/ˈaɪərɪdiːz/, irises.irisn.
/ˈʌɪərɪs//ˈaɪərɪdiːz/, irises. 1. Greek Mythology. The goddess who acted as the messenger of the gods, and was held to display as her sign, or appear as, the rainbow; hence, allusively, a messenger.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > message > [noun] > messenger
erendrakec825
bodec888
apostlec950
sand1038
sandesman1123
sanderbodec1200
bearer?c1225
errand-bearer?c1225
messenger?c1225
erindeberea1250
sand-manc1275
beadsman1377
herald1377
messagea1382
runnera1382
sendmana1400
interpreter1490
nuntius1534
post1535
pursuivant?1536
nuncius1573
nuncio1587
carrier1594
nunciate1596
mercury1597
chiaus1599
foreranger1612
postera1614
irisa1616
missivea1616
chouse1632
angela1637
caduceator1684
purpose messenger1702
errand-bringer1720
harkara1747
commissionaire1749
carrier pigeon1785
errander1803
errand-porter1818
tchaush1819
card carrier1845
errand-goer1864
choush1866
ghulam1882
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. ii. 411 Wheresoere thou art in this worlds Globe, Ile haue an Iris that shall finde thee out. View more context for this quotation
2.
a. A rainbow; a many-coloured refraction of light from drops of water.
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the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > rainbow > [noun]
bowa1000
rainbowOE
heaven-bowc1390
iris1490
rainy bow1597
archa1616
bow of promise1820
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > chromatism > [noun] > rainbow
rainbowc1384
iris1490
water-bow1827
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxviii. 109 Yris..is the rayen bowe wyth hir fayr cote of dyuerse fygures.
1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue vii. sig. A4 Each eybrowe hanges like Iris in the skies.
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 373 His crest that prouder then blew Iris bends. View more context for this quotation
1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 6 The good Deed would..half-impress On my dark Cloud an Iris.
1782 Tunstall in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 73 103 No lunar Iris, I ever heard or read of, lasted near so long as that on the 18th instant.
1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xiii. 110 Illuminating its perimeter like two mock suns in the opposite parts of an iris.
b. transferred. A rainbow-like or iridescent appearance; a circle or halo of prismatic colours; a combination or alternation of brilliant colours.
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the world > matter > colour > variegation > iridescence > [noun] > iridescent appearance or formation
irisa1616
iridescency1799
kaleidoscope1819
a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. iii. 148 What's the matter, That this distempered messenger of wet? The manie colour'd Iris rounds thine eye [cf. Lucrece 1594] ? View more context for this quotation
1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 2 He useth three Eye-Glasses for his great Telescopes, without finding any Iris, or such Rain-bow colors as do usually appear in ordinary Glasses.
1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 340 Pretious stones of seueral sorts and Lustures..composeing a rich Iris of seueral colours.
1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. 442 We saw, as in a looking-glass, the image of each of us, the head being as it were the centre of three concentrick iris's.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 94 In the Spring a livelier iris changes on the burnish'd dove.
c. figurative.
ΚΠ
1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 5 If Liberty Lent not life its soul of light, Hope its iris of delight.
1864 B. Disraeli Revolutionary Epick (rev. ed.) ii. xiii. 97 Is Virtue but a shade? And Freedom but the iris [1834 rainbow] of a storm?
1878 B. Taylor Prince Deukalion i. ii. 26 Print thy soft iris on white wings of prayer.
3.
a. A hexagonal prismatic crystal (mentioned by Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxvii. ix. 52).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal
crystalOE
irisa1387
crystalline1539
rainbow-stone1587
Cornish diamond1591
diamond1591
mountain crystal1598
rock crystal1598
pebble1688
Cornish stone1695
Welsh diamond1705
rainbow crystal1748
quartz crystal1770
Irish diamond1774
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal > piece of
crystal stonea1387
irisa1387
crystala1393
rock crystal1660
quartz crystal1770
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 337 Also þere [i.e. in Ireland] groweþ þat stoon Saxagonus, and is i-cleped Iris also, as it were þe reynebowe.
c1400 Mandeville Voiage & Travaile (1839) xxviii. 219 The white ben of cristalle and of berylle and of Iris.
1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 36 The image of the raynbow may be seen on a walle, ye sunn striking through a sixe pointed stoone, called Iris, or anye other Christall of the same fashion.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 623 Next after the Ceraunia, there is a stone named Iris: digged out of the ground it is in a certain Isle of the red sea... For the most part it resembleth Crystal... If the beams of the Sun strike vpon it directly within house, it sendeth from it against the wals that be near, the very resemblance of a rainbow both in form and colour.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iv. 78 Diamonds, Saphyres, Carbuncles, Iris, Opalls. View more context for this quotation
1748 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. I. 179 The Iris, or Rain-bow Crystal of authors.
1861 H. W. Bristow Gloss. Mineral. 191 Rock Crystal can be made into Iris.
b. ‘Applied by French jewellers to a variety of rock-crystal, possessing the property of reflecting the prismatic colours by means of natural flaws in the interior of the stone’ (Westropp Precious Stones).Opinions differ as to the identity of these senses, some taking sense 3a as ‘the prismatic crystals of limpid quartz, which decompose the rays of the sun’ (Westropp).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun] > varieties of
rainbow-stone1587
Bristol-diamond1596
Bristol1618
Bristol-stone1646
Bristol-gem1706
rainbow crystal1748
cairngorm1794
rhinestone1871
iris1874
1874 H. M. Westropp Man. Precious Stones 90 Hyaline quartz iridized internally (called at the present day iris).
4.
a. Anatomy. A flat, circular, coloured membrane suspended vertically in the aqueous humour of the eye, and separating the anterior from the posterior chamber; in its centre is a circular opening, called the pupil, which may be enlarged or diminished so as to regulate the amount of light transmitted to the retina.The colour of the iris, blue, brown, grey, etc., is what is known as the colour of the eye.
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the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > parts of sight organ > [noun] > iris
iris1525
rainbow1525
bow1611
irid1822
1525 Anothomia in tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Handy Warke Surg. sig. Bjv/2 There be iij. materyall circles yt ronne about the iye, and because they be so different of colours they be callyd yride [s] or rain bowys.
1619 S. Purchas Microcosmus viii. 90 This Centre is enuironed with a Circle, called Iris, of many colours in Man onely.
1777 Darwin in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 68 87 There was no perceptible difference in the diameter of the irises.
1881 St. G. Mivart Cat 473 An iris capable of contracting its aperture to a vertical linear slit.
1881 E. Cope in Knowledge (1883) 136/2 The colour of the skin, hair, and irides.
b. (transferred) Entomology. The inner ring of an ocellated spot on an insect's wing; usually lighter than the outer ring, and the central spot or pupil.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > wings(s) > stigma > inner ring of ocellated spot
iris1826
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 727 Caudate wing. Pupil. Iris.
1838 J. O. Westwood Entomologist's Text Bk. 278 Eyelets (Ocelli),..the centre..is termed the pupil, and is surrounded by the iris.
c. Photography. = iris-diaphragm n. at Compounds 2; also attributive. Also iris-in n., iris-out n. (see quots. 19591, 19592): both used as verbs. Also transferred and figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > diaphragms
stop1831
iris-diaphragm1867
iris1911
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > special effect > [noun] > others
mix1922
iris-in1929
iris-out1929
superimposition1931
wipe1933
hanging miniature1937
matched dissolve1953
match dissolve1959
super1959
multiple image1965
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > special effect > special effects [verb (intransitive)] > others
iris-in1934
iris-out1934
wipe1951
mix1952
1911 C. N. Bennett et al. Handbk. Kinematogr. i. iv. 28 In the form of lens attached to kinematograph cameras, alteration of diaphragm is effected by the movement of a ring or pin on the lens mount which causes the ‘iris’ inside to open and close like the iris of a cat's eye, except that the hole in the middle always remains circular in shape.
1929 I. Montagu tr. V. I. Pudovkin On Film Technique App. 191 The author gives..the iris-in and iris-out, mentioning what is called the fade only as a variant.
1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Iris, to operate the iris of a camera so as to fade (a picture). With in or out.
1958 Spectator 6 June 730/3 He can iris himself in and out of the scene at will.
1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 104/2 Iris-in, the film wipe, in which the image viewed progressively disappears and at the same time is replaced by another, moving from the centre of the frame outwards in the form of a circle.
1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 104/2 Iris-out, the film wipe, in which the image viewed progressively disappears and is replaced by another from the outside of the frame, moving inwards in the form of a circle.
1961 K. Reisz Technique Film Editing (ed. 9) iii. 246 An iris may on occasion introduce or close a shot in a more telling way than a fade.
1962 B.B.C. Handbook 119 The control of the zooming, focusing, and iris setting, of a television camera.
1966 P. G. Wodehouse Plum Pie vii. 177 After a terrific struggle the hood called it a day and irised out.
1968 J. Blish & N. L. Knight Torrent of Faces ii. vii. 137 Fongaváro glided silently through the Rest Stop door, which irised shut as silently behind him.
1969 L. Gish & A. Pinchot Lillian Gish xi. 145 The scene of Sherman's march to the sea opened with an iris shot—a small area.
1969 L. Gish & A. Pinchot Lillian Gish xi. 145 Slowly the iris opened wider to reveal a great panorama.
1972 P. G. Wodehouse Pearls, Girls, & Monty Bodkin vii. 102 When a bunch of flatfeet burst in with their uncouth cry of ‘Everybody keep their seats, please,’ the thing to do is to iris out unobtrusively through the kitchen.
5. Botany. A genus of plants, the type of the natural order Iridaceæ, natives of Europe, North Africa, and the temperate regions of Asia and America; most of the species have tuberous (less commonly bulbous or fibrous) roots, sword-shaped equitant leaves, and showy flowers; formerly often called Fleur-de-lis or Flower-de-luce. Also, a plant of this genus. blue iris n. Iris germanica, the German Flag, a common cultivated species. fetid iris n. the Gladden, Iris fœtidissima. Florentine iris n. = white iris n. stinking iris n. = fetid iris n. white iris n. Iris florentina, from which orrisroot is obtained. yellow iris n. the Yellow Flag, Iris Pseudacorus, the common British species.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > iris and related flowers > irises
gladdona700
gladiolusc1000
flaga1387
fleur-de-lisc1390
regworta1400
yellow flag1526
lug1538
yellow lily1555
spurge-wort1562
swordling1562
garden flag1578
ireos1578
iris1578
stinking iris1578
water flag1578
yellow iris1578
fane1597
Florentine flower-de-luce1597
stinking gladdon1597
stinking sedge1597
velvet flower-de-luce1597
orris1609
sisyrinchium1629
luce1642
Florence iris1664
cuttle-haft1688
blue flag1732
snake's-head iris1739
flag-flower1753
roast-beef plant1800
shalder1825
flag-leaf1827
sweet sedge1839
poison flag1840
flagger1842
wedding-flower1869
mourning iris1874
flagon1878
Rocky Mountain iris1880
Florentine iris1882
Japanese iris1883
flag-lily1884
sword-flag1884
blue iris1886
thunderbolt1898
scorpion iris1900
1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 23 Iris is knowen both of the Grecianes and Latines by that name; it is called..in Englishe flour de lyce.]
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 192 There be many kindes of Iris, or floure Deluce.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 192 The stincking Iris, and the yellow Iris.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 193 The Irides or flower Deluces do most commonly flower about May.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 698 Each beauteous flour, Iris all hues, Roses, and Gessamin. View more context for this quotation
1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. iii. 310 Transplant your..Persian and bulbous Iris's.
1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam ci. 157 We glided winding under ranks Of iris, and the golden reed. View more context for this quotation
1882 Garden 3 June 385/3 The drought of the past week has burnt up the Irises.
1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 2 Oct. 4 The plains were ornamented with dwarfed blue irides.
6. Astronomy. Name of the seventh of the asteroids.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > minor planet or asteroid > [noun] > specific
Vesta1807
Juno1834
Victoria1851
psyche1852
Urania1855
iris1858
Sappho1864
Clio1867
Euterpe1867
Virginia1868
Eros1900
Trojan1918
Amor1932
1858 Penny Cycl. 2nd Suppl. 708/1 Minor planets..Iris..[discoverer] Hind..[date of discovery] August 13, 1847.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
a.
iris-colour n.
ΚΠ
18.. J. D. Dana Min. (L.) The tarnish and iris colours of minerals are owing to a thin surface film.
1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light 58 With white light the circles display iris-colours.
iris-glow n.
ΚΠ
1823 F. D. Hemans Last Constantine lxxiv, in Siege of Valencia 40 Such an iris-glow as emulates the skies.
iris-gradation n.
ΚΠ
1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 357 Tender iris-gradations of colour.
iris-ornament n.
iris-ring n.
ΚΠ
1863 J. Tyndall Heat (1870) xv. 539 A series of most splendidly-coloured iris-rings.
iris-tint n.
ΚΠ
1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 5 Dec. The snow was all bathed in iris tints.
b.
iris-coloured adj.
ΚΠ
1869 J. Tyndall Notes on Light §475 When white light is employed, instead of bands of brightness separated from each other by bands of darkness, we have a series of iris-coloured bands.
iris-hued adj.
ΚΠ
1887 G. M. Fenn Master of Cerem. i Delivering its take of iris-hued mackerel.
iris-like adj.
ΚΠ
1849 H. Mayo On Truths Pop. Superstit. ii. 26 Returning hope shone, Iris-like, amid her falling tears.
c. (In sense 4, chiefly meaning ‘used in surgical operations on the iris’.)
iris-forceps n.
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the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > forceps
tenaclesc1400
tongsc1425
raven's bill1446
parrotbill1598
duck's bill1601
swan's bill1631
forceps1634
beaks1656
volsella1684
tenaculum1693
rostrum1722
crane's-bill1753
porte-aiguille1830
volsellum1851
vulsellum1863
iris-forceps1874
speculum forceps1875
bulldog forceps1880
the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > instruments used in eye operations
cataract-needle1688
cystitome1809
cystotome1847
suction tube1863
iris-forceps1874
iris-scissors1874
strabotome1875
vectis1882
cataract-knife-
1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 144 He draws out with a pair of iris forceps the corresponding segment of the iris.
iris-hook n.
iris-knife n.
ΚΠ
1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 346/2 The iris-knife is a convenient size and form for many purposes.
iris science n.
ΚΠ
1921 Glasgow Herald 17 Feb. 9 Iris science also threw an entirely new light upon the ideas prevailing with reference to germs and infection by bacteria, as well as of vaccine and serum treatment.
iris-scissors n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > instruments used in eye operations
cataract-needle1688
cystitome1809
cystotome1847
suction tube1863
iris-forceps1874
iris-scissors1874
strabotome1875
vectis1882
cataract-knife-
1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 158 Through the wound in the cornea the blades of a pair of fine iris scissors may be introduced.
d. (In sense 5.)
iris-blossom n.
ΚΠ
1899 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 30 The tall grass, green herb and leaf, the iris blossoms.
iris blue adj.
ΚΠ
1908 F. Treves Cradle of Deep x. 57 A West Indian island..rising aloft from an iris-blue sea.
iris-family n.
ΚΠ
1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xxi. 304 Covered with rushes and plants of the Iris family.
iris-flower n.
ΚΠ
1818 P. B. Shelley Marenghi xxiv. 5 The coarse bulbs of iris-flowers.
iris green n.
ΚΠ
1875 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 95/1 Iris green, a pigment prepared by grinding the juice of the petals of the blue flag with quicklime. It is very fugitive.
1880 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 276/2 From the flowers of Iris florentina a pigment—the ‘verdelis’, ‘vert d'iris’, or iris-green, formerly used by miniature painters—was prepared by maceration.
iris-root n.
C2.
iris-camphor n. an ethereal oil obtained from iris-roots ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1887).
iris-coffee n. the seeds of Iris pseudacorus, used as a substitute for coffee ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon).
iris diagnosis n. = iridiagnosis n.
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the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > [noun] > diagnosis > specific methods of diagnosis
uromancy1569
uroscopy1646
waterology1654
analogism1663
succussion1747
mensuration1827
urinoscopy1836
urinalysis1867
uranalysis1889
skiagraphy1896
scatology1897
cytodiagnosis1900
cytology1902
radiodiagnosis1904
radiodiagnostics1904
urinomancy1904
iridology1916
iridiagnosis1918
iris diagnosis1921
xenodiagnosis1947
ultrasonography1960
telediagnosis1961
immunodiagnostics1970
1921 Glasgow Herald 17 Feb. 9 Iris diagnosis and its relation to true health.
1938 H. Orbell (title) The science of iris-diagnosis.
iris-diaphragm n. a contractile diaphragm for lenses, contrived so as to imitate the action of the iris.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > diaphragms
stop1831
iris-diaphragm1867
iris1911
1867 Trans. Royal Miscrosc. Soc. 15 74 (heading) Iris diaphragm proving the circular form whether expanding or contracting.
a1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. II. 1195/2 Iris-diaphragm, a contractile diaphragm, simulating the action of the natural iris.
1889 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 66 These lenses may be had with iris diaphragms.
1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 119 Iris diaphragms applied to photographic lenses are a recent reintroduction.
iris-disease n. a form of herpes, generally affecting the back of the hands.
iris-root n. the root of Iris florentina, orris-root.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > fragrant plants or plants used in perfumery > [noun] > roots
cost?a1200
costusc1487
orris root1598
putchuk1617
iris-root1673
1673 N. Grew Idea Phytol. Hist. ii. i. 57 Some parts of Iris Root appear oftentimes above the ground.
iris-swallow n. a swallow of the sub-genus Iridoprocne, having iridescent plumage.
Draft additions December 2005
iris recognition n. a system used for the identification of individuals, in which the pattern of features in the iris of the eye is recorded photographically and encoded.
ΚΠ
1986 PCT Patents Rep., T 4/3 The system for performing iris recognition may include a processor which controls an illumination control circuit.
1998 Daily Tel. (Electronic ed.) 24 Apr. At the counter, the iris recognition device eliminates the need for a signature to withdraw cash.
2005 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 16 American officials had demanded only that biometric passports contain a digital picture of the holder, not the facial scan, fingerprints and even iris recognition data proposed under the British ID card scheme.
Draft additions December 2005
iris scan n. the pattern of features in the iris of a person's eye, as recorded and encoded by an iris scanner; the act of scanning a person's iris in order to obtain such a record or to corroborate their identity.
ΚΠ
1995 Washington Times (Nexis) 16 Apr. a11 (heading) Iris scan... An ordinary video camera captures the burrows, freckles, rings and filaments that make the eye's lens unique.
1997 Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 1/1 Although the code will initially be a PIN number, researchers are hoping to allow an individual to be identified by a fingerprint, an iris scan, or even a DNA sample.
2005 Washington Post (Nexis) 5 Feb. e1 One of the three times he tried to use the machine that reads fingerprints and iris scans of registered travelers, it was broken.
Draft additions December 2005
iris scanner n. a device or system that records the pattern of features in the iris of the eye (quot. 1990 refers to a fictional device).
ΚΠ
1990 R. L. Forward Rocheworld 24 Both palms on the slanted glass plates and both eyes in the rubber cups of the iris scanner.
1996 Business News (New Jersey) (Nexis) 11 Dec. 9 Sensar is expected to announce a major deal shortly for the installation of ATM machines equipped with iris scanners.
2001 Time 26 Nov. 82/2 Iris scanners..are enhancing security at airports.
Draft additions December 2005
iris scanning n. The action or process of scanning the iris of a person's eye for identification purposes.
ΚΠ
1994 IEEE Spectrum Feb. 22/2 Iris scanning..can be done from a more comfortable distance.
1995 Internat. Jrnl. Retail & Distribution Managem. (Nexis) May 3 The major advantage of the iris-scanning technique over retinal scanning is that it does not require the user to focus on a target, because the iris pattern is on the eye's surface.
2003 Independent 6 May i. 4/8 The G8 ministers endorsed a call by Britain for their nations to use biometric data—such as fingerprints and iris scanning—to prevent the forgery of travel documents and passports.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
irisv.
/ˈʌɪərɪs/ transitive. To make iridescent; to form into, or place as, a rainbow. Only in past participle.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > variegation > iridescence > make iridescent [verb (transitive)]
iris1816
iridize1874
1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 558 Its color is a light lead gray, often tarnished with a tinge of yellow, and sometimes irised.
1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 81 The wreaths of fitful vapour..irised around the pillars of waterfalls.
1894 Outing Aug. 348/2 Watch the bubbles go and come Irised on the crystal stream.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2019).
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