification of behaviour or the acquisition of new abilities or responses, and which is additional to natural development by growth or maturation; (frequently opposed to insight).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [noun]
learningc897
apprehensiona1398
self-storage1876
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [noun]
learningc897
wisdomc950
witnessc950
lore971
clergya1225
wit1297
apprise1303
gramaryec1320
clergisea1330
cunning1340
lering1340
sciencea1387
schoola1393
studya1393
art?a1400
cunningnessa1400
leara1400
sophyc1440
doctrinec1460
mathesisa1475
grammarc1500
doctorship1567
knowledge1576
scholarship1579
virtuosoship1666
erudition1718
eruditenessa1834
Wissenschaft1834
savantism1855
scholarment1896
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > [noun]
assimilation1855
learning1897
noegenesis1923
c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care Pref. (Sweet) 3 Hu giorne hie wæron ægðer ge ymb lare ge ymb liornunga.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 14811 To him was þe lawe bitauȝt þat he him self bi lernyng lauȝt.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 34 Gladdenesse, whiche encresses daily in me in lernynghe.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1165/2 He..for the pouertie of his father..not able to be mainteined here at learning.
1644 J. Milton Of Educ. 2 The end then of learning is to repair the ruins of our first parents.
1720 J. Clarke Ess. Educ. Youth 22 It..renders the Learning of the English Rules more tedious abundantly, than they would be.
1860 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters V. 220 Vigilance..required of us, besides learning of many practical lessons.
1862 R. Owen in 19th Cent. Dec. (1897) 992 There's nothing so good for learning, as teaching.
1897 W. L. Bryan & N. Harter in Psychol. Rev. 4 29 While there are many exceptional cases of quickness and slowness in learning, it requires from two to two and a half years to become an expert operator.
1901 E. L. Thorndike in Psychol. Rev. VIII. 442 With the monkeys, however, the association is both more rapid and more permanent, and the approach to suddenness and definiteness in their learning simulates that of human beings.
1901 E. L. Thorndike Human Nature Club iii. 38 This method of learning may be called the method of trial and error..or..the animal method of learning.
1922 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. xiii. 311 To compare human and animal learning..cannot but throw light on the whole problem of the process of learning.
1924 R. M. Ogden tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind ii. 41 Certain stages of development are attained only after learning has been added to growth and maturation.
1940 W. Köhler Dynamics in Psychol. (1942) iii. 114 If this is the case, retroactive inhibition..must also be a disturbance of the product of learning.
1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning xii. 353 It can be stated with reasonable confidence that there are changes in the nervous system accompanying learning.
1968 H. L. Gelernter & N. Rochester in C. R. Evans & D. J. Robertson Cybernetics 70 This is the learning involved when the machine uses results on one problem to improve its guesses about similar problems.
1970 M. H. Marx Learning: Theories p. v It is no longer possible for one psychologist to be fully expert in all the areas of so broad and diversified a field as learning.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > teaching > [noun]
lore971
wissingc1000
wordloreOE
teachingc1175
kenningc1320
lering1377
learningc1380
disciplinea1382
doctrinec1384
ensignment1398
instruction?a1439
schoolc1449
schoolingc1449
document?a1500
instructing1516
entechmenta1522
institution1531
teachment1562
repasting1567
tuition1582
lessoning1583
tutoring1590
loring1596
tutorage1638
indoctrination1646
principling1649
tutorya1713
tutorhood1752
didactic1754
documenting1801
pupillizing1815
tutorizing1837
tutorization1842
tutelagea1856
coachmanship1873
preception1882
c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 393 Þe gospels of Crist written in Englische to moost lernyng of oure nacioun.
1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iv. x. 255 It is gode for to speke therof to the lernynge of thoos that shall most iuge therof.
1727 P. Longueville Hermit 72 The old Man concludes to give him his Learning, if his Relations only would find him in Board and other Necessaries.
1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 35 O, cud I afford it, mair larnin thou'd get!
a. a lesson, instruction.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > a lesson
lore971
learning1362
lessona1398
leara1400
lecture?1542
document1549
1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 174 That nis no treuthe of trinite but..a leornyng for lewed men, the latere forte dele.
1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) cxxxvii. 183 (heading) The thre enseygnementes or lernynges whiche Cathon gaf to his sone.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) i. i. 43 The King..Puts to him all the Learnings that his time Could make him the receiuer of. View more context for this quotation
b. information or direction.
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society > communication > information > [noun]
kithc900
avaymentc1315
learningc1386
information1390
knowledgea1398
witteringa1400
witting1417
advicec1425
hearinga1450
understanding1473
intelligence?a1475
intellectionc1475
wit1487
instructiona1535
myance1552
fact1566
aviso1589
facts and figures1727
tell1823
message1828
renseignement1841
khubber1878
dope1901
lowdown1905
info1907
poop1911
oil1915
score1938
gen1940
intel1961
scam1964
c1386 G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale 184 Right as hym was taught by his lernynge He foond this hooly olde Vrban.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. ii. 51 I did inquire it, And haue my Learning from some true reports. View more context for this quotation
c. the ‘teaching’ of a person; a doctrine; also, a doctrine or maxim in law.
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the mind > mental capacity > belief > school of thought > [noun] > teaching, doctrine
lorec950
teachinga1300
learning1526
tendry1624
society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > legal maxim
maxim?1530
maxima1564
learninga1626
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rev. ii. 24 As many as have nott this lernynge.
1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. xii. f. xxxiiii To expounde vnknowen learnynges.
1560 Bp. J. Pilkington Aggeus the Prophete sig. C ij Teaching learninges which are the commaundementes of men.
a1625 J. Boys Wks. (1629–30) 128 Christ the way, the truth and the life..The truth in his learning, the way for his liuing.
a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) Pref. sig. B2 Particular and positive learnings of lawes doe easily decline from a good temper of iustice.
d. a branch of learning; a science.
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the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > [noun]
craftOE
lorec1290
cunning1340
facultyc1384
sciencea1387
intelligencea1393
disciplinea1398
masterya1425
learning1570
skill1570
doctrine1594
ism1680
ology1811
ography1828
sophya1843
osophy1851
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. xi. f. 315 It is no rare thing in all learninges..to haue one thing more generall then an other.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. H3v He did send his diuine truth into the world, wayted on with other Learnings . View more context for this quotation
1613 H. Finch Law (1636) 6 The rules of Reason are of two sorts; some taken from forreigne learnings, both diuine and humane.
e. an acquirement. Obsolete.
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the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > acquired skill
exercise1604
learning1604
accomplishment1652
acquirement1795
feel1891
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 36 I once did hold it..A basenesse to write faire, and labourd much How to forget that learning . View more context for this quotation
3.
a. Knowledge, esp. of language or literary or historical science, acquired by systematic study; also, the possession of such knowledge, learnedness.
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the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [noun] > scholarliness
knowledgec1475
clerkliness1533
scientialness1579
learning1611
scholarliness1611
learnedness1646
book-learnedness1661
research1700
knowledgeability1998
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 16108 Men han seide þat þou art: wis of lernyng ȝore.
a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. xxiv. sig. s.ii But for marchaunt men hauyng litell lernyng.
1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 175 Oxenford..a norishe of learning, and a famous universitie.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iv. iii. 293 + 19 Learning is but an adiunct to our selfe, And where we are, our Learning likewise is.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 2 The rare learning that he hath attained vnto.
1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 24 The servil condition into which lerning..was brought.
1676 M. Lister in J. Ray Corr. (1848) 125 [Plagiaries] being the bane and pest of learning.
1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 14 A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing.
a1732 J. Gay Fables (1738) II. xi. 100 Learning by study must be won.
1756 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. I. 471 That Politianus was a man of learning must be confessed.
1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. lxi. 287 It..is not much to the credit either of their learning or integrity.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxx. 136 He had betrayed the ancient seat of freedom and learning to the Gothic invader.
1822 W. Hazlitt Table-talk I. viii. 167 Learning is the knowledge of that which none but the learned know.
1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. iii. 232 Ancient learning is to be divided into two great departments.
1887 J. R. Lowell Democracy & Other Addr. 122 What we want is not learning, but knowledge.
b. the new learning: the studies, esp. that of the Greek language, introduced into England in the 16th century; also applied to the doctrines of the Reformation.
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the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > humanistic studies > [noun] > specifically in Renaissance
the new learning?1533
humanism1885
society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Reformation > [noun]
the new learning?1533
reformation1563
?1533 H. Latimer in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. xliii. 119 Ye sayed that it was plaine, that this New lernyng (as ye call it) was not the trowth... Ye call the Scripture the new Lerninge; which I am sure is eldre than any lerninge, that ye wote to be the old.
a1563 J. Bale King Johan (1969) ii. 1157 I trust ye beleve as holy chyrch doth teache ye, And from the new lernyng ye are wyllyng for to fle.
?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing To Rdr. sig. av Suche as impute this thing to the newe learning and preaching of the gospell are shamefully deceiued.
1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. 28 The King's displeasure against the..Bishops of the new Learning.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vi. §4. 305 On the Universities the influence of the New Learning was like a passing from death to life.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
learning-place n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > [noun] > educational institution
studya1382
school1440
learning-place1517
pedagogy1571
learning-seat1584
seminary1585
Academe1598
phrontisterion1615
phrontistery1623
pedagoguery1820
thinking-shop1837
centre of learning1844
1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) iv. 24 I went to doctryne prayenge her good grace For to assygne me my fyrst lernynge place.
a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. i. 173 The Courts a learning place . View more context for this quotation
learning process n.
ΚΠ
1922 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. xiii. 302 It makes the learning process easier to follow.
1947 A. W. Melton in Harvard Educ. Rev. 29 96 Educators..must know how to manage the learning process.
1949 G. Shurr & R. D. Yocom Mod. Dance i. 13 Nothing can substitute for the physical activity which is necessary to the learning process.
learning programme n.
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1962 R. M. Gagné in Psychol. Rev. LXIX. 355/1 Autoinstructional devices and their component learning programs.
learning score n.
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1970 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. 83 46 The analysis of variance on learning scores.
learning-seat n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > [noun] > educational institution
studya1382
school1440
learning-place1517
pedagogy1571
learning-seat1584
seminary1585
Academe1598
phrontisterion1615
phrontistery1623
pedagoguery1820
thinking-shop1837
centre of learning1844
1584 King James VI & I Ess. Prentise Poesie sig. Eiiij That is a storehouse riche, a learning seat.
learning situation n.
ΚΠ
1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning xii. 335 Many learning situations require the selection of one or another possible mode of action.
C2.
learning curve n. a graph showing progress in learning.
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society > education > learning > [noun] > graph representing progress
learning curve1922
1922 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. xiii. 307 Learning curve for the rat in the maze.
1924 R. M. Ogden tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind iv. 168 All these facts..would naturally operate to shorten the learning-curve.
1967 J. M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour x. 183 In fact some manual operatives also learn by doing, and learning curves can be plotted which show their rate of progress.
1968 H. Johannsen & A. Robertson Managem. Gloss. 74 Learning curves indicate how the rate of learning changes with increased practice and are used to predict labour productivity.
learning machine n. a machine of the electronic computer type that can ‘learn’ by recording the results of attempts to solve a problem and giving preference to those which are successful.
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society > computing and information technology > hardware > computer > [noun] > electronic > learning machine
learning machine1950
1950 A. M. Turing in Mind LIX. 458 The idea of a learning machine may appear paradoxical to some readers.
1950 A. M. Turing in Mind LIX. 459 It is probably wise to include a random element in a learning machine.
1954 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 15 June 1035/2 Work..on the insightful learning machine was also continued.
1963 A. M. Andrew Brains & Computers 61 Future machines of this kind will certainly also be learning machines.
1967 R. Whitehead in G. Wills & R. Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 57 Brains, self-organizing systems, economic systems, learning machines, computers, and automated factories are among the many subjects examined by the cybernetician.
learning resources n. (also attributive), collective materials for learning, e.g. microfilms, audio-visual aids, made accessible in a library, school, etc.; also learning-resource attributive phr.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [noun] > learning resources
learning resources1969
1969 Library Jrnl. 1 Apr. 1536/3 (advt.) Student body of 5000 on two campuses; 300 teachers; new learning resources center.
1970 Library Jrnl. 15 Feb. 800/3 (advt.) Curriculum adviser to work..in planning..for new learning resource facility incorporating uses of all learning materials.
1970 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 25 Sept. 39/1 (advt.) The successful applicant..will be responsible for assisting the principal in organizing, equipping and stocking a 3-level Learning Resource Centre in an innovational secondary school.
learning theory n. theory attempting to account for the process of learning.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [noun] > learning theory
learning theory1947
1947 Harvard Educ. Rev. 29 84 (heading) The relation of learning theory to the technology of education.
1962 Listener 15 Nov. 793/2 The psycho-analysts..believe that learning theory..is doomed to give only an incomplete and sometimes misleading account of personality development.
1967 J. M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour viii. 148 Various training techniques derived from learning theory have been developed for the removal of symptoms [of mental disorders].
1968 E. Lovejoy Attention in Discrim. Learning iii. 44 This selectivity is likely to be an important part of a learning theory.
Draft additions 1997
learning set n. Psychology an ability to solve problems of a particular type which is acquired through experience of solving such problems.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [noun] > ability to solve problems of a particular type
learning set1949
1949 H. F. Harlow in Psychol. Rev. 56 51/2 The learning of primary importance to the primates, at least, is the formation of learning sets; it is the learning how to learn efficiently.
1949 H. F. Harlow in Psychol. Rev. 56 53/1 It is this learning how to learn a kind of problem that we designated by the term learning set.
1975 Lang. for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xxvi. 523 Before starting on a reading scheme children should have had a wide range of preparatory reading experiences and acquired certain ‘learning sets’.
1986 F. J. Bruno Dict. Key Words in Psychol. 126 Experience with groups of similar problems results in the gradual formation of a learning set.
Draft additions February 2005
learning difficulty n. difficulty in acquiring knowledge and skills; an instance of this, or factor causing this; esp. (chiefly British) (frequently in plural) such difficulty or difficulties arising from a neurodevelopmental condition, esp. intellectual disability or a specific learning disorder; the neurodevelopmental condition itself.
ΚΠ
1920 Vocational Summary 3 62/1 By learning difficulties we mean such factors as inhibit or render difficult the acquisition by the learner of the knowledge and skill which the course is intended to impart.
1954 G. H. J. Pearson Psychoanal. & Educ. Child ii. 41 Does the concept of deflection of attention account for all types of learning difficulties based on intrapsychic conflicts?
1993 Independent (Nexis) 17 Nov. 11 People with an intellectual disability are now normally described as ‘people with learning difficulties’. ‘Mental handicap’ is acceptable to some people but others dislike it because they believe it carries a stigma.
2014 Daily Tel. 7 Nov. 14/5 Access arrangements are intended to assist pupils with disabilities, learning difficulties or medical conditions that might impair their performance.
Draft additions February 2005
learning disability n. a disability that affects the acquisition of knowledge and skills; (in later use) spec. a neurodevelopmental condition that has this effect, esp. (a) (chiefly British) intellectual disability; (b) (chiefly U.S.) a specific learning disorder.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > learning impairment > [noun]
retardation1907
moronism1913
learning disability1920
subnormality1935
1920 W. Healy & A. F. Bronner in Harvey Humphrey Baker (Judge Baker Foundation) 126 Use of a method of teaching especially adapted to the special type of learning disability..proves in appropriate cases of very great value.
1948 Bridgeport (Connecticut) Post 31 Aug. 12/4 This institution exists to resolve the learning disabilities of the boys and girls who don't read well, and who persist in their errors even after being exposed to good methods, books and teachers for several years.
1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 907/1 Some forms of learning disability are due to ‘minimal brain damage’.
2001 Community Care 13 Dec. 82/5 (advt.) Pembrokeshire Resource Centre placement available in specialist unit for adults with learning disabilities particularly Autism, Aspergers and associated syndromes.
2016 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 13 Jan. d3/3 Some of us are visual learners, others are auditory learners, and some may have a learning disability that requires help from a trained professional.
Draft additions February 2005
learning disabled adj. having a learning disability.
ΚΠ
1965 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Jrnl. 15 Sept. 24/7 Dr. Di Carlo demonstrated his diagnostic and instructional procedures in the examination of learning disabled children.
2003 Disability Now July 8/4 He called for people to complain to the CPS if prosecutors fail learning disabled people in court.
Draft additions December 2021
learning disorder n. any condition that impairs learning; esp. (more fully developmental learning disorder, specific learning disorder) any neurodevelopmental condition that affects the learning and use of specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or basic arithmetic.In the United States also called learning disability. In Britain such conditions are included in learning difficulties.
ΚΠ
1954 G. H. J. Pearson Psychoanal. & Educ. Child ii. 41 It may appear that I have already discussed all of the types and causes of learning disorders.
1960 N. E. Wood in Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Devel. 25 No. 3. 20 Learning disorders are more frequently identified when the child is unable to read or write even though psychological assessment of his mental capacities indicates that he should be able to master these performances.
1988 D. L. Orsini et al. Neuropsychol. Casebk. vii. 200 (heading) Residual signs of a developmental learning disorder.
2018 D. R. Falvo & B. E. Holland Med. & Psychosocial Aspects Chronic Illness & Disability xii. 182/1 Imaging studies have shown altered patterns of brain functioning in persons with the specific learning disorder dyslexia.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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