instructv.

Brit.

/ɪnˈstrʌkt/, U.S.

/ᵻnˈstrək(t)/

Forms: late Middle English instruct (past tense), late Middle English instructe (past tense), late Middle English–1500s enstructe, late Middle English–1500s instructe, late Middle English– instruct, 1500s instruc, 1500s instruct (past tense), 1500s ynstrux, 1500s–1600s enstruct, 1500s–1600s instruckt; also Scottish pre-1700 instruck, pre-1700 instruk.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin instruct-, instruere.

Etymology: < classical Latin instruct-, past participial stem of instruere to build, construct, to draw up in order, to arrange, organize, to prepare, set up, to equip, furnish, to equip with knowledge or skill, to provide with information < in- in- prefix³ + struere to pile up, build (see structure n.). Compare earlier instruct adj., and also earlier instruction n.Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French enstruire, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French estruire, Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French instruire, Middle French, French †instruer, senses of which include: to teach, train, or educate (a person) (first half of the 12th cent.), to build, assemble, prepare (something) (late 12th cent.), to apprise, inform, notify (a person) of something (c1200), to assemble the necessary material for (a lawsuit) (mid 15th cent.), to inform oneself (1592; reflexive), and also Anglo-Norman (rare) enstructer, instructer to teach, inform (a person) (a1341 or earlier). Compare also Old Occitan estruire (c1150), (rare) instruir (15th cent.), Catalan instruir (13th cent.), Spanish instruir (beginning of the 14th cent.; second half of the 13th cent. as †estruir), Portuguese instruir (1540), Italian istruire (a1494 as †instruire), and Middle Dutch instruēren (Dutch instrueren), all in similar senses. With forms in en- compare en- prefix¹, and also the formal variation shown by the French verbs.

I. To provide with knowledge, information, or directions, and related senses.

a. To teach, train, or educate (a person, the mind, etc.); to provide with knowledge or training. Also intransitive.

(a) transitive. With prepositional phrase as complement (esp. with in; also with about, on, †by, †of, †to, †with): to provide with knowledge in a specified subject matter, or training in a specified skill, art, mode of conduct, etc. Later also with in or on introducing a how-clause (cf. sense 1a(b)).

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)]

i-taechec888

lerec900

iwisseOE

to teach a personc1000

wisc1000

ylereOE

avayc1315

readc1330

learna1382

informc1384

beteacha1400

form1399

kena1400

redec1400

indoctrinea1450

instructc1449

ensign1474

doctrine1475

introduct1481

lettera1500

endoctrinec1500

to have (a person) in schooling?1553

lesson1555

tutor1592

orthographize1596

pupil1599

con1612

indoctrinate1621

art1628

doctrinate1631

document1648

verse1672

documentizea1734

form1770

intuit1776

skill1809

indoctrinize1861

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 248 (MED) Manye also of the Iewis..were bifore sufficientli instructid in the feith of oon God.

c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 79 (MED) Whanne man is instructid and leernyd bi feiþ..þanne þilk man chesiþ in his wil forto ocupie him in suche meke werkis.

1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. vii^v In comon places of the Cyte of Athenes he instruct and infourmed the peple in such doctrynes.

1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. iii. f. x^v/2 They..were by him instructyd of euery truth.

1565 J. Rastell Replie Def. Truth f. 171^v You must therefor resort vnto such as maye instruct you of all thinges by the eare.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 570 The nightingales instruct their yoong birds in song.

1611 Bible (King James) 1 Chron. xv. 22 He instructed about the song, because he was skilfull.

1611 Bible (King James) Isa. xxviii. 26 His God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth teach him.

?1623 O. Felltham Resolues lxxiv. 237 If ignorant, hee instructs him with the Oracles of God.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 104 Let him be Instructed there in Rules of Husbandry.

1745 Bp. J. Butler Serm. Christ-Church 8 They ought to be instructed and exercised in what will render them useful to Society.

1786 J. M. Adair Med. Cautions v. i. 149 Posology instructs him [sc. the physician] in the doses of his remedies, as accommodated to different ages and constitutions.

1820 Q. Musical Mag. & Rev. Oct. 458 I one day took my son..to a performance of Alceste. I had instructed him on the foundation of the subject.

1841 G. Borrow Zincali I. ii. iv. 294 Procured a teacher to instruct me in latin.

1914 H. C. Vedder Reformation in Germany v. 110 Prierias and others had instructed him [sc. Luther] about indulgences.

1965 L. Rainwater Family Design ix. 259 A teacher who instructs his patients on the techniques and values of family planning.

1976 S. B. Hadden in H. M. Rabin & M. Rosenbaum How to begin Psychotherapy Group 85 Patients..were instructed in how they could best contribute to their own recovery.

1989 B. Richards Pioneer's Life 89 I instructed him on how to sharpen..his slasher.

2006 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 96 178 He even engaged a fencing-master to instruct him in an art of which he knew nothing.

(b) transitive. With clause as complement: to teach (a person) how to do something or (in early use) †to do something.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)] > teach how

ken1362

learna1400

instruct1477

show1519

school1577

to show someone (also put someone up to) the ropes1802

1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 4 Instructe hem to haue goode eloquence and to escheue alle vanitees.

?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 365 For ony herb scho lykis to luike: It will instruct hir how to tak it.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. ii. 68 I will instruct my sorrowes to bee proud.

1705 S. Centlivre Gamester i. i. 9 Come, throw a Main, Sir, then I'll instruct you how to nick it.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. vi. v. 254 Books, which..would instruct you how to hide your Thoughts.

1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 313 The Rev. M. Le François..having become an expert inoculator, instructed them how to perform the operation.

1872 All Year Round 10 Aug. 291/2 Why had he not instructed him how to deal with it?

1922 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 28 102 Advisory schools..: Here mothers are instructed how to care for their infants and children.

2007 Weekend Post (Port Elizabeth) 21 Apr. 8/5 I was instructed how to add a headlight and a tail-light.

(c) transitive. Without complement: to teach, train, educate.In later use sometimes specifically implying the mere imparting of knowledge as opposed to teaching through practice, discussion, etc.; see e.g. quots. 1898 and 1996. (With this connotation perhaps influenced by sense 2a.)

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > [verb (intransitive)] > lecture or discourse

readc1300

instruct1510

lecturea1592

prelect1745

society > education > teaching > training > train [verb (transitive)]

to teach of1297

exercec1374

informc1384

schoolc1456

break1474

instruct1510

nuzzle1519

train1531

train1542

frame1547

experience?c1550

to trade up1556

disciplinea1586

disciple1596

nursle1596

accommodate1640

educate1643

model1665

form1711

to break in1785

scholar1807

1510 A. Chertsey tr. Floure Commaundementes of God (de Worde) i. xxii. f. xlix^v/1 The faders spyrytualles as prelates, curates, and prechers sholde instructe theyr subgectes.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMvii^v The examples of..holy patriarkes, prophetes, apostels..and holy fathers, enstructeth vs dayly.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Aiii To teche and instruct by the principles and reules made by diuers well expertz auctours.

1552 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (rev. ed.) sig. Lj Had not the gospel afore enstructed me.

1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 3 If we be ignorant, they [sc. the Scriptures] will instruct vs.

1654 O. Sedgwick Elisha 14 He instructs the ignorant, directs the doubtful, warns and reproves the unruly [etc.].

1713 J. Addison Cato i. iv. 9 Who like our active African instructs The fiery steed, and trains him to his hand?

1741 J. Wesley Almost Christian 9 He reproves the Wicked, instructs the Ignorant, confirms the Wavering, [etc.].

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. ii. i. 125 Her heart, perhaps, helped to instruct her understanding.

1886 E. G. White Hist. Sketches Seventh-day Adventists 281/2 They should be ready to counsel and instruct those who have newly come to the faith.

1898 Proc. Michigan Schoolmasters' Club 11 The high school teacher just from college will be likely to use college methods in his work, he will instruct rather than teach.

1921 Fortn. Rev. 1 June 170/1 He baptizes them, and so they become his spiritual children; he teaches and instructs them.

1980 Romantic Rev. 71 13 However much prose writers may have desired to please and surprise their readership, their most fundamental aim was to instruct.

1996 Independent 14 Oct. i. 5/2 Teachers said they had changed to a more didactic style of teaching, instructing pupils rather than encouraging them to find things out for themselves.

2011 New Scientist 19 Mar. 50/3 Besides humans, very few other species are known to instruct others.

†b. transitive. To teach (a skill, subject, mode of conduct, etc.). Obsolete.Also with indirect object denoting the person taught.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)] > teach (a thing)

to teach a thing971

learnc1175

kena1225

informa1393

showa1400

informc1400

precept?a1475

instruct?1520

to take forth1530

to take out1586

grind1815

?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Avi That thynge that is mete for thy capasyte And good for thy knowlege I shall Instructe the.

1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere iv. p. cxx The poyntes of the faythe are nat..in suche wyse shewed, nor the wytte in them so thoroughly and so clerely instructed.

1623 J. Webster Dutchesse of Malfy i. ii. sig. B4^v To suspect a friend unworthely, Instructs him the next way to suspect you.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 191 The Braminy..very readily teach and instruct the perfect way vnto damnation.

1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. iv. 167 So perversly then was chastity instructed against the Apostles rule.

a. transitive. To give information to (a person) about a particular fact, occurrence, etc., esp. in a formal or official way; to apprise, inform, notify. Formerly with prepositional phrase as complement (esp. with †in, †of, †with); now usually with that-clause.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > action of informing > give (information) [verb (transitive)] > inform (a person)

to teach a person a thingc888

meanOE

wiseOE

sayOE

wittera1225

tellc1225

do to witc1275

let witc1275

let seec1330

inform1384

form1399

lerea1400

to wit (a person) to saya1400

learn1425

advertise1431

givec1449

insense?c1450

instruct1489

ascertain1490

let1490

alighta1500

advert1511

signify1523

reform1535

advise1562

partake1565

resolve1568

to do to ware1594

to let into one's knowledge1596

intellect1599

possess1600

acquainta1616

alighten1615

recommenda1616

intelligence1637

apprise1694

appraise1706

introduce1741

avail1785

prime1791

document1807

to put up1811

to put a person au fait of1828

post1847

to keep (someone) straight1862

monish1866

to put next to1896

to put (one) wise (to)1896

voice1898

in the picture1900

to give (someone) a line on1903

to wise up1905

drum1908

hip1932

to fill (someone) in on1945

clue1948

background1961

to mark a person's card1961

to loop in1994

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. xxiv. sig. Evi^v They instructed and aduysed them therof by certeyn sowne of a trompette.

1552 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (rev. ed.) sig. Yv^v Beyng well instructed of his greate worthinesse.

1591 (?a1425) Blind Chelidonian (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 232 Maister, instruct us in this case why this man borne blynd was.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. i. 80 A powre I haue, but of what strength and nature, I am not yet instructed .

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 52 Being instructed in the precise time of his Nativity, calculates his fortunes.

1700 Duke of Queensbury Speech 29 Oct. in King William III Let. Parl. Scotl. (new ed.) 3 I was instructed by His Majesty in every thing that could appear necessary or convenient for the interest of this Kingdom.

1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 53 Observations instruct me that they [sc. ants] multiply and increase most in cold clayey soils.

1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 10 There are, as history instructs us, eras of counsel, and eras of execution.

1931 Manch. Guardian 2 Dec. 7/1 I was instructed that she was the wife of Mr. Beckwith.

2009 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 122 43/1 Participants were instructed that they were participating in a study designed to test memory.

b. transitive (reflexive). To acquire information about something; to inform oneself. Now rare except as passing into a reflexive use of sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > action of informing > inform [verb (reflexive)]

instructa1575

apprisea1719

a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 188 The King's said orators shall..rype and instruct themselves by their secret learned counsell.

1611 T. Coryate Crudities Ep. Ded. sig. a6 Any iudicious Reader may by the reading thereof much instruct himselfe with the forme of the Uenetian gouernement.

1663 J. Mayne tr. Lucian Part of Lucian sig. Aa4^v Having well instructed himselfe in the conditions, hee came to mee.

1712 Mem. Brit. & Foreign 518 He had always been Careful to distinguish himself by a great Regularity; ever Curious to instruct himself in little Details.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xi. 289 I was particularly desirous to instruct myself upon this important head.

1989 G. E. Dimock Unity of Odyssey (1990) xiv. 189 Odysseus would have instructed himself about the situation in Ithaca if Athena had not ‘told him everything’.

a. transitive. To give authoritative directions or instructions to (a person); to tell or order to do something; to direct, command. Now usually with infinitive as complement.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > command > command or bidding > command [verb (transitive)] > enjoin or instruct

enjoin1297

charge1303

informa1387

charche1399

inditec1399

joinc1400

instructa1500

encharge?1533

conjoin1591

ready1600

directa1616

a1500 ( in C. Monro Lett. Margaret of Anjou (1863) 37 He is instructed by yo^r highness for to reforme youre patent of the Capitaineshippe of the toune and castell of Caleys.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xiii. vi. 63 Be this the rowt, as thai instrukkit wer,..Ar entrit in the Troianys new cite.

1557 Bible (Whittingham) Matt. xiv. 8 She beyng before instructed [1535 Coverdale beynge instructe] of her mother sayed, geue me here Iohn Baptist head in a platter.

1607 E. Grimeston tr. S. Goulart Admirable & Memorable Hist. 436 After they were thoroughly instructed and informed of their charge..wee sent them.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xxiv. 29 If thou dost As this instructs thee, thou dost make thy way To noble fortunes.

a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 7 He was very particularly instructed in all the proper methods to gain upon the King's confidence, and to observe and give an account of all he saw in him.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. vii. 63 It was I that instructed my girls to encourage our landlord's addresses.

1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 3 315 I instructed him to take two grains only of the Digitalis daily.

1885 Cent. Mag. July 467/1 General Richardson..was instructed to remain, to deceive the enemy as to our movements.

1929 Chicagoan 17 Aug. 22/1 He instructs his agents never to book him for two consecutive lectures.

1975 B. Donoughue Diary 24 Feb. in Downing St. Diary (2005) xi. 316 The Foreign Office was instructed by ministers to send a questionnaire to the Treasury to get hard facts.

2011 J. Munton & J. McLeod Con vii. 104 The message instructed Alisha to click on a button to return safely to her search engine.

b. transitive. To give authoritative directions or instructions (that something be done). With simple object, clause, or object and infinitive (esp. passive infinitive), expressing the thing enjoined.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > command > command or bidding > command [verb (transitive)] > specific something to be done

ordaina1387

willa1525

order1535

instruct1839

1839 Ohio Statesman 27 Dec. One of the canal fund commissioners..wrote home, instructing a cessation of the work.

1841 G. Fyler Neglect Commerc. Jurispr. 23 These treaties..and their consequences..were from home instructed to be respected.

1865 Glasgow Herald 24 Nov. 5/3 The committee instructed the removal of the children.

1887 W. J. Bradshaw in J. A. Froude et al. Eng. & Her Colonies iii. 73 The programme of instruction..instructs that essays should only treat with practical suggestions.

1923 Daily Mail 31 July 6/5 ‘Stay around awhile,’ she instructed.

1969 Building Worker July 1/2 Harold Wilson..has instructed work to begin immediately.

1993 K. Krefft Affective Self-esteem vii. 66 Instruct that they use the words from the third column.

2012 Fife Today (Nexis) 26 Sept. While it was unclear who actually flushed the partially severed digit away, the accused Gilmartin instructed it to be done.

4. Law.

a. transitive. To give information or directions regarding a case, as a client to (a solicitor) or as a solicitor to (a barrister). Cf. instruction n. 5.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > lawyer's client > engage a lawyer [verb (transitive)] > instruct or brief

instruct1529

brief1861

1529 Order Conc. Proctors Court of Arches (BL MS Cotton Cleopatra F.1) f. 92 A proctor must take sufficient instructions of his clients and kepe euery court daye..sollicite and instructe his advocates write and penne euery instrument that shalbe requisite.

1589 Sir T. Smith's Common-welth (rev. ed.) ii. i. 44 Solicitors are such, as being learned in the lawes, and informed of their masters cause, doe informe and instruct the Counsellors in the same.

1642 R. Vines Calebs Integrity 23 Like a Clyent instructing his Councell, and laying open all that favours him, concealing the strength of what may be said against him.

1679 W. Style Glisson & Gulston's Common Law Epitomiz'd (rev. ed.) 117 To misplead is to plead otherwise than he is instructed by his Client.

1700 Law Ejectm. 91 That being the first Declaration, and all that is necessary for the Client to instruct his Attorney in.

1784 G. Hardinge Addr. to Jury 6 Dec. 19 Up started the Solicitor of Mr. Smith, and instructed his counsel to say that it was a countermand at Lord Camelford's request.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 357 I am instructed to say that it was put in the plaintiff's parlour-window just this time three years.

1882 R. Harris Hints on Advocacy (ed. 6) iv. 124 Leader then turns over a sheet of his brief, and whispers behind his hand to the solicitor who is instructing him.

1930 Columbia Law Rev. 30 56 Counsel may be instructed on other matters as well.

1950 M. Gilbert Smallbone Deceased xvi. 253 Our client..instructs us most emphatically that she dispatched three undervests.

2007 Sunday Tribune (Ireland) (Nexis) 8 Apr. n5 The solicitors said they had been instructed by their clients that the memo was ‘not an authentic document’.

b. transitive. To authorize (a solicitor or barrister) to conduct a case on a person's behalf; to engage the services of (a solicitor or barrister). Also: to engage the services of (an expert, as a translator, psychiatrist, etc.) in legal proceedings.Not used in U.S. law.

ΚΠ

1802 Morning Post 26 Apr. 1 (advt.) I have instructed my Solicitor to prosecute Lord Camelford and all the party concerned.

1819 Leeds Mercury 27 Mar. The Chief Baron directed..the trial to be postponed until he [sc. the prisoner] had sufficient time to instruct counsel.

1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) xviii. 185 Having been instructed by Mrs. Martha Bardell, to commence an action against you, for a breach of promise of marriage [etc.].

1885 Manch. Examiner 11 Feb. 5/2 Mr. C...has instructed his solicitor to deal with the promulgator of the slander.

1898 J. Timewell Police & Public (LSE Sel. Pamphlets) 13 He is the man..who got Hillman's brother to instruct a solicitor.

1966 Times 17 Nov. 1/3 For a psychiatrist or educational psychologist to be instructed by one party only..seemed most undesirable.

1976 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) 16 Dec. 9/5 Mr. John Slade (instructed by Hawkins, Ferrier & Staveley), appearing for both defendants, [etc.].

1996 Independent 17 Jan. (Suppl.) 14/4 Even firms with a high number of linguistically skilled lawyers..still prefer to instruct outside translators.

2015 Sunday Mail (Glasgow) (Nexis) 8 Nov. 35 The simplified divorce procedure will keep costs down as you don't have to instruct a solicitor.

5. transitive. Law. Of a judge: to give directions or guidelines to (a jury) on the legal principles applicable to the case under consideration.

ΚΠ

1671 J. Hickes True & Faithful Narr. 31 Justice Carew..so instructed the Jury-men..that they brought in their Verdict against the Appellants.

1770 Oxf. Mag. June 237/2 The Bench will reply on those points to the defendant's counsel, and instruct the jury properly.

1836 J. Fairfield Rep. Supreme Court Maine 2 238 In the opinion of the Court, the jury were properly instructed by the Judge, who presided at the trial.

1928 Columbia Law Rev. 28 238 In a trial for statutory rape the judge instructed the jury as to the punishment he might impose upon conviction.

1987 M. Heins Cutting Mustard xviii. 165 Garrity instructed the jury on damages, and then explained that even though legally he was the only one who could make a decision on injunctive relief (reinstatement), he could take their advice.

2015 M. Redmayne Char. in Criminal Trial v. 108 The disputed question was whether the judge should also instruct the jury that they could consider Glean's record of violent crime as evidence of his propensity to violence.

a. transitive. Of an electorate: to direct (an elected representative) how to vote on a particular matter, as by petitioning, lobbying, popular vote, etc.In the United States now frequently with reference to the electoral college system: electors (who vote directly for the president and vice president) are expected to vote according to citizens' instructions as expressed by their votes, and in some states there is a statutory penalty for failing to vote as instructed.In opposition to the theory that the electorate has a right to instruct elected representatives is the theory (now frequently associated with Edmund Burke (1729–97); cf. quot. 1999, and quot. 1774 at instruction n. 7) that representatives should vote according to their own judgement as to what is in the best interests of their constituents.

ΚΠ

1733 Gentleman's Mag. Dec. 643/2 Of the People's Right of Petitioning and Instructing Members of Parliament.

1769 Oxf. Mag. Feb. 47/2 When..the electors have delegated the exercises of the powers..to any persons, by electing them to serve as their representatives in parliament, it is their most undoubted, legal, and constitutional right, to instruct them from time to time.

1841 in Congr. Globe 186 It is the duty of the elected to carry into effect the will of his constituents, if he is instructed what that will is.

1891 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 229/2 Members were frequently instructed by constituents how to vote.

1920 Independent (N.Y.) 20 Mar. 432/2 When the representative has become a rubber stamp, voting only as instructed by constituents,..he is an evil influence.

1999 Public Opinion Q. 63 331 Bentham is famous for the seemingly incongruous espousal of what is basically a Burkean view of representation..: legislators are not to be instructed or directed by their constituents.

2016 Huffington Post (Electronic ed.) 12 Jan. While electors are generally extremely loyal to the party they align with, they don't have to vote the way the people of their state instructed them to.

b. transitive. U.S. Of a state legislature: to order (a senator) to vote in a particular way. Now historical.Before the ratification of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913, senators were elected by state legislatures rather than directly by the people, and legislatures therefore had the theoretical right to direct senators to vote in a particular way (see note at sense 6a); in practice, however, few legislatures exercised this right after the mid 19th cent.

ΚΠ

1792 Amer. Museum Apr. 171 The legislatures of some of the states claim a right to instruct their senators in congress.

1844 Niles' National Reg. 17 Feb. 397/3 Mr. Miller..rose and gave his reasons for voting against the bill, though instructed by his legislature to vote for it.

1863 Acts & Resolves Gen. Assembly Vermont 55 That our Senators in Congress be instructed, and our Representatives in Congress be requested, to exert their influence for the passage of a law [etc.].

1902 S. Atlantic Q. 1 326 The idea of instructing senators in congress seems to have been co-eval with the national government.

2001 R. A. Rossum Federalism, Supreme Court, & 17th Amendment iii. 96 The ability of state legislatures to instruct senators was mentioned frequently during the Constitutional Convention..and was always assumed to exist.

c. transitive. U.S. With out or out of. Of a state legislature: to order (a senator) to vote in a way that is so incompatible with his views that he resigns. Usually in passive. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1830 Proc. & Deb. Virginia State Convent. 1829–30 315 Such as cannot be instructed in their seats, must be instructed out of their seats.

1862 N.Y. Tribune 22 Jan. Mr. Tyler..was in 1836 instructed out of the Senate,..having previously been very strongly sustained by the [Virginia] Legislature.

1872 H. A. Wise Seven Decades Union viii. 158 He had been instructed out of his seat in the Senate of the United States, because of his refusal to vote to desecrate the journal of the Senate.

1955 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 49 461 White and Foster were indeed instructed out, by being required to support the entire Van Buren program.

2003 D. Monroe Republican Vision J. Tyler iii. 74 Leigh decided to defy any instructions, the Richmond Whig announcing that he would not be instructed out of his seat.

II. To give form or substance to.

†7. Chiefly poetic.

a. transitive. To give form to; to impart life or spirit to; to animate. Cf. inform v. 8c. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > giving of life > give life [verb (transitive)]

wrecchec897

quickOE

soulOE

aquicka1000

quickena1382

vivificate?a1475

live1483

envive1523

embreathea1529

instruct1532

animate1533

vivify1545

enlive1593

inanimate1610

vegetate1620

interanimatea1631

pre-inanimatea1631

enliven1631

vive1637

suscitate1646

1532 T. More Confut. Tyndales Answere iii. p. cccv Hys perpetuall apostle the catholyke chyrche of Cryste, anymated and instructed accordynge to hys promyse wyth hys owne spyryte this xv.C. yeres.

1626 B. Holyday Serm. Pauls Crosse Mar. 24 1624 29 A body, which the breath of the Almighty will instruct with a soule.

b. transitive. To put into proper form or order; to make ready, prepare, equip. Cf. inform v. 6. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > put in (proper) order [verb (transitive)]

rightlOE

attire1330

ettlea1350

to set (also put) in rulea1387

redress1389

dress?a1400

fettlea1400

governc1405

yraylle1426

direct1509

settlec1530

tune1530

instruct1534

rede1545

commodate1595

square1596

concinnate1601

concinnea1620

rectify1655

fix1663

to put (also bring) into repair1673

arrange1802

pipeclay1806

to get together1810

to do up1886

to jack up1939

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > prepare or put in order

tailc1330

ordain1340

disposec1375

appoint1393

fettlea1400

tifta1400

richc1400

tiffc1400

orderc1515

instruct1534

prune1586

compose1612

to make up1759

fix1783

1534 W. Turner tr. J. von Watt Of Olde God & Newe sig. Kv For y^e olde serpente instructed and armed with his deceypte and craft, crepte to, puttynge men in the mynde, that of moost valyaunt hercules they sholde make a demonyake.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xiv. 196 The kings..helpt [printed heplt] t'instruct, the complete army thus; To good, gaue good armes; worse, to worse.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 102 Feed him [sc. a steed] with Herbs, whatever thou can'st find, Of generous warmth; and of salacious kind... Instructed thus, produce him to the Faire.

1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity iii, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 497 The Maids in comely Order next advance; They beat the Timbrel, and instruct the Dance.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 53 [They]..speak to the Merits of a Cause, after the Proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a Hearing before the Judge.

1774 Westm. Mag. 2 654 These point the labour, and reward assign, Direct the batt'ry, and instruct the mine.

8. transitive. Scottish (chiefly Scots Law). To prove the truth of (a statement, claim, etc.); to confirm or verify by evidence or documentary proof; to substantiate.Also with that-clause as object.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > evidence > give evidence of [verb (transitive)] > confirm by evidence or testimony

verifya1325

instruct1594

1594 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1594/4/48 Except thai instruct with thair summondis that the persoun alleagit hurt..wes the kingis fre leige man the tyme of that deid.

1616 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 405 That allegeance is nather releveant nor instructit.

1649 in W. Stevenson Presbyterie Bk. Kirkcaldie (1900) 333 He was inhibit to sit in ane seate of the kirk whereunto he claimes some right bot can instruct none.

1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. iv. xv. §5 Thirlage of lands to mills of the Kings property is sufficiently instructed by use of coming to the mill, and paying the insucken multures.

1724 P. Walker Some Remarkable Passages Life A. Peden p. xxix It was also a Day of very astonishing Apparitions..which I can instruct the Truth of.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian x, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 241 ‘If, indeed, you are able to instruct that point, Mr. Fairbrother,’ said the presiding Judge.

1883 Cases Court of Session 4th Ser. 10 722 If the defender had been able to instruct by evidence the averments he has placed on record.

1919 Sc. Law Reporter 56 586/1 The pursuer relies, as instructing or giving the necessary specification to his averment of malice, upon the averment that the defender knew his statements to be false.

1997 Ann. Accts. (Angus Council) 65 We have examined the foregoing accounts..and found these to be sufficiently vouched and instructed.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	instruct
释义	instructn. Defined by N.E.D. (1900) as ‘instruction’. In quot. 1557 an editorial misreading of instinct n., and in quot. 1642 simply a graphic abbreviation. Π 1557 More's Dial. Heresyes (new ed.) i. xxx, in Wks. 175/1 Yet hath the churche by secrete instructe [1529 instinct] of god, reiected the remenaunt. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 3 (margin) Vse of instruct. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online September 2018). † instructadj. Forms: late Middle English ynstructe, late Middle English–1500s instructe, late Middle English–1600s instruct, 1500s enstructe, 1500s–1600s enstruct; also Scottish pre-1700 jnstruct. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin instructus, instruere. Etymology: < classical Latin instructus equipped, trained, skilled, drawn up in order, arranged, use as adjective of past participle of instruere instruct v. Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French instruit , use as adjective (attested from the early 13th cent. in Old French) of the past participle of instruire (see instruct v.). Obsolete. 1. Provided with instruction or training in a particular subject, skill, mode of conduct, etc.; educated, taught, informed; knowledgeable, learned. Chiefly with in, with. Frequently as past participle. ΘΚΠ society > education > [adjective] > educated or taught taughta1382 learnedc1384 instructc1425 induct1481 informeda1500 educate?1533 instructed1552 schooled1557 educated1569 trained?1591 teached1639 scholared1830 formed1833 educationized1835 indoctrinated1870 c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 34 (MED) This Thomas..was..of grete cunnynge, instruct in philosophy. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde sig. aii The seid theuith..also commysed to hym his douȝter..for to be instruct & tauȝt. a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 114 (MED) Þou shalt come ayen instructe in þinges present & þat are to come. 1529 tr. Erasmus Exhort. Studye Script. sig. A.v It is mete that..we be instructe with the doctryne of Christ. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 28 So long..as the soule was instructe wyth such vertues as be accordyng to hyr dygnyte. 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 80 (MED) Kymbalyne so was..Noryshed at Rome, instructe with cheualre. 1551 S. Gardiner Explic. Catholique Fayth f. 40^v Men..beyng in fayth sufficiently instructe, [etc.]. 1623 T. Downing Catechisers Holy Encouragem. 22 Children [who are]..ripe witted, instruct in all wisedome and well seene in knowledge. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 439 Who ever by consulting at thy shrine Return'd the wiser, or the more instruct To flye or follow what concern'd him most..? View more context for this quotation 1693 S. Wesley Life our Blessed Lord iii. 86 To the Wild disguis'd their Leader goes: Instruct with wonted guileful Arts, and found Our Saviour lowly prostrate on the Ground. 2. Equipped or fitted out with something material. Cf. instruct v. 7b. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > supply > [adjective] > provided or supplied with something > equipped or fitted out ygraitheda1225 armedc1300 attired1330 wrienc1330 seena1400 adubbed?1473 appointed1535 instructed1538 accoutredc1540 furnished1553 geared1588 appurtenanced1602 instruct?1614 garnished1705 equipped1838 outfitted1975 ?1614 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses iv. 62 He had neither ship, instruct with oares, Nor men to fetch him from those stranger shores. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). instructv. Brit. /ɪnˈstrʌkt/, U.S. /ᵻnˈstrək(t)/ Forms: late Middle English instruct (past tense), late Middle English instructe (past tense), late Middle English–1500s enstructe, late Middle English–1500s instructe, late Middle English– instruct, 1500s instruc, 1500s instruct (past tense), 1500s ynstrux, 1500s–1600s enstruct, 1500s–1600s instruckt; also Scottish pre-1700 instruck, pre-1700 instruk. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin instruct-, instruere. Etymology: < classical Latin instruct-, past participial stem of instruere to build, construct, to draw up in order, to arrange, organize, to prepare, set up, to equip, furnish, to equip with knowledge or skill, to provide with information < in- in- prefix³ + struere to pile up, build (see structure n.). Compare earlier instruct adj., and also earlier instruction n.Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French enstruire, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French estruire, Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French instruire, Middle French, French †instruer, senses of which include: to teach, train, or educate (a person) (first half of the 12th cent.), to build, assemble, prepare (something) (late 12th cent.), to apprise, inform, notify (a person) of something (c1200), to assemble the necessary material for (a lawsuit) (mid 15th cent.), to inform oneself (1592; reflexive), and also Anglo-Norman (rare) enstructer, instructer to teach, inform (a person) (a1341 or earlier). Compare also Old Occitan estruire (c1150), (rare) instruir (15th cent.), Catalan instruir (13th cent.), Spanish instruir (beginning of the 14th cent.; second half of the 13th cent. as †estruir), Portuguese instruir (1540), Italian istruire (a1494 as †instruire), and Middle Dutch instruēren (Dutch instrueren), all in similar senses. With forms in en- compare en- prefix¹, and also the formal variation shown by the French verbs. I. To provide with knowledge, information, or directions, and related senses. 1. a. To teach, train, or educate (a person, the mind, etc.); to provide with knowledge or training. Also intransitive. (a) transitive. With prepositional phrase as complement (esp. with in; also with about, on, †by, †of, †to, †with): to provide with knowledge in a specified subject matter, or training in a specified skill, art, mode of conduct, etc. Later also with in or on introducing a how-clause (cf. sense 1a(b)). ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)] i-taechec888 lerec900 iwisseOE to teach a personc1000 wisc1000 ylereOE avayc1315 readc1330 learna1382 informc1384 beteacha1400 form1399 kena1400 redec1400 indoctrinea1450 instructc1449 ensign1474 doctrine1475 introduct1481 lettera1500 endoctrinec1500 to have (a person) in schooling?1553 lesson1555 tutor1592 orthographize1596 pupil1599 con1612 indoctrinate1621 art1628 doctrinate1631 document1648 verse1672 documentizea1734 form1770 intuit1776 skill1809 indoctrinize1861 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 248 (MED) Manye also of the Iewis..were bifore sufficientli instructid in the feith of oon God. c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 79 (MED) Whanne man is instructid and leernyd bi feiþ..þanne þilk man chesiþ in his wil forto ocupie him in suche meke werkis. 1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. vii^v In comon places of the Cyte of Athenes he instruct and infourmed the peple in such doctrynes. 1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. iii. f. x^v/2 They..were by him instructyd of euery truth. 1565 J. Rastell Replie Def. Truth f. 171^v You must therefor resort vnto such as maye instruct you of all thinges by the eare. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 570 The nightingales instruct their yoong birds in song. 1611 Bible (King James) 1 Chron. xv. 22 He instructed about the song, because he was skilfull. View more context for this quotation 1611 Bible (King James) Isa. xxviii. 26 His God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth teach him. View more context for this quotation ?1623 O. Felltham Resolues lxxiv. 237 If ignorant, hee instructs him with the Oracles of God. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 104 Let him be Instructed there in Rules of Husbandry. View more context for this quotation 1745 Bp. J. Butler Serm. Christ-Church 8 They ought to be instructed and exercised in what will render them useful to Society. 1786 J. M. Adair Med. Cautions v. i. 149 Posology instructs him [sc. the physician] in the doses of his remedies, as accommodated to different ages and constitutions. 1820 Q. Musical Mag. & Rev. Oct. 458 I one day took my son..to a performance of Alceste. I had instructed him on the foundation of the subject. 1841 G. Borrow Zincali I. ii. iv. 294 Procured a teacher to instruct me in latin. 1914 H. C. Vedder Reformation in Germany v. 110 Prierias and others had instructed him [sc. Luther] about indulgences. 1965 L. Rainwater Family Design ix. 259 A teacher who instructs his patients on the techniques and values of family planning. 1976 S. B. Hadden in H. M. Rabin & M. Rosenbaum How to begin Psychotherapy Group 85 Patients..were instructed in how they could best contribute to their own recovery. 1989 B. Richards Pioneer's Life 89 I instructed him on how to sharpen..his slasher. 2006 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 96 178 He even engaged a fencing-master to instruct him in an art of which he knew nothing. (b) transitive. With clause as complement: to teach (a person) how to do something or (in early use) †to do something. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)] > teach how ken1362 learna1400 instruct1477 show1519 school1577 to show someone (also put someone up to) the ropes1802 1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 4 Instructe hem to haue goode eloquence and to escheue alle vanitees. ?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 365 For ony herb scho lykis to luike: It will instruct hir how to tak it. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. ii. 68 I will instruct my sorrowes to bee proud. View more context for this quotation 1705 S. Centlivre Gamester i. i. 9 Come, throw a Main, Sir, then I'll instruct you how to nick it. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. vi. v. 254 Books, which..would instruct you how to hide your Thoughts. View more context for this quotation 1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 313 The Rev. M. Le François..having become an expert inoculator, instructed them how to perform the operation. 1872 All Year Round 10 Aug. 291/2 Why had he not instructed him how to deal with it? 1922 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 28 102 Advisory schools..: Here mothers are instructed how to care for their infants and children. 2007 Weekend Post (Port Elizabeth) 21 Apr. 8/5 I was instructed how to add a headlight and a tail-light. (c) transitive. Without complement: to teach, train, educate.In later use sometimes specifically implying the mere imparting of knowledge as opposed to teaching through practice, discussion, etc.; see e.g. quots. 1898 and 1996. (With this connotation perhaps influenced by sense 2a.) ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > [verb (intransitive)] > lecture or discourse readc1300 instruct1510 lecturea1592 prelect1745 society > education > teaching > training > train [verb (transitive)] to teach of1297 exercec1374 informc1384 schoolc1456 break1474 instruct1510 nuzzle1519 train1531 train1542 frame1547 experience?c1550 to trade up1556 disciplinea1586 disciple1596 nursle1596 accommodate1640 educate1643 model1665 form1711 to break in1785 scholar1807 1510 A. Chertsey tr. Floure Commaundementes of God (de Worde) i. xxii. f. xlix^v/1 The faders spyrytualles as prelates, curates, and prechers sholde instructe theyr subgectes. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMvii^v The examples of..holy patriarkes, prophetes, apostels..and holy fathers, enstructeth vs dayly. ?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Aiii To teche and instruct by the principles and reules made by diuers well expertz auctours. 1552 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (rev. ed.) sig. Lj Had not the gospel afore enstructed me. 1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 3 If we be ignorant, they [sc. the Scriptures] will instruct vs. 1654 O. Sedgwick Elisha 14 He instructs the ignorant, directs the doubtful, warns and reproves the unruly [etc.]. 1713 J. Addison Cato i. iv. 9 Who like our active African instructs The fiery steed, and trains him to his hand? 1741 J. Wesley Almost Christian 9 He reproves the Wicked, instructs the Ignorant, confirms the Wavering, [etc.]. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. ii. i. 125 Her heart, perhaps, helped to instruct her understanding. 1886 E. G. White Hist. Sketches Seventh-day Adventists 281/2 They should be ready to counsel and instruct those who have newly come to the faith. 1898 Proc. Michigan Schoolmasters' Club 11 The high school teacher just from college will be likely to use college methods in his work, he will instruct rather than teach. 1921 Fortn. Rev. 1 June 170/1 He baptizes them, and so they become his spiritual children; he teaches and instructs them. 1980 Romantic Rev. 71 13 However much prose writers may have desired to please and surprise their readership, their most fundamental aim was to instruct. 1996 Independent 14 Oct. i. 5/2 Teachers said they had changed to a more didactic style of teaching, instructing pupils rather than encouraging them to find things out for themselves. 2011 New Scientist 19 Mar. 50/3 Besides humans, very few other species are known to instruct others. †b. transitive. To teach (a skill, subject, mode of conduct, etc.). Obsolete.Also with indirect object denoting the person taught. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)] > teach (a thing) to teach a thing971 learnc1175 kena1225 informa1393 showa1400 informc1400 precept?a1475 instruct?1520 to take forth1530 to take out1586 grind1815 ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Avi That thynge that is mete for thy capasyte And good for thy knowlege I shall Instructe the. 1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere iv. p. cxx The poyntes of the faythe are nat..in suche wyse shewed, nor the wytte in them so thoroughly and so clerely instructed. 1623 J. Webster Dutchesse of Malfy i. ii. sig. B4^v To suspect a friend unworthely, Instructs him the next way to suspect you. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 191 The Braminy..very readily teach and instruct the perfect way vnto damnation. 1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. iv. 167 So perversly then was chastity instructed against the Apostles rule. 2. a. transitive. To give information to (a person) about a particular fact, occurrence, etc., esp. in a formal or official way; to apprise, inform, notify. Formerly with prepositional phrase as complement (esp. with †in, †of, †with); now usually with that-clause. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > action of informing > give (information) [verb (transitive)] > inform (a person) to teach a person a thingc888 meanOE wiseOE sayOE wittera1225 tellc1225 do to witc1275 let witc1275 let seec1330 inform1384 form1399 lerea1400 to wit (a person) to saya1400 learn1425 advertise1431 givec1449 insense?c1450 instruct1489 ascertain1490 let1490 alighta1500 advert1511 signify1523 reform1535 advise1562 partake1565 resolve1568 to do to ware1594 to let into one's knowledge1596 intellect1599 possess1600 acquainta1616 alighten1615 recommenda1616 intelligence1637 apprise1694 appraise1706 introduce1741 avail1785 prime1791 document1807 to put up1811 to put a person au fait of1828 post1847 to keep (someone) straight1862 monish1866 to put next to1896 to put (one) wise (to)1896 voice1898 in the picture1900 to give (someone) a line on1903 to wise up1905 drum1908 hip1932 to fill (someone) in on1945 clue1948 background1961 to mark a person's card1961 to loop in1994 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. xxiv. sig. Evi^v They instructed and aduysed them therof by certeyn sowne of a trompette. 1552 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (rev. ed.) sig. Yv^v Beyng well instructed of his greate worthinesse. 1591 (?a1425) Blind Chelidonian (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 232 Maister, instruct us in this case why this man borne blynd was. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. i. 80 A powre I haue, but of what strength and nature, I am not yet instructed . View more context for this quotation 1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 52 Being instructed in the precise time of his Nativity, calculates his fortunes. 1700 Duke of Queensbury Speech 29 Oct. in King William III Let. Parl. Scotl. (new ed.) 3 I was instructed by His Majesty in every thing that could appear necessary or convenient for the interest of this Kingdom. 1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 53 Observations instruct me that they [sc. ants] multiply and increase most in cold clayey soils. 1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 10 There are, as history instructs us, eras of counsel, and eras of execution. 1931 Manch. Guardian 2 Dec. 7/1 I was instructed that she was the wife of Mr. Beckwith. 2009 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 122 43/1 Participants were instructed that they were participating in a study designed to test memory. b. transitive (reflexive). To acquire information about something; to inform oneself. Now rare except as passing into a reflexive use of sense 1a. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > action of informing > inform [verb (reflexive)] instructa1575 apprisea1719 a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 188 The King's said orators shall..rype and instruct themselves by their secret learned counsell. 1611 T. Coryate Crudities Ep. Ded. sig. a6 Any iudicious Reader may by the reading thereof much instruct himselfe with the forme of the Uenetian gouernement. 1663 J. Mayne tr. Lucian Part of Lucian sig. Aa4^v Having well instructed himselfe in the conditions, hee came to mee. 1712 Mem. Brit. & Foreign 518 He had always been Careful to distinguish himself by a great Regularity; ever Curious to instruct himself in little Details. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xi. 289 I was particularly desirous to instruct myself upon this important head. 1989 G. E. Dimock Unity of Odyssey (1990) xiv. 189 Odysseus would have instructed himself about the situation in Ithaca if Athena had not ‘told him everything’. 3. a. transitive. To give authoritative directions or instructions to (a person); to tell or order to do something; to direct, command. Now usually with infinitive as complement. ΘΚΠ society > authority > command > command or bidding > command [verb (transitive)] > enjoin or instruct enjoin1297 charge1303 informa1387 charche1399 inditec1399 joinc1400 instructa1500 encharge?1533 conjoin1591 ready1600 directa1616 a1500 ( in C. Monro Lett. Margaret of Anjou (1863) 37 He is instructed by yo^r highness for to reforme youre patent of the Capitaineshippe of the toune and castell of Caleys. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xiii. vi. 63 Be this the rowt, as thai instrukkit wer,..Ar entrit in the Troianys new cite. 1557 Bible (Whittingham) Matt. xiv. 8 She beyng before instructed [1535 Coverdale beynge instructe] of her mother sayed, geue me here Iohn Baptist head in a platter. 1607 E. Grimeston tr. S. Goulart Admirable & Memorable Hist. 436 After they were thoroughly instructed and informed of their charge..wee sent them. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xxiv. 29 If thou dost As this instructs thee, thou dost make thy way To noble fortunes. View more context for this quotation a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 7 He was very particularly instructed in all the proper methods to gain upon the King's confidence, and to observe and give an account of all he saw in him. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. vii. 63 It was I that instructed my girls to encourage our landlord's addresses. 1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 3 315 I instructed him to take two grains only of the Digitalis daily. 1885 Cent. Mag. July 467/1 General Richardson..was instructed to remain, to deceive the enemy as to our movements. 1929 Chicagoan 17 Aug. 22/1 He instructs his agents never to book him for two consecutive lectures. 1975 B. Donoughue Diary 24 Feb. in Downing St. Diary (2005) xi. 316 The Foreign Office was instructed by ministers to send a questionnaire to the Treasury to get hard facts. 2011 J. Munton & J. McLeod Con vii. 104 The message instructed Alisha to click on a button to return safely to her search engine. b. transitive. To give authoritative directions or instructions (that something be done). With simple object, clause, or object and infinitive (esp. passive infinitive), expressing the thing enjoined. ΘΚΠ society > authority > command > command or bidding > command [verb (transitive)] > specific something to be done ordaina1387 willa1525 order1535 instruct1839 1839 Ohio Statesman 27 Dec. One of the canal fund commissioners..wrote home, instructing a cessation of the work. 1841 G. Fyler Neglect Commerc. Jurispr. 23 These treaties..and their consequences..were from home instructed to be respected. 1865 Glasgow Herald 24 Nov. 5/3 The committee instructed the removal of the children. 1887 W. J. Bradshaw in J. A. Froude et al. Eng. & Her Colonies iii. 73 The programme of instruction..instructs that essays should only treat with practical suggestions. 1923 Daily Mail 31 July 6/5 ‘Stay around awhile,’ she instructed. 1969 Building Worker July 1/2 Harold Wilson..has instructed work to begin immediately. 1993 K. Krefft Affective Self-esteem vii. 66 Instruct that they use the words from the third column. 2012 Fife Today (Nexis) 26 Sept. While it was unclear who actually flushed the partially severed digit away, the accused Gilmartin instructed it to be done. 4. Law. a. transitive. To give information or directions regarding a case, as a client to (a solicitor) or as a solicitor to (a barrister). Cf. instruction n. 5. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > lawyer's client > engage a lawyer [verb (transitive)] > instruct or brief instruct1529 brief1861 1529 Order Conc. Proctors Court of Arches (BL MS Cotton Cleopatra F.1) f. 92 A proctor must take sufficient instructions of his clients and kepe euery court daye..sollicite and instructe his advocates write and penne euery instrument that shalbe requisite. 1589 Sir T. Smith's Common-welth (rev. ed.) ii. i. 44 Solicitors are such, as being learned in the lawes, and informed of their masters cause, doe informe and instruct the Counsellors in the same. 1642 R. Vines Calebs Integrity 23 Like a Clyent instructing his Councell, and laying open all that favours him, concealing the strength of what may be said against him. 1679 W. Style Glisson & Gulston's Common Law Epitomiz'd (rev. ed.) 117 To misplead is to plead otherwise than he is instructed by his Client. 1700 Law Ejectm. 91 That being the first Declaration, and all that is necessary for the Client to instruct his Attorney in. 1784 G. Hardinge Addr. to Jury 6 Dec. 19 Up started the Solicitor of Mr. Smith, and instructed his counsel to say that it was a countermand at Lord Camelford's request. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 357 I am instructed to say that it was put in the plaintiff's parlour-window just this time three years. 1882 R. Harris Hints on Advocacy (ed. 6) iv. 124 Leader then turns over a sheet of his brief, and whispers behind his hand to the solicitor who is instructing him. 1930 Columbia Law Rev. 30 56 Counsel may be instructed on other matters as well. 1950 M. Gilbert Smallbone Deceased xvi. 253 Our client..instructs us most emphatically that she dispatched three undervests. 2007 Sunday Tribune (Ireland) (Nexis) 8 Apr. n5 The solicitors said they had been instructed by their clients that the memo was ‘not an authentic document’. b. transitive. To authorize (a solicitor or barrister) to conduct a case on a person's behalf; to engage the services of (a solicitor or barrister). Also: to engage the services of (an expert, as a translator, psychiatrist, etc.) in legal proceedings.Not used in U.S. law. ΚΠ 1802 Morning Post 26 Apr. 1 (advt.) I have instructed my Solicitor to prosecute Lord Camelford and all the party concerned. 1819 Leeds Mercury 27 Mar. The Chief Baron directed..the trial to be postponed until he [sc. the prisoner] had sufficient time to instruct counsel. 1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) xviii. 185 Having been instructed by Mrs. Martha Bardell, to commence an action against you, for a breach of promise of marriage [etc.]. 1885 Manch. Examiner 11 Feb. 5/2 Mr. C...has instructed his solicitor to deal with the promulgator of the slander. 1898 J. Timewell Police & Public (LSE Sel. Pamphlets) 13 He is the man..who got Hillman's brother to instruct a solicitor. 1966 Times 17 Nov. 1/3 For a psychiatrist or educational psychologist to be instructed by one party only..seemed most undesirable. 1976 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) 16 Dec. 9/5 Mr. John Slade (instructed by Hawkins, Ferrier & Staveley), appearing for both defendants, [etc.]. 1996 Independent 17 Jan. (Suppl.) 14/4 Even firms with a high number of linguistically skilled lawyers..still prefer to instruct outside translators. 2015 Sunday Mail (Glasgow) (Nexis) 8 Nov. 35 The simplified divorce procedure will keep costs down as you don't have to instruct a solicitor. 5. transitive. Law. Of a judge: to give directions or guidelines to (a jury) on the legal principles applicable to the case under consideration. ΚΠ 1671 J. Hickes True & Faithful Narr. 31 Justice Carew..so instructed the Jury-men..that they brought in their Verdict against the Appellants. 1770 Oxf. Mag. June 237/2 The Bench will reply on those points to the defendant's counsel, and instruct the jury properly. 1836 J. Fairfield Rep. Supreme Court Maine 2 238 In the opinion of the Court, the jury were properly instructed by the Judge, who presided at the trial. 1928 Columbia Law Rev. 28 238 In a trial for statutory rape the judge instructed the jury as to the punishment he might impose upon conviction. 1987 M. Heins Cutting Mustard xviii. 165 Garrity instructed the jury on damages, and then explained that even though legally he was the only one who could make a decision on injunctive relief (reinstatement), he could take their advice. 2015 M. Redmayne Char. in Criminal Trial v. 108 The disputed question was whether the judge should also instruct the jury that they could consider Glean's record of violent crime as evidence of his propensity to violence. 6. a. transitive. Of an electorate: to direct (an elected representative) how to vote on a particular matter, as by petitioning, lobbying, popular vote, etc.In the United States now frequently with reference to the electoral college system: electors (who vote directly for the president and vice president) are expected to vote according to citizens' instructions as expressed by their votes, and in some states there is a statutory penalty for failing to vote as instructed.In opposition to the theory that the electorate has a right to instruct elected representatives is the theory (now frequently associated with Edmund Burke (1729–97); cf. quot. 1999, and quot. 1774 at instruction n. 7) that representatives should vote according to their own judgement as to what is in the best interests of their constituents. ΚΠ 1733 Gentleman's Mag. Dec. 643/2 Of the People's Right of Petitioning and Instructing Members of Parliament. 1769 Oxf. Mag. Feb. 47/2 When..the electors have delegated the exercises of the powers..to any persons, by electing them to serve as their representatives in parliament, it is their most undoubted, legal, and constitutional right, to instruct them from time to time. 1841 in Congr. Globe 186 It is the duty of the elected to carry into effect the will of his constituents, if he is instructed what that will is. 1891 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 229/2 Members were frequently instructed by constituents how to vote. 1920 Independent (N.Y.) 20 Mar. 432/2 When the representative has become a rubber stamp, voting only as instructed by constituents,..he is an evil influence. 1999 Public Opinion Q. 63 331 Bentham is famous for the seemingly incongruous espousal of what is basically a Burkean view of representation..: legislators are not to be instructed or directed by their constituents. 2016 Huffington Post (Electronic ed.) 12 Jan. While electors are generally extremely loyal to the party they align with, they don't have to vote the way the people of their state instructed them to. b. transitive. U.S. Of a state legislature: to order (a senator) to vote in a particular way. Now historical.Before the ratification of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913, senators were elected by state legislatures rather than directly by the people, and legislatures therefore had the theoretical right to direct senators to vote in a particular way (see note at sense 6a); in practice, however, few legislatures exercised this right after the mid 19th cent. ΚΠ 1792 Amer. Museum Apr. 171 The legislatures of some of the states claim a right to instruct their senators in congress. 1844 Niles' National Reg. 17 Feb. 397/3 Mr. Miller..rose and gave his reasons for voting against the bill, though instructed by his legislature to vote for it. 1863 Acts & Resolves Gen. Assembly Vermont 55 That our Senators in Congress be instructed, and our Representatives in Congress be requested, to exert their influence for the passage of a law [etc.]. 1902 S. Atlantic Q. 1 326 The idea of instructing senators in congress seems to have been co-eval with the national government. 2001 R. A. Rossum Federalism, Supreme Court, & 17th Amendment iii. 96 The ability of state legislatures to instruct senators was mentioned frequently during the Constitutional Convention..and was always assumed to exist. c. transitive. U.S. With out or out of. Of a state legislature: to order (a senator) to vote in a way that is so incompatible with his views that he resigns. Usually in passive. Now historical. ΚΠ 1830 Proc. & Deb. Virginia State Convent. 1829–30 315 Such as cannot be instructed in their seats, must be instructed out of their seats. 1862 N.Y. Tribune 22 Jan. Mr. Tyler..was in 1836 instructed out of the Senate,..having previously been very strongly sustained by the [Virginia] Legislature. 1872 H. A. Wise Seven Decades Union viii. 158 He had been instructed out of his seat in the Senate of the United States, because of his refusal to vote to desecrate the journal of the Senate. 1955 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 49 461 White and Foster were indeed instructed out, by being required to support the entire Van Buren program. 2003 D. Monroe Republican Vision J. Tyler iii. 74 Leigh decided to defy any instructions, the Richmond Whig announcing that he would not be instructed out of his seat. II. To give form or substance to. †7. Chiefly poetic. a. transitive. To give form to; to impart life or spirit to; to animate. Cf. inform v. 8c. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > giving of life > give life [verb (transitive)] wrecchec897 quickOE soulOE aquicka1000 quickena1382 vivificate?a1475 live1483 envive1523 embreathea1529 instruct1532 animate1533 vivify1545 enlive1593 inanimate1610 vegetate1620 interanimatea1631 pre-inanimatea1631 enliven1631 vive1637 suscitate1646 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndales Answere iii. p. cccv Hys perpetuall apostle the catholyke chyrche of Cryste, anymated and instructed accordynge to hys promyse wyth hys owne spyryte this xv.C. yeres. 1626 B. Holyday Serm. Pauls Crosse Mar. 24 1624 29 A body, which the breath of the Almighty will instruct with a soule. b. transitive. To put into proper form or order; to make ready, prepare, equip. Cf. inform v. 6. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > put in (proper) order [verb (transitive)] rightlOE attire1330 ettlea1350 to set (also put) in rulea1387 redress1389 dress?a1400 fettlea1400 governc1405 yraylle1426 direct1509 settlec1530 tune1530 instruct1534 rede1545 commodate1595 square1596 concinnate1601 concinnea1620 rectify1655 fix1663 to put (also bring) into repair1673 arrange1802 pipeclay1806 to get together1810 to do up1886 to jack up1939 the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > prepare or put in order tailc1330 ordain1340 disposec1375 appoint1393 fettlea1400 tifta1400 richc1400 tiffc1400 orderc1515 instruct1534 prune1586 compose1612 to make up1759 fix1783 1534 W. Turner tr. J. von Watt Of Olde God & Newe sig. Kv For y^e olde serpente instructed and armed with his deceypte and craft, crepte to, puttynge men in the mynde, that of moost valyaunt hercules they sholde make a demonyake. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xiv. 196 The kings..helpt [printed heplt] t'instruct, the complete army thus; To good, gaue good armes; worse, to worse. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 102 Feed him [sc. a steed] with Herbs, whatever thou can'st find, Of generous warmth; and of salacious kind... Instructed thus, produce him to the Faire. 1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity iii, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 497 The Maids in comely Order next advance; They beat the Timbrel, and instruct the Dance. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 53 [They]..speak to the Merits of a Cause, after the Proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a Hearing before the Judge. 1774 Westm. Mag. 2 654 These point the labour, and reward assign, Direct the batt'ry, and instruct the mine. 8. transitive. Scottish (chiefly Scots Law). To prove the truth of (a statement, claim, etc.); to confirm or verify by evidence or documentary proof; to substantiate.Also with that-clause as object. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > evidence > give evidence of [verb (transitive)] > confirm by evidence or testimony verifya1325 instruct1594 1594 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1594/4/48 Except thai instruct with thair summondis that the persoun alleagit hurt..wes the kingis fre leige man the tyme of that deid. 1616 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 405 That allegeance is nather releveant nor instructit. 1649 in W. Stevenson Presbyterie Bk. Kirkcaldie (1900) 333 He was inhibit to sit in ane seate of the kirk whereunto he claimes some right bot can instruct none. 1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. iv. xv. §5 Thirlage of lands to mills of the Kings property is sufficiently instructed by use of coming to the mill, and paying the insucken multures. 1724 P. Walker Some Remarkable Passages Life A. Peden p. xxix It was also a Day of very astonishing Apparitions..which I can instruct the Truth of. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian x, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 241 ‘If, indeed, you are able to instruct that point, Mr. Fairbrother,’ said the presiding Judge. 1883 Cases Court of Session 4th Ser. 10 722 If the defender had been able to instruct by evidence the averments he has placed on record. 1919 Sc. Law Reporter 56 586/1 The pursuer relies, as instructing or giving the necessary specification to his averment of malice, upon the averment that the defender knew his statements to be false. 1997 Ann. Accts. (Angus Council) 65 We have examined the foregoing accounts..and found these to be sufficiently vouched and instructed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1557adj.c1425v.c1449
随便看	reassorts reassume reassume oneself reassumed reassumes reassuming reassumpt reassumption reassumptions reassurance reassurances reassure reassured reassurement reassurer reassurers reassures reassuring reassuringly reasty reasy reat reate reates reattach

instructn.

† instructadj.

instructv.