irisn.

/ˈʌɪərɪs/

Forms: Plural irides

/ˈaɪərɪdiːz/, irises.

Etymology: < Greek ἶρις, stem ἰριδ- . The senses (except 3, 6) correspond to those of the Greek word; so also French iris . The plural irides is chiefly used in sense 4.

1. Greek Mythology. The goddess who acted as the messenger of the gods, and was held to display as her sign, or appear as, the rainbow; hence, allusively, a messenger.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > message > [noun] > messenger

erendrakec825

bodec888

apostlec950

sand1038

sandesman1123

sanderbodec1200

bearer?c1225

errand-bearer?c1225

messenger?c1225

erindeberea1250

sand-manc1275

beadsman1377

herald1377

messagea1382

runnera1382

sendmana1400

interpreter1490

nuntius1534

post1535

pursuivant?1536

nuncius1573

nuncio1587

carrier1594

nunciate1596

mercury1597

chiaus1599

foreranger1612

postera1614

irisa1616

missivea1616

chouse1632

angela1637

caduceator1684

purpose messenger1702

errand-bringer1720

harkara1747

commissionaire1749

carrier pigeon1785

errander1803

errand-porter1818

tchaush1819

card carrier1845

errand-goer1864

choush1866

ghulam1882

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. ii. 411 Wheresoere thou art in this worlds Globe, Ile haue an Iris that shall finde thee out.

a. A rainbow; a many-coloured refraction of light from drops of water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > rainbow > [noun]

bowa1000

rainbowOE

heaven-bowc1390

iris1490

rainy bow1597

archa1616

bow of promise1820

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > chromatism > [noun] > rainbow

rainbowc1384

iris1490

water-bow1827

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxviii. 109 Yris..is the rayen bowe wyth hir fayr cote of dyuerse fygures.

1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue vii. sig. A4 Each eybrowe hanges like Iris in the skies.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 373 His crest that prouder then blew Iris bends.

1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 6 The good Deed would..half-impress On my dark Cloud an Iris.

1782 Tunstall in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 73 103 No lunar Iris, I ever heard or read of, lasted near so long as that on the 18th instant.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xiii. 110 Illuminating its perimeter like two mock suns in the opposite parts of an iris.

b. transferred. A rainbow-like or iridescent appearance; a circle or halo of prismatic colours; a combination or alternation of brilliant colours.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > variegation > iridescence > [noun] > iridescent appearance or formation

irisa1616

iridescency1799

kaleidoscope1819

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. iii. 148 What's the matter, That this distempered messenger of wet? The manie colour'd Iris rounds thine eye [cf. Lucrece 1594] ?

1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 2 He useth three Eye-Glasses for his great Telescopes, without finding any Iris, or such Rain-bow colors as do usually appear in ordinary Glasses.

1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 340 Pretious stones of seueral sorts and Lustures..composeing a rich Iris of seueral colours.

1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. 442 We saw, as in a looking-glass, the image of each of us, the head being as it were the centre of three concentrick iris's.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 94 In the Spring a livelier iris changes on the burnish'd dove.

c. figurative.

ΚΠ

1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 5 If Liberty Lent not life its soul of light, Hope its iris of delight.

1864 B. Disraeli Revolutionary Epick (rev. ed.) ii. xiii. 97 Is Virtue but a shade? And Freedom but the iris [1834 rainbow] of a storm?

1878 B. Taylor Prince Deukalion i. ii. 26 Print thy soft iris on white wings of prayer.

a. A hexagonal prismatic crystal (mentioned by Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxvii. ix. 52).

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the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal

crystalOE

irisa1387

crystalline1539

rainbow-stone1587

Cornish diamond1591

diamond1591

mountain crystal1598

rock crystal1598

pebble1688

Cornish stone1695

Welsh diamond1705

rainbow crystal1748

quartz crystal1770

Irish diamond1774

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal > piece of

crystal stonea1387

irisa1387

crystala1393

rock crystal1660

quartz crystal1770

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 337 Also þere [i.e. in Ireland] groweþ þat stoon Saxagonus, and is i-cleped Iris also, as it were þe reynebowe.

c1400 Mandeville Voiage & Travaile (1839) xxviii. 219 The white ben of cristalle and of berylle and of Iris.

1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 36 The image of the raynbow may be seen on a walle, y^e sunn striking through a sixe pointed stoone, called Iris, or anye other Christall of the same fashion.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 623 Next after the Ceraunia, there is a stone named Iris: digged out of the ground it is in a certain Isle of the red sea... For the most part it resembleth Crystal... If the beams of the Sun strike vpon it directly within house, it sendeth from it against the wals that be near, the very resemblance of a rainbow both in form and colour.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iv. 78 Diamonds, Saphyres, Carbuncles, Iris, Opalls.

1748 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. I. 179 The Iris, or Rain-bow Crystal of authors.

1861 H. W. Bristow Gloss. Mineral. 191 Rock Crystal can be made into Iris.

b. ‘Applied by French jewellers to a variety of rock-crystal, possessing the property of reflecting the prismatic colours by means of natural flaws in the interior of the stone’ (Westropp Precious Stones).Opinions differ as to the identity of these senses, some taking sense 3a as ‘the prismatic crystals of limpid quartz, which decompose the rays of the sun’ (Westropp).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun] > varieties of

rainbow-stone1587

Bristol-diamond1596

Bristol1618

Bristol-stone1646

Bristol-gem1706

rainbow crystal1748

cairngorm1794

rhinestone1871

iris1874

1874 H. M. Westropp Man. Precious Stones 90 Hyaline quartz iridized internally (called at the present day iris).

a. Anatomy. A flat, circular, coloured membrane suspended vertically in the aqueous humour of the eye, and separating the anterior from the posterior chamber; in its centre is a circular opening, called the pupil, which may be enlarged or diminished so as to regulate the amount of light transmitted to the retina.The colour of the iris, blue, brown, grey, etc., is what is known as the colour of the eye.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > parts of sight organ > [noun] > iris

iris1525

rainbow1525

bow1611

irid1822

1525 Anothomia in tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Handy Warke Surg. sig. Bj^v/2 There be iij. materyall circles y^t ronne about the iye, and because they be so different of colours they be callyd yride [s] or rain bowys.

1619 S. Purchas Microcosmus viii. 90 This Centre is enuironed with a Circle, called Iris, of many colours in Man onely.

1777 Darwin in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 68 87 There was no perceptible difference in the diameter of the irises.

1881 St. G. Mivart Cat 473 An iris capable of contracting its aperture to a vertical linear slit.

1881 E. Cope in Knowledge (1883) 136/2 The colour of the skin, hair, and irides.

b. (transferred) Entomology. The inner ring of an ocellated spot on an insect's wing; usually lighter than the outer ring, and the central spot or pupil.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > wings(s) > stigma > inner ring of ocellated spot

iris1826

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 727 Caudate wing. Pupil. Iris.

1838 J. O. Westwood Entomologist's Text Bk. 278 Eyelets (Ocelli),..the centre..is termed the pupil, and is surrounded by the iris.

c. Photography. = iris-diaphragm n. at Compounds 2; also attributive. Also iris-in n., iris-out n. (see quots. 1959¹, 1959²): both used as verbs. Also transferred and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > diaphragms

stop1831

iris-diaphragm1867

iris1911

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > special effect > [noun] > others

mix1922

iris-in1929

iris-out1929

superimposition1931

wipe1933

hanging miniature1937

matched dissolve1953

match dissolve1959

super1959

multiple image1965

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > special effect > special effects [verb (intransitive)] > others

iris-in1934

iris-out1934

wipe1951

mix1952

1911 C. N. Bennett et al. Handbk. Kinematogr. i. iv. 28 In the form of lens attached to kinematograph cameras, alteration of diaphragm is effected by the movement of a ring or pin on the lens mount which causes the ‘iris’ inside to open and close like the iris of a cat's eye, except that the hole in the middle always remains circular in shape.

1929 I. Montagu tr. V. I. Pudovkin On Film Technique App. 191 The author gives..the iris-in and iris-out, mentioning what is called the fade only as a variant.

1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Iris, to operate the iris of a camera so as to fade (a picture). With in or out.

1958 Spectator 6 June 730/3 He can iris himself in and out of the scene at will.

1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 104/2 Iris-in, the film wipe, in which the image viewed progressively disappears and at the same time is replaced by another, moving from the centre of the frame outwards in the form of a circle.

1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 104/2 Iris-out, the film wipe, in which the image viewed progressively disappears and is replaced by another from the outside of the frame, moving inwards in the form of a circle.

1961 K. Reisz Technique Film Editing (ed. 9) iii. 246 An iris may on occasion introduce or close a shot in a more telling way than a fade.

1962 B.B.C. Handbook 119 The control of the zooming, focusing, and iris setting, of a television camera.

1966 P. G. Wodehouse Plum Pie vii. 177 After a terrific struggle the hood called it a day and irised out.

1968 J. Blish & N. L. Knight Torrent of Faces ii. vii. 137 Fongaváro glided silently through the Rest Stop door, which irised shut as silently behind him.

1969 L. Gish & A. Pinchot Lillian Gish xi. 145 The scene of Sherman's march to the sea opened with an iris shot—a small area.

1969 L. Gish & A. Pinchot Lillian Gish xi. 145 Slowly the iris opened wider to reveal a great panorama.

1972 P. G. Wodehouse Pearls, Girls, & Monty Bodkin vii. 102 When a bunch of flatfeet burst in with their uncouth cry of ‘Everybody keep their seats, please,’ the thing to do is to iris out unobtrusively through the kitchen.

5. Botany. A genus of plants, the type of the natural order Iridaceæ, natives of Europe, North Africa, and the temperate regions of Asia and America; most of the species have tuberous (less commonly bulbous or fibrous) roots, sword-shaped equitant leaves, and showy flowers; formerly often called Fleur-de-lis or Flower-de-luce. Also, a plant of this genus. blue iris n. Iris germanica, the German Flag, a common cultivated species. fetid iris n. the Gladden, Iris fœtidissima. Florentine iris n. = white iris n. stinking iris n. = fetid iris n. white iris n. Iris florentina, from which orrisroot is obtained. yellow iris n. the Yellow Flag, Iris Pseudacorus, the common British species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > iris and related flowers > irises

gladdona700

gladiolusc1000

flaga1387

fleur-de-lisc1390

regworta1400

yellow flag1526

lug1538

yellow lily1555

spurge-wort1562

swordling1562

garden flag1578

ireos1578

iris1578

stinking iris1578

water flag1578

yellow iris1578

fane1597

Florentine flower-de-luce1597

stinking gladdon1597

stinking sedge1597

velvet flower-de-luce1597

orris1609

sisyrinchium1629

luce1642

Florence iris1664

cuttle-haft1688

blue flag1732

snake's-head iris1739

flag-flower1753

roast-beef plant1800

shalder1825

flag-leaf1827

sweet sedge1839

poison flag1840

flagger1842

wedding-flower1869

mourning iris1874

flagon1878

Rocky Mountain iris1880

Florentine iris1882

Japanese iris1883

flag-lily1884

sword-flag1884

blue iris1886

thunderbolt1898

scorpion iris1900

1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 23 Iris is knowen both of the Grecianes and Latines by that name; it is called..in Englishe flour de lyce.]

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 192 There be many kindes of Iris, or floure Deluce.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 192 The stincking Iris, and the yellow Iris.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 193 The Irides or flower Deluces do most commonly flower about May.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 698 Each beauteous flour, Iris all hues, Roses, and Gessamin.

1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. iii. 310 Transplant your..Persian and bulbous Iris's.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam ci. 157 We glided winding under ranks Of iris, and the golden reed.

1882 Garden 3 June 385/3 The drought of the past week has burnt up the Irises.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 2 Oct. 4 The plains were ornamented with dwarfed blue irides.

6. Astronomy. Name of the seventh of the asteroids.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > minor planet or asteroid > [noun] > specific

Vesta1807

Juno1834

Victoria1851

psyche1852

Urania1855

iris1858

Sappho1864

Clio1867

Euterpe1867

Virginia1868

Eros1900

Trojan1918

Amor1932

1858 Penny Cycl. 2nd Suppl. 708/1 Minor planets..Iris..[discoverer] Hind..[date of discovery] August 13, 1847.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

iris-colour n.

ΚΠ

18.. J. D. Dana Min. (L.) The tarnish and iris colours of minerals are owing to a thin surface film.

1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light 58 With white light the circles display iris-colours.

iris-glow n.

ΚΠ

1823 F. D. Hemans Last Constantine lxxiv, in Siege of Valencia 40 Such an iris-glow as emulates the skies.

iris-gradation n.

ΚΠ

1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 357 Tender iris-gradations of colour.

iris-ornament n.

iris-ring n.

ΚΠ

1863 J. Tyndall Heat (1870) xv. 539 A series of most splendidly-coloured iris-rings.

iris-tint n.

ΚΠ

1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 5 Dec. The snow was all bathed in iris tints.

iris-coloured adj.

ΚΠ

1869 J. Tyndall Notes on Light §475 When white light is employed, instead of bands of brightness separated from each other by bands of darkness, we have a series of iris-coloured bands.

iris-hued adj.

ΚΠ

1887 G. M. Fenn Master of Cerem. i Delivering its take of iris-hued mackerel.

iris-like adj.

ΚΠ

1849 H. Mayo On Truths Pop. Superstit. ii. 26 Returning hope shone, Iris-like, amid her falling tears.

c. (In sense 4, chiefly meaning ‘used in surgical operations on the iris’.)

iris-forceps n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > forceps

tenaclesc1400

tongsc1425

raven's bill1446

parrotbill1598

duck's bill1601

swan's bill1631

forceps1634

beaks1656

volsella1684

tenaculum1693

rostrum1722

crane's-bill1753

porte-aiguille1830

volsellum1851

vulsellum1863

iris-forceps1874

speculum forceps1875

bulldog forceps1880

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > instruments used in eye operations

cataract-needle1688

cystitome1809

cystotome1847

suction tube1863

iris-forceps1874

iris-scissors1874

strabotome1875

vectis1882

cataract-knife-

1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 144 He draws out with a pair of iris forceps the corresponding segment of the iris.

iris-hook n.

iris-knife n.

ΚΠ

1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 346/2 The iris-knife is a convenient size and form for many purposes.

iris science n.

ΚΠ

1921 Glasgow Herald 17 Feb. 9 Iris science also threw an entirely new light upon the ideas prevailing with reference to germs and infection by bacteria, as well as of vaccine and serum treatment.

iris-scissors n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > instruments used in eye operations

cataract-needle1688

cystitome1809

cystotome1847

suction tube1863

iris-forceps1874

iris-scissors1874

strabotome1875

vectis1882

cataract-knife-

1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 158 Through the wound in the cornea the blades of a pair of fine iris scissors may be introduced.

d. (In sense 5.)

iris-blossom n.

ΚΠ

1899 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 30 The tall grass, green herb and leaf, the iris blossoms.

iris blue adj.

ΚΠ

1908 F. Treves Cradle of Deep x. 57 A West Indian island..rising aloft from an iris-blue sea.

iris-family n.

ΚΠ

1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xxi. 304 Covered with rushes and plants of the Iris family.

iris-flower n.

ΚΠ

1818 P. B. Shelley Marenghi xxiv. 5 The coarse bulbs of iris-flowers.

iris green n.

ΚΠ

1875 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 95/1 Iris green, a pigment prepared by grinding the juice of the petals of the blue flag with quicklime. It is very fugitive.

1880 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 276/2 From the flowers of Iris florentina a pigment—the ‘verdelis’, ‘vert d'iris’, or iris-green, formerly used by miniature painters—was prepared by maceration.

iris-root n.

C2.

iris-camphor n. an ethereal oil obtained from iris-roots ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1887).

iris-coffee n. the seeds of Iris pseudacorus, used as a substitute for coffee ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon).

iris diagnosis n. = iridiagnosis n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > [noun] > diagnosis > specific methods of diagnosis

uromancy1569

uroscopy1646

waterology1654

analogism1663

succussion1747

mensuration1827

urinoscopy1836

urinalysis1867

uranalysis1889

skiagraphy1896

scatology1897

cytodiagnosis1900

cytology1902

radiodiagnosis1904

radiodiagnostics1904

urinomancy1904

iridology1916

iridiagnosis1918

iris diagnosis1921

xenodiagnosis1947

ultrasonography1960

telediagnosis1961

immunodiagnostics1970

1921 Glasgow Herald 17 Feb. 9 Iris diagnosis and its relation to true health.

1938 H. Orbell (title) The science of iris-diagnosis.

iris-diaphragm n. a contractile diaphragm for lenses, contrived so as to imitate the action of the iris.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > diaphragms

stop1831

iris-diaphragm1867

iris1911

1867 Trans. Royal Miscrosc. Soc. 15 74 (heading) Iris diaphragm proving the circular form whether expanding or contracting.

a1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. II. 1195/2 Iris-diaphragm, a contractile diaphragm, simulating the action of the natural iris.

1889 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 66 These lenses may be had with iris diaphragms.

1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 119 Iris diaphragms applied to photographic lenses are a recent reintroduction.

iris-disease n. a form of herpes, generally affecting the back of the hands.

iris-root n. the root of Iris florentina, orris-root.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > fragrant plants or plants used in perfumery > [noun] > roots

cost?a1200

costusc1487

orris root1598

putchuk1617

iris-root1673

1673 N. Grew Idea Phytol. Hist. ii. i. 57 Some parts of Iris Root appear oftentimes above the ground.

iris-swallow n. a swallow of the sub-genus Iridoprocne, having iridescent plumage.

Draft additions December 2005

iris recognition n. a system used for the identification of individuals, in which the pattern of features in the iris of the eye is recorded photographically and encoded.

ΚΠ

1986 PCT Patents Rep., T 4/3 The system for performing iris recognition may include a processor which controls an illumination control circuit.

1998 Daily Tel. (Electronic ed.) 24 Apr. At the counter, the iris recognition device eliminates the need for a signature to withdraw cash.

2005 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 16 American officials had demanded only that biometric passports contain a digital picture of the holder, not the facial scan, fingerprints and even iris recognition data proposed under the British ID card scheme.

Draft additions December 2005

iris scan n. the pattern of features in the iris of a person's eye, as recorded and encoded by an iris scanner; the act of scanning a person's iris in order to obtain such a record or to corroborate their identity.

ΚΠ

1995 Washington Times (Nexis) 16 Apr. a11 (heading) Iris scan... An ordinary video camera captures the burrows, freckles, rings and filaments that make the eye's lens unique.

1997 Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 1/1 Although the code will initially be a PIN number, researchers are hoping to allow an individual to be identified by a fingerprint, an iris scan, or even a DNA sample.

2005 Washington Post (Nexis) 5 Feb. e1 One of the three times he tried to use the machine that reads fingerprints and iris scans of registered travelers, it was broken.

Draft additions December 2005

iris scanner n. a device or system that records the pattern of features in the iris of the eye (quot. 1990 refers to a fictional device).

ΚΠ

1990 R. L. Forward Rocheworld 24 Both palms on the slanted glass plates and both eyes in the rubber cups of the iris scanner.

1996 Business News (New Jersey) (Nexis) 11 Dec. 9 Sensar is expected to announce a major deal shortly for the installation of ATM machines equipped with iris scanners.

2001 Time 26 Nov. 82/2 Iris scanners..are enhancing security at airports.

Draft additions December 2005

iris scanning n. The action or process of scanning the iris of a person's eye for identification purposes.

ΚΠ

1994 IEEE Spectrum Feb. 22/2 Iris scanning..can be done from a more comfortable distance.

1995 Internat. Jrnl. Retail & Distribution Managem. (Nexis) May 3 The major advantage of the iris-scanning technique over retinal scanning is that it does not require the user to focus on a target, because the iris pattern is on the eye's surface.

2003 Independent 6 May i. 4/8 The G8 ministers endorsed a call by Britain for their nations to use biometric data—such as fingerprints and iris scanning—to prevent the forgery of travel documents and passports.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	iris
释义	irisn. /ˈʌɪərɪs/ Forms: Plural irides /ˈaɪərɪdiːz/, irises. Etymology: < Greek ἶρις, stem ἰριδ- . The senses (except 3, 6) correspond to those of the Greek word; so also French iris . The plural irides is chiefly used in sense 4. 1. Greek Mythology. The goddess who acted as the messenger of the gods, and was held to display as her sign, or appear as, the rainbow; hence, allusively, a messenger. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > message > [noun] > messenger erendrakec825 bodec888 apostlec950 sand1038 sandesman1123 sanderbodec1200 bearer?c1225 errand-bearer?c1225 messenger?c1225 erindeberea1250 sand-manc1275 beadsman1377 herald1377 messagea1382 runnera1382 sendmana1400 interpreter1490 nuntius1534 post1535 pursuivant?1536 nuncius1573 nuncio1587 carrier1594 nunciate1596 mercury1597 chiaus1599 foreranger1612 postera1614 irisa1616 missivea1616 chouse1632 angela1637 caduceator1684 purpose messenger1702 errand-bringer1720 harkara1747 commissionaire1749 carrier pigeon1785 errander1803 errand-porter1818 tchaush1819 card carrier1845 errand-goer1864 choush1866 ghulam1882 a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. ii. 411 Wheresoere thou art in this worlds Globe, Ile haue an Iris that shall finde thee out. View more context for this quotation 2. a. A rainbow; a many-coloured refraction of light from drops of water. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > rainbow > [noun] bowa1000 rainbowOE heaven-bowc1390 iris1490 rainy bow1597 archa1616 bow of promise1820 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > chromatism > [noun] > rainbow rainbowc1384 iris1490 water-bow1827 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxviii. 109 Yris..is the rayen bowe wyth hir fayr cote of dyuerse fygures. 1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue vii. sig. A4 Each eybrowe hanges like Iris in the skies. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 373 His crest that prouder then blew Iris bends. View more context for this quotation 1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 6 The good Deed would..half-impress On my dark Cloud an Iris. 1782 Tunstall in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 73 103 No lunar Iris, I ever heard or read of, lasted near so long as that on the 18th instant. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xiii. 110 Illuminating its perimeter like two mock suns in the opposite parts of an iris. b. transferred. A rainbow-like or iridescent appearance; a circle or halo of prismatic colours; a combination or alternation of brilliant colours. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > variegation > iridescence > [noun] > iridescent appearance or formation irisa1616 iridescency1799 kaleidoscope1819 a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. iii. 148 What's the matter, That this distempered messenger of wet? The manie colour'd Iris rounds thine eye [cf. Lucrece 1594] ? View more context for this quotation 1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 2 He useth three Eye-Glasses for his great Telescopes, without finding any Iris, or such Rain-bow colors as do usually appear in ordinary Glasses. 1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 340 Pretious stones of seueral sorts and Lustures..composeing a rich Iris of seueral colours. 1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. 442 We saw, as in a looking-glass, the image of each of us, the head being as it were the centre of three concentrick iris's. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 94 In the Spring a livelier iris changes on the burnish'd dove. c. figurative. ΚΠ 1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 5 If Liberty Lent not life its soul of light, Hope its iris of delight. 1864 B. Disraeli Revolutionary Epick (rev. ed.) ii. xiii. 97 Is Virtue but a shade? And Freedom but the iris [1834 rainbow] of a storm? 1878 B. Taylor Prince Deukalion i. ii. 26 Print thy soft iris on white wings of prayer. 3. a. A hexagonal prismatic crystal (mentioned by Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxvii. ix. 52). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal crystalOE irisa1387 crystalline1539 rainbow-stone1587 Cornish diamond1591 diamond1591 mountain crystal1598 rock crystal1598 pebble1688 Cornish stone1695 Welsh diamond1705 rainbow crystal1748 quartz crystal1770 Irish diamond1774 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal > piece of crystal stonea1387 irisa1387 crystala1393 rock crystal1660 quartz crystal1770 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 337 Also þere [i.e. in Ireland] groweþ þat stoon Saxagonus, and is i-cleped Iris also, as it were þe reynebowe. c1400 Mandeville Voiage & Travaile (1839) xxviii. 219 The white ben of cristalle and of berylle and of Iris. 1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 36 The image of the raynbow may be seen on a walle, y^e sunn striking through a sixe pointed stoone, called Iris, or anye other Christall of the same fashion. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 623 Next after the Ceraunia, there is a stone named Iris: digged out of the ground it is in a certain Isle of the red sea... For the most part it resembleth Crystal... If the beams of the Sun strike vpon it directly within house, it sendeth from it against the wals that be near, the very resemblance of a rainbow both in form and colour. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iv. 78 Diamonds, Saphyres, Carbuncles, Iris, Opalls. View more context for this quotation 1748 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. I. 179 The Iris, or Rain-bow Crystal of authors. 1861 H. W. Bristow Gloss. Mineral. 191 Rock Crystal can be made into Iris. b. ‘Applied by French jewellers to a variety of rock-crystal, possessing the property of reflecting the prismatic colours by means of natural flaws in the interior of the stone’ (Westropp Precious Stones).Opinions differ as to the identity of these senses, some taking sense 3a as ‘the prismatic crystals of limpid quartz, which decompose the rays of the sun’ (Westropp). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun] > varieties of rainbow-stone1587 Bristol-diamond1596 Bristol1618 Bristol-stone1646 Bristol-gem1706 rainbow crystal1748 cairngorm1794 rhinestone1871 iris1874 1874 H. M. Westropp Man. Precious Stones 90 Hyaline quartz iridized internally (called at the present day iris). 4. a. Anatomy. A flat, circular, coloured membrane suspended vertically in the aqueous humour of the eye, and separating the anterior from the posterior chamber; in its centre is a circular opening, called the pupil, which may be enlarged or diminished so as to regulate the amount of light transmitted to the retina.The colour of the iris, blue, brown, grey, etc., is what is known as the colour of the eye. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > parts of sight organ > [noun] > iris iris1525 rainbow1525 bow1611 irid1822 1525 Anothomia in tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Handy Warke Surg. sig. Bj^v/2 There be iij. materyall circles y^t ronne about the iye, and because they be so different of colours they be callyd yride [s] or rain bowys. 1619 S. Purchas Microcosmus viii. 90 This Centre is enuironed with a Circle, called Iris, of many colours in Man onely. 1777 Darwin in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 68 87 There was no perceptible difference in the diameter of the irises. 1881 St. G. Mivart Cat 473 An iris capable of contracting its aperture to a vertical linear slit. 1881 E. Cope in Knowledge (1883) 136/2 The colour of the skin, hair, and irides. b. (transferred) Entomology. The inner ring of an ocellated spot on an insect's wing; usually lighter than the outer ring, and the central spot or pupil. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > wings(s) > stigma > inner ring of ocellated spot iris1826 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 727 Caudate wing. Pupil. Iris. 1838 J. O. Westwood Entomologist's Text Bk. 278 Eyelets (Ocelli),..the centre..is termed the pupil, and is surrounded by the iris. c. Photography. = iris-diaphragm n. at Compounds 2; also attributive. Also iris-in n., iris-out n. (see quots. 1959¹, 1959²): both used as verbs. Also transferred and figurative. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > diaphragms stop1831 iris-diaphragm1867 iris1911 society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > special effect > [noun] > others mix1922 iris-in1929 iris-out1929 superimposition1931 wipe1933 hanging miniature1937 matched dissolve1953 match dissolve1959 super1959 multiple image1965 society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > special effect > special effects [verb (intransitive)] > others iris-in1934 iris-out1934 wipe1951 mix1952 1911 C. N. Bennett et al. Handbk. Kinematogr. i. iv. 28 In the form of lens attached to kinematograph cameras, alteration of diaphragm is effected by the movement of a ring or pin on the lens mount which causes the ‘iris’ inside to open and close like the iris of a cat's eye, except that the hole in the middle always remains circular in shape. 1929 I. Montagu tr. V. I. Pudovkin On Film Technique App. 191 The author gives..the iris-in and iris-out, mentioning what is called the fade only as a variant. 1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Iris, to operate the iris of a camera so as to fade (a picture). With in or out. 1958 Spectator 6 June 730/3 He can iris himself in and out of the scene at will. 1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 104/2 Iris-in, the film wipe, in which the image viewed progressively disappears and at the same time is replaced by another, moving from the centre of the frame outwards in the form of a circle. 1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 104/2 Iris-out, the film wipe, in which the image viewed progressively disappears and is replaced by another from the outside of the frame, moving inwards in the form of a circle. 1961 K. Reisz Technique Film Editing (ed. 9) iii. 246 An iris may on occasion introduce or close a shot in a more telling way than a fade. 1962 B.B.C. Handbook 119 The control of the zooming, focusing, and iris setting, of a television camera. 1966 P. G. Wodehouse Plum Pie vii. 177 After a terrific struggle the hood called it a day and irised out. 1968 J. Blish & N. L. Knight Torrent of Faces ii. vii. 137 Fongaváro glided silently through the Rest Stop door, which irised shut as silently behind him. 1969 L. Gish & A. Pinchot Lillian Gish xi. 145 The scene of Sherman's march to the sea opened with an iris shot—a small area. 1969 L. Gish & A. Pinchot Lillian Gish xi. 145 Slowly the iris opened wider to reveal a great panorama. 1972 P. G. Wodehouse Pearls, Girls, & Monty Bodkin vii. 102 When a bunch of flatfeet burst in with their uncouth cry of ‘Everybody keep their seats, please,’ the thing to do is to iris out unobtrusively through the kitchen. 5. Botany. A genus of plants, the type of the natural order Iridaceæ, natives of Europe, North Africa, and the temperate regions of Asia and America; most of the species have tuberous (less commonly bulbous or fibrous) roots, sword-shaped equitant leaves, and showy flowers; formerly often called Fleur-de-lis or Flower-de-luce. Also, a plant of this genus. blue iris n. Iris germanica, the German Flag, a common cultivated species. fetid iris n. the Gladden, Iris fœtidissima. Florentine iris n. = white iris n. stinking iris n. = fetid iris n. white iris n. Iris florentina, from which orrisroot is obtained. yellow iris n. the Yellow Flag, Iris Pseudacorus, the common British species. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > iris and related flowers > irises gladdona700 gladiolusc1000 flaga1387 fleur-de-lisc1390 regworta1400 yellow flag1526 lug1538 yellow lily1555 spurge-wort1562 swordling1562 garden flag1578 ireos1578 iris1578 stinking iris1578 water flag1578 yellow iris1578 fane1597 Florentine flower-de-luce1597 stinking gladdon1597 stinking sedge1597 velvet flower-de-luce1597 orris1609 sisyrinchium1629 luce1642 Florence iris1664 cuttle-haft1688 blue flag1732 snake's-head iris1739 flag-flower1753 roast-beef plant1800 shalder1825 flag-leaf1827 sweet sedge1839 poison flag1840 flagger1842 wedding-flower1869 mourning iris1874 flagon1878 Rocky Mountain iris1880 Florentine iris1882 Japanese iris1883 flag-lily1884 sword-flag1884 blue iris1886 thunderbolt1898 scorpion iris1900 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 23 Iris is knowen both of the Grecianes and Latines by that name; it is called..in Englishe flour de lyce.] 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 192 There be many kindes of Iris, or floure Deluce. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 192 The stincking Iris, and the yellow Iris. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxxv. 193 The Irides or flower Deluces do most commonly flower about May. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 698 Each beauteous flour, Iris all hues, Roses, and Gessamin. View more context for this quotation 1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. iii. 310 Transplant your..Persian and bulbous Iris's. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam ci. 157 We glided winding under ranks Of iris, and the golden reed. View more context for this quotation 1882 Garden 3 June 385/3 The drought of the past week has burnt up the Irises. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 2 Oct. 4 The plains were ornamented with dwarfed blue irides. 6. Astronomy. Name of the seventh of the asteroids. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > minor planet or asteroid > [noun] > specific Vesta1807 Juno1834 Victoria1851 psyche1852 Urania1855 iris1858 Sappho1864 Clio1867 Euterpe1867 Virginia1868 Eros1900 Trojan1918 Amor1932 1858 Penny Cycl. 2nd Suppl. 708/1 Minor planets..Iris..[discoverer] Hind..[date of discovery] August 13, 1847. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. iris-colour n. ΚΠ 18.. J. D. Dana Min. (L.) The tarnish and iris colours of minerals are owing to a thin surface film. 1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light 58 With white light the circles display iris-colours. iris-glow n. ΚΠ 1823 F. D. Hemans Last Constantine lxxiv, in Siege of Valencia 40 Such an iris-glow as emulates the skies. iris-gradation n. ΚΠ 1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 357 Tender iris-gradations of colour. iris-ornament n. iris-ring n. ΚΠ 1863 J. Tyndall Heat (1870) xv. 539 A series of most splendidly-coloured iris-rings. iris-tint n. ΚΠ 1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 5 Dec. The snow was all bathed in iris tints. b. iris-coloured adj. ΚΠ 1869 J. Tyndall Notes on Light §475 When white light is employed, instead of bands of brightness separated from each other by bands of darkness, we have a series of iris-coloured bands. iris-hued adj. ΚΠ 1887 G. M. Fenn Master of Cerem. i Delivering its take of iris-hued mackerel. iris-like adj. ΚΠ 1849 H. Mayo On Truths Pop. Superstit. ii. 26 Returning hope shone, Iris-like, amid her falling tears. c. (In sense 4, chiefly meaning ‘used in surgical operations on the iris’.) iris-forceps n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > forceps tenaclesc1400 tongsc1425 raven's bill1446 parrotbill1598 duck's bill1601 swan's bill1631 forceps1634 beaks1656 volsella1684 tenaculum1693 rostrum1722 crane's-bill1753 porte-aiguille1830 volsellum1851 vulsellum1863 iris-forceps1874 speculum forceps1875 bulldog forceps1880 the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > instruments used in eye operations cataract-needle1688 cystitome1809 cystotome1847 suction tube1863 iris-forceps1874 iris-scissors1874 strabotome1875 vectis1882 cataract-knife- 1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 144 He draws out with a pair of iris forceps the corresponding segment of the iris. iris-hook n. iris-knife n. ΚΠ 1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 346/2 The iris-knife is a convenient size and form for many purposes. iris science n. ΚΠ 1921 Glasgow Herald 17 Feb. 9 Iris science also threw an entirely new light upon the ideas prevailing with reference to germs and infection by bacteria, as well as of vaccine and serum treatment. iris-scissors n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > surgical instruments > [noun] > instruments used in eye operations cataract-needle1688 cystitome1809 cystotome1847 suction tube1863 iris-forceps1874 iris-scissors1874 strabotome1875 vectis1882 cataract-knife- 1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 158 Through the wound in the cornea the blades of a pair of fine iris scissors may be introduced. d. (In sense 5.) iris-blossom n. ΚΠ 1899 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 30 The tall grass, green herb and leaf, the iris blossoms. iris blue adj. ΚΠ 1908 F. Treves Cradle of Deep x. 57 A West Indian island..rising aloft from an iris-blue sea. iris-family n. ΚΠ 1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xxi. 304 Covered with rushes and plants of the Iris family. iris-flower n. ΚΠ 1818 P. B. Shelley Marenghi xxiv. 5 The coarse bulbs of iris-flowers. iris green n. ΚΠ 1875 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 95/1 Iris green, a pigment prepared by grinding the juice of the petals of the blue flag with quicklime. It is very fugitive. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 276/2 From the flowers of Iris florentina a pigment—the ‘verdelis’, ‘vert d'iris’, or iris-green, formerly used by miniature painters—was prepared by maceration. iris-root n. C2. iris-camphor n. an ethereal oil obtained from iris-roots ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1887). iris-coffee n. the seeds of Iris pseudacorus, used as a substitute for coffee ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). iris diagnosis n. = iridiagnosis n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > [noun] > diagnosis > specific methods of diagnosis uromancy1569 uroscopy1646 waterology1654 analogism1663 succussion1747 mensuration1827 urinoscopy1836 urinalysis1867 uranalysis1889 skiagraphy1896 scatology1897 cytodiagnosis1900 cytology1902 radiodiagnosis1904 radiodiagnostics1904 urinomancy1904 iridology1916 iridiagnosis1918 iris diagnosis1921 xenodiagnosis1947 ultrasonography1960 telediagnosis1961 immunodiagnostics1970 1921 Glasgow Herald 17 Feb. 9 Iris diagnosis and its relation to true health. 1938 H. Orbell (title) The science of iris-diagnosis. iris-diaphragm n. a contractile diaphragm for lenses, contrived so as to imitate the action of the iris. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > parts and accessories of camera > [noun] > lens > diaphragms stop1831 iris-diaphragm1867 iris1911 1867 Trans. Royal Miscrosc. Soc. 15 74 (heading) Iris diaphragm proving the circular form whether expanding or contracting. a1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. II. 1195/2 Iris-diaphragm, a contractile diaphragm, simulating the action of the natural iris. 1889 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 66 These lenses may be had with iris diaphragms. 1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 119 Iris diaphragms applied to photographic lenses are a recent reintroduction. iris-disease n. a form of herpes, generally affecting the back of the hands. iris-root n. the root of Iris florentina, orris-root. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > fragrant plants or plants used in perfumery > [noun] > roots cost?a1200 costusc1487 orris root1598 putchuk1617 iris-root1673 1673 N. Grew Idea Phytol. Hist. ii. i. 57 Some parts of Iris Root appear oftentimes above the ground. iris-swallow n. a swallow of the sub-genus Iridoprocne, having iridescent plumage. Draft additions December 2005 iris recognition n. a system used for the identification of individuals, in which the pattern of features in the iris of the eye is recorded photographically and encoded. ΚΠ 1986 PCT Patents Rep., T 4/3 The system for performing iris recognition may include a processor which controls an illumination control circuit. 1998 Daily Tel. (Electronic ed.) 24 Apr. At the counter, the iris recognition device eliminates the need for a signature to withdraw cash. 2005 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 16 American officials had demanded only that biometric passports contain a digital picture of the holder, not the facial scan, fingerprints and even iris recognition data proposed under the British ID card scheme. Draft additions December 2005 iris scan n. the pattern of features in the iris of a person's eye, as recorded and encoded by an iris scanner; the act of scanning a person's iris in order to obtain such a record or to corroborate their identity. ΚΠ 1995 Washington Times (Nexis) 16 Apr. a11 (heading) Iris scan... An ordinary video camera captures the burrows, freckles, rings and filaments that make the eye's lens unique. 1997 Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 1/1 Although the code will initially be a PIN number, researchers are hoping to allow an individual to be identified by a fingerprint, an iris scan, or even a DNA sample. 2005 Washington Post (Nexis) 5 Feb. e1 One of the three times he tried to use the machine that reads fingerprints and iris scans of registered travelers, it was broken. Draft additions December 2005 iris scanner n. a device or system that records the pattern of features in the iris of the eye (quot. 1990 refers to a fictional device). ΚΠ 1990 R. L. Forward Rocheworld 24 Both palms on the slanted glass plates and both eyes in the rubber cups of the iris scanner. 1996 Business News (New Jersey) (Nexis) 11 Dec. 9 Sensar is expected to announce a major deal shortly for the installation of ATM machines equipped with iris scanners. 2001 Time 26 Nov. 82/2 Iris scanners..are enhancing security at airports. Draft additions December 2005 iris scanning n. The action or process of scanning the iris of a person's eye for identification purposes. ΚΠ 1994 IEEE Spectrum Feb. 22/2 Iris scanning..can be done from a more comfortable distance. 1995 Internat. Jrnl. Retail & Distribution Managem. (Nexis) May 3 The major advantage of the iris-scanning technique over retinal scanning is that it does not require the user to focus on a target, because the iris pattern is on the eye's surface. 2003 Independent 6 May i. 4/8 The G8 ministers endorsed a call by Britain for their nations to use biometric data—such as fingerprints and iris scanning—to prevent the forgery of travel documents and passports. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022). irisv. /ˈʌɪərɪs/ Etymology: < iris n. Compare French iriser. transitive. To make iridescent; to form into, or place as, a rainbow. Only in past participle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > variegation > iridescence > make iridescent [verb (transitive)] iris1816 iridize1874 1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 558 Its color is a light lead gray, often tarnished with a tinge of yellow, and sometimes irised. 1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 81 The wreaths of fitful vapour..irised around the pillars of waterfalls. 1894 Outing Aug. 348/2 Watch the bubbles go and come Irised on the crystal stream. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2019). < n.a1387v.1816
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irisn.

Compounds

Draft additions December 2005

Draft additions December 2005

Draft additions December 2005

Draft additions December 2005

irisv.