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单词 kongo
释义

Kongoadj.n.

Brit. /ˈkɒŋɡəʊ/, U.S. /ˈkɑŋɡoʊ/
Inflections: Plural unchanged, Kongos, Kongoes.
Forms: 1500s– Congo, 1800s– Kongo, 1900s– Koongo.
Origin: Partly (i) from a proper name. Partly (ii) a borrowing from Kongo. Etymons: proper name Kingdom of Kongo; kôngoKongo.
Etymology: < (i) the name of the Kingdom of Kongo (see note), and its etymon (ii) Kongo kôngo, self-designation, also the name of the Kingdom of Kongo. The further etymology of the name within the Kongo language is unknown, and it is unclear whether the name of the people derives from the name of the kingdom, or vice versa, or if both have a common origin.Compare Kongo mukôngo , with singular class prefix denoting a person, bakôngo , with plural class prefix denoting people (see Bakongo n.), and kikôngo , with class prefix denoting a language (see Kikongo n.). Compare also (incorporating the element -isi- earth, land) esikôngo , basikôngo , literally ‘people of the land of Kongo’ (singular mwisikongo ) and kisikôngo , literally ‘language of the land of Kongo’ (compare Kikongo n.), perhaps suggesting that the place name may be primary. The place name in European use. The European names for the region and the river were taken from the name of the Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo Kôngo ya Ntotila ), a former kingdom in western central Africa (covering an area now mainly occupied by northern Angola and the Congo Republics: see Congolese adj.); this kingdom was the dominant power in the region when the Portuguese made contact in the late 15th cent. The place name Kongo (also Congo ) is attested in English from the second half of the 16th cent., initially with reference to the kingdom, and soon afterwards also with reference to the river. It is also attested in French at a similar date. The use of the name to denote the river is a European innovation; in Kongo, it is called Nzâdi , literally ‘large river’. Later European uses of the place name are discussed at Congolese adj. Variant forms. Both this word and Congo adj. and n. have historically been written with initial c or (since the 19th cent.) initial k. In current English use, forms with initial k are typically used to denote the specific ethnic group, and their historical kingdom, while forms with initial c are preferred in uses with reference to the later French and Belgian colonies and the modern countries, and in more general and extended uses.
A. adj.
Of or relating to the Kongo (see sense B. 1) or their languages and dialects. Also: of or relating to the Kingdom of Kongo or its inhabitants.It is not always clear whether the terms Kongo and Congo are being used in this sense, or more generically to refer to any person from, or associated with, the Congo region. Cf. Congo adj. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo > [adjective]
Kongo1597
Bakongo1840
Lugbara1907
Luba1957
the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [adjective] > of or relating to Bantu languages
Kaffir1588
Kongo1597
Xhosa1812
Amapondo1830
Zulu1839
Sesotho1844
Swahilian1846
Kikuyu1850
Bantu1858
Fan1861
Amandebele1872
Nyamwezi1872
Wagogo1878
Lunda1879
Luganda1882
Sotho1883
Gogo1891
Tonga1891
Chichewa1897
Ronga1897
Bemba1904
Ila1907
Tsonga1907
Meru1908
Chewa1909
Venda1913
Lingala1922
Luba1922
Pedi1922
Nyanja1923
Nguni1929
Ndebele1930
Lobedu1937
Tiv1939
Mongo1961
Siswati1964
1597 A. Hartwell tr. D. Lopes Rep. Kingdome of Congo ii. vii. 180 They vse no writing at all in the Congo tongue [It. nell'idioma di Congo].
1695 J. Stevens tr. M. de Faria y Sousa Portugues Asia I. i. iii. 31 The Congo Embassador being well instructed in the Faith, was sent home with three Ships.
a1726 H. Barham Hortus Americanus (1794) 195 I was once in the woods, and was caught in a great shower of rain, having only an old Congo negro with me, who made me a hut.
1815 Missionary Reg. (Church Missionary Soc.) Nov. 592 With respect to his present office of Chaplain he says, I should prefer to reside either on Leicester Mountain, or among my good Kongo people.
1887 R. Cust in W. H. Bentley Dict. & Gram. Kongo Lang. Introd. p. vii The Kongo language takes its place by the side of the Swahili, the Zulu, and the Pongwe, as one of the typical languages of the Bantu family.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia I. 273/1 (caption) Kongo nail fetish, coastal region, Lower Congo cultural area.
2001 M. Schuler in L. Heywood Central Afr. & Cultural Transformations in Amer. Diaspora xii. 328 (caption) A Kongo musician in Guyana, c. 1919.
B. n.
1. A member of a people living in the region along the lower Congo river; (also) this people; = Bakongo n.The Kongo live in a region along the Atlantic coast which was formerly part of the Kingdom of Kongo. This region now forms parts of the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola. As a historical result of the transatlantic slave trade, there are also significant Kongo populations in areas such as the United States, South America, and the Caribbean (see e.g. quot. 2001 at sense A.).It is not always clear whether the terms Kongo and Congo are being used in this sense, or more generically to refer to any person from, or associated with, the Congo region. Cf. Congo n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo > [noun]
Kongo1600
Bakongo1877
Kioko1884
Mongo1906
Lugbara1908
Luba1997
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of West Africa > [noun] > countries or regions
Guinean1589
Kongo1600
Gambian1744
Guinea Negro1748
Congoese1765
Sierra Leonean1791
Congolese1800
Liberian1826
Guinea-man1830
Nigerian1860
Lagosian1897
Basenji1906
Ghanaian1949
assimilado1953
Mali1960
Malian1960
Katangese1962
Biafran1967
Zairean1972
Ivorian1973
Zairois1973
Zairese1974
Upper Voltan1975
Voltaic1976
1600 J. Sparke in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 503 The people of Cape Verde are called Leophares, and counted the goodliest men of all other, sauing the Congoes.
1670 J. Ogilby Africa 543 The Congo's, inclin'd to the old revenge, and not being able to digest the disgrace, began new Quarrels.
1887 W. H. Bentley Dict. & Gram. Kongo Lang. Pref. p. ix The Bakongo referred to elsewhere in this work, are the independent Kongos living east of the Kwilu River.
1936 Discovery June 172/1 The area of the Western Bantu includes..the territory of considerable and highly organised kingdoms, such as the medieval kingdoms of the Kongo and the Balunda, and the later Bushongo Empire.
2010 Jrnl. Mod. Afr. Stud. 48 648 Religious attitudes among the Kongo are exceedingly ambiguous.
2. A group of Bantu languages and dialects spoken by the Kongo; any of these languages or dialects; = Kikongo n.Kongo may be variously used to refer to a whole group of closely related languages or dialects, a subset of these, or a single one of them.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Niger-Congo proper languages > Kwa family > Bantu languages > Kongo
Kongo1837
Kikongo1882
1837 J. C. Prichard Res. Physical Hist. Mankind (ed. 3) II. iii. xiv. 315 Kongo dialects from Oldendorp are his four last, viz. Loango, Camba, Mandongo, Kongo, numbered successively.
1862 W. H. I. Bleek Compar. Gram. S. Afr. Langs.: Pt. I ii. 22 Kongo bhobha (to speak, talk) is Hereró pópa (to warn, persuade).
1988 Eng. World-wide 9 150 The suprasegmentals cannot be derived from Twi, Yoruba or Kongo.
2006 A. Steffen et al. Worldchanging (2008) 470/2 Okapi's talk-radio programs often include human-rights defenders and development experts, and debate is lively in all five of the languages—French, Lingala, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Kongo—in which the station broadcasts.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.1597
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