indigencen.

Brit.

/ˈɪndᵻdʒ(ə)ns/, U.S.

/ˈɪndədʒəns/

Forms: Middle English–1500s indigens, Middle English–1500s indygence, Middle English– indigence, 1500s–1600s indygens.

Origin: Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French indigence; Latin indigentia.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French indigence poverty (c1275 in Old French; also in Anglo-Norman), something necessary for life, (plural) needs, wants (c1370), lack of something (c1430), lack of an intellectual or moral quality (1675), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin indigentia lack of something, need, in post-classical Latin also hardship, poverty (from 11th cent. in British sources), necessary thing (first half of the 15th cent. in a British source in plural, indigentiae ; also in continental sources) < indigent- , indigēns indigent adj. + -ia -ia suffix¹; compare -ence suffix.Compare Spanish indigencia (c1440).

(a) Poverty, esp. extreme poverty in which one lacks the means to support or provide for oneself; destitution.Cf. the specific sense at 1a(b).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun]

waedlec888

wanspeedc893

wanea1100

wandrethc1175

miseasea1200

povertya1225

lowness?c1225

needc1225

orcostc1225

poorness?a1300

unwealtha1300

defaultc1300

porailc1325

straitnessa1340

poorhead1340

mischiefa1375

miseasetya1382

needinessa1382

misterc1385

indigencec1386

scarcitya1387

noughtc1400

scantnessc1400

necessity?1406

penurya1425

povertnessa1434

exilitya1439

wantc1450

scarcenessc1475

needinga1500

povertiesa1500

penurity?a1505

poortith?a1513

debility1525

tenuity1535

leanness1550

lack1555

Needham1577

inopy1581

pinching1587

dispurveyance1590

egency1600

macritude1623

penuriousness1630

indigency1631

needihood1648

necessitousness1650

egestuosity1656

straitened circumstancesa1766

unopulence1796

Queer Street1811

lowliness1834

breadlessness1860

unwealthiness1886

out-of-elbowness1890

secondary poverty1901

Short Street1920

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 2028 (MED) A king behoveth ek to fle The vice of Prodegalite, That he mesure in his expence So kepe, that of indigence He mai be sauf.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (1871) l. 104 Thou most for Indigence Or stele, or begge, or borwe thy despence.

c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 815 (MED) Avaunsyd persownys holde residence Among ther parysshens, make a departysoun Of ther tresours to folk in indigence.

?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter xxxiv. 86 God seeth the iust in providence..He them relieueth in indigens.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1211 This other heere..doth not abandon povertie, nor raseth out the hereditary indigence of his father and house.

1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. ix. 60 Too much curiosity hath thrown him upon adventures, which possibly have reduced him to this indigence, want and penurie.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 276. ⁋1 To tell a rich Man of the Indigence of a Kinsman of his.

1791 E. Burke Appeal New to Old Whigs 12 As they had before been reduced from affluence to indigence.

1884 J. Rae Contemp. Socialism 414 To have no shoes is a mark of extreme indigence to-day.

1957 Sci. & Society 21 197 He was a physician, the only one in the entire county, and lived in indigence all his life, despite his double source of income.

2021 Vanguard (Lagos) (Nexis) 22 July Palliatives meant to assuage the pains, hunger and indigence of vulnerable citizens during the COVID-19 lockdown period were hoarded.

(b) spec. Financial hardship of a level which (in some contexts and jurisdictions) makes one eligible to receive official or charitable assistance or support, free or discounted medical care, legal representation, etc. Now chiefly U.S.See also medical indigence n.Less common in official and legal contexts than indigency in the same sense (see indigency n. 2b).

ΚΠ

1747 Gen. Advertiser 16 May Only the Begging Fryars, and the Poor, upon a Certificate of their Indigence from the Curate of the Parish, are exempted from paying this Tax.

1817 Edinb. Rev. Aug. 450 The Hospital [sc. the Salpêtrière in Paris] is open to every one who brings with him a certificate of indigence.

1877 in 24th Ann. Rep. Superintendent Public Instr. State of N.Y. (1878) 125 Formerly, parents had to prove indigence in order to have a deaf-mute child admitted to one of the institutions of this kind in the State.

1938 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 Sept. 1198/2 The practitioner or hospital called on by the holder of a certificate of complete indigence..shall render all necessary and reasonable care which the condition of the patient requires.., and the agency shall be liable for the reasonable cost thereof.

1973 Spokane (Washington) Daily Chron. 22 Dec. 5/4 He signed an affidavit of indigence, which enabled him to receive legal counsel at public expense.

2005 L. Smith et al. in D. McDonald & G. Ruiters Age of Commodity vii. 140 The new free water policy means that the minority of poor consumers in the concession area who did claim indigence and benefited from the voucher system are worse off than they were before.

b. Poverty or destitution personified; (also) a person or people regarded as exemplifying the experience or condition of extreme poverty. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > personified

povertyc1400

indigencec1420

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 863 Tresoun, pouerte, Iindigence [read Indigence], and nede, And cruel deth, in his Rente Wede.

1685 C. Cotton tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. I. xl. 489 I find that by divers Causes, Indigence is as frequently seen to Inhabit with those who have Estates, as with those that have none.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xviii. 190 This place, the usual retreat of indigence and frugality.

1819 R. Burns Hist. Diss. Law & Pract. with regard to Poor (ed. 2) ix. 191 The dark and gloomy receptacles, where indigence dwells in all its squalid wretchedness.

1862 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia III. xi. i. 11 Under this King, Indigence itself may still have something of a human aspect.

1902 W. Canton Comrades 41 Come to the fields, where Toil draws wholesome breath, And Indigence still keeps her apron white.

1943 A. Bax Farewell my Youth 45 Grim landscapes of stone where indigence and fever gauntly reigned.

a. In plural. Wants, needs. Now rare.With reference to physical needs, often coloured by sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] > instance or time of need

needOE

needinga1400

indigencec1416

pinch1489

indigency1651

?c1415 T. Hoccleve Balade Henry V for Money l. 11 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 62 Let your hy worthynesse Oure indigences softne & abate!

a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xliii. f. lxxii^v/1 She endured not oonly grete indigences, But also many rebukes and shames.

1595 L. Lewkenor Estate Eng. Fugitives sig. H3^v It is pure want & extreame indigences that forceth him to deale so.

1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 114 We..lay before them our Wants and Indigences, and the misery of our Condition.

1751 Plan Universal Reg. Office 5 The Superfluities therefore perish, and the Indigences remain.

1828 W. M. Kinsey Portugal Illustr. vi. 163 ‘They are all,’ as a Portuguese emphatically observed to me, ‘a gang of thieves, and so are the receivers and treasurers of the large sums levied annually upon the indigences of the people.’

1871 J. S. Mill Evid. taken Royal Comm. (National Assoc. Repeal of Infectious Diseases Act) 12 All poor laws, all relief whatever to the indigences or distresses of our fellow creatures are liable to it, since the people themselves are often very much to blame.

1932 Downside Rev. 50 64 It was by an examination of the moral conditions and indigences of man that we arrived at the idea of the God-man.

b. Lack, absence, or want of something required or necessary; deficiency; an instance of this. Chiefly with of.Now often difficult to distinguish from figurative use of sense 1a(a).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] > of something

misterc1300

indigence?14..

necessity?a1425

indigencya1620

requirance1662

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 122 (MED) As humiditeez of plantz ar corrupt for som indigence i. nede..On þe same maner it shal befalle herez to be corrupt..for indigence [?c1425 Paris nedynesse; L. indigentiam] of humiditeez..For indigence forsoþ of humiditeez is made caluicium.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. ccclv^v By indygence of goodes..by right shulde he ben punisshed.

1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death 348 As for slow Fluxes of Blood, this Matter pertaines to the Indigence of Nourishment, not to the Diffusion of the Spirits.

1703 B. Kennet tr. A. Godeau Pastoral Instr. 80 Our Lord was Born in the sordid Apartment of a Stable, and under an extreme Indigence of all Things.

1852 G. Smythe Let. in R. Faber Young Eng. (1987) iii. 154 I have eaten my heart away in utter indigence of action.

1967 W. Walsh Coleridge v. 193 The feebleness of so much contemporary social and political dialectic is the consequence of a routine acceptance of Benthamite ideas on one side and the utmost indigence of ideas at all on the other.

2009 L. Wacquant Punishing Poor ix. 277 Everything, from the architecture of facilities..to the indigence of institutional resources (for work, training, education, health),..contradicts the supposed mission of ‘reforming’ the convict.

c. The fact or condition of lacking or needing something necessary or desired; need, want. Now chiefly Philosophy and Theology.In quot. c1460 perhaps spec. (extreme) physical hunger.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage

wanec888

trokingc1175

want?c1225

defaultc1300

trokea1325

fault1340

lacking1377

scarcityc1380

wantingc1390

absencea1398

bresta1400

defect?a1425

lack?c1425

defailing1502

mank?a1513

inlaik1562

defection1576

inlaiking1595

vacuity1601

deficience1605

lossa1616

failancea1627

deficiency1634

shortness1669

falling shorta1680

miss1689

wantage1756

shortage1868

c1460 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 120 And beestys alle shal..Nouthir Ete nor drynke for noon Indigence.

c1480 (a1400) St. Mary of Egypt 319 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 305 Grant syne to myn Indigens þi proteccione & defens!

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid Prol. 72 Therto perfyte, but ony indigence.

a1628 J. Preston New Covenant (1634) 25 Mutual indigence knits men together, when they have need one of another.

1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. x. 230 Every subordinate Being..is..subject to wants, (indigence and imperfection being essential to it's constitution).

1804 G. Chapman Advantages Classical Educ. 45 [Friendship] he derives not from a prospect of the advantages arising from it in life, nor from the natural indigence of mankind, but from a cause more ancient and more noble.

1952 J. F. Anderson Cause of Being vi. 156 Every creature or finite thing intends to acquire some perfection or actuality that it lacks... In other words, indigence or imperfection is a necessary presupposition or ground of the exercise of efficient causality in the finite.

2005 New Atlantis Summer 71 For John Paul, the earthly body in all its frailty and indigence and limitation is always on the way to the glorious body of resurrection.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2022).

单词	indigence
释义	indigencen. Brit. /ˈɪndᵻdʒ(ə)ns/, U.S. /ˈɪndədʒəns/ Forms: Middle English–1500s indigens, Middle English–1500s indygence, Middle English– indigence, 1500s–1600s indygens. Origin: Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French indigence; Latin indigentia. Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French indigence poverty (c1275 in Old French; also in Anglo-Norman), something necessary for life, (plural) needs, wants (c1370), lack of something (c1430), lack of an intellectual or moral quality (1675), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin indigentia lack of something, need, in post-classical Latin also hardship, poverty (from 11th cent. in British sources), necessary thing (first half of the 15th cent. in a British source in plural, indigentiae ; also in continental sources) < indigent- , indigēns indigent adj. + -ia -ia suffix¹; compare -ence suffix.Compare Spanish indigencia (c1440). 1. a. (a) Poverty, esp. extreme poverty in which one lacks the means to support or provide for oneself; destitution.Cf. the specific sense at 1a(b). ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] waedlec888 wanspeedc893 wanea1100 wandrethc1175 miseasea1200 povertya1225 lowness?c1225 needc1225 orcostc1225 poorness?a1300 unwealtha1300 defaultc1300 porailc1325 straitnessa1340 poorhead1340 mischiefa1375 miseasetya1382 needinessa1382 misterc1385 indigencec1386 scarcitya1387 noughtc1400 scantnessc1400 necessity?1406 penurya1425 povertnessa1434 exilitya1439 wantc1450 scarcenessc1475 needinga1500 povertiesa1500 penurity?a1505 poortith?a1513 debility1525 tenuity1535 leanness1550 lack1555 Needham1577 inopy1581 pinching1587 dispurveyance1590 egency1600 macritude1623 penuriousness1630 indigency1631 needihood1648 necessitousness1650 egestuosity1656 straitened circumstancesa1766 unopulence1796 Queer Street1811 lowliness1834 breadlessness1860 unwealthiness1886 out-of-elbowness1890 secondary poverty1901 Short Street1920 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 2028 (MED) A king behoveth ek to fle The vice of Prodegalite, That he mesure in his expence So kepe, that of indigence He mai be sauf. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (1871) l. 104 Thou most for Indigence Or stele, or begge, or borwe thy despence. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 815 (MED) Avaunsyd persownys holde residence Among ther parysshens, make a departysoun Of ther tresours to folk in indigence. ?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter xxxiv. 86 God seeth the iust in providence..He them relieueth in indigens. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1211 This other heere..doth not abandon povertie, nor raseth out the hereditary indigence of his father and house. 1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. ix. 60 Too much curiosity hath thrown him upon adventures, which possibly have reduced him to this indigence, want and penurie. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 276. ⁋1 To tell a rich Man of the Indigence of a Kinsman of his. 1791 E. Burke Appeal New to Old Whigs 12 As they had before been reduced from affluence to indigence. 1884 J. Rae Contemp. Socialism 414 To have no shoes is a mark of extreme indigence to-day. 1957 Sci. & Society 21 197 He was a physician, the only one in the entire county, and lived in indigence all his life, despite his double source of income. 2021 Vanguard (Lagos) (Nexis) 22 July Palliatives meant to assuage the pains, hunger and indigence of vulnerable citizens during the COVID-19 lockdown period were hoarded. (b) spec. Financial hardship of a level which (in some contexts and jurisdictions) makes one eligible to receive official or charitable assistance or support, free or discounted medical care, legal representation, etc. Now chiefly U.S.See also medical indigence n.Less common in official and legal contexts than indigency in the same sense (see indigency n. 2b). ΚΠ 1747 Gen. Advertiser 16 May Only the Begging Fryars, and the Poor, upon a Certificate of their Indigence from the Curate of the Parish, are exempted from paying this Tax. 1817 Edinb. Rev. Aug. 450 The Hospital [sc. the Salpêtrière in Paris] is open to every one who brings with him a certificate of indigence. 1877 in 24th Ann. Rep. Superintendent Public Instr. State of N.Y. (1878) 125 Formerly, parents had to prove indigence in order to have a deaf-mute child admitted to one of the institutions of this kind in the State. 1938 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 Sept. 1198/2 The practitioner or hospital called on by the holder of a certificate of complete indigence..shall render all necessary and reasonable care which the condition of the patient requires.., and the agency shall be liable for the reasonable cost thereof. 1973 Spokane (Washington) Daily Chron. 22 Dec. 5/4 He signed an affidavit of indigence, which enabled him to receive legal counsel at public expense. 2005 L. Smith et al. in D. McDonald & G. Ruiters Age of Commodity vii. 140 The new free water policy means that the minority of poor consumers in the concession area who did claim indigence and benefited from the voucher system are worse off than they were before. b. Poverty or destitution personified; (also) a person or people regarded as exemplifying the experience or condition of extreme poverty. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > personified povertyc1400 indigencec1420 a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 863 Tresoun, pouerte, Iindigence [read Indigence], and nede, And cruel deth, in his Rente Wede. 1685 C. Cotton tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. I. xl. 489 I find that by divers Causes, Indigence is as frequently seen to Inhabit with those who have Estates, as with those that have none. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xviii. 190 This place, the usual retreat of indigence and frugality. 1819 R. Burns Hist. Diss. Law & Pract. with regard to Poor (ed. 2) ix. 191 The dark and gloomy receptacles, where indigence dwells in all its squalid wretchedness. 1862 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia III. xi. i. 11 Under this King, Indigence itself may still have something of a human aspect. 1902 W. Canton Comrades 41 Come to the fields, where Toil draws wholesome breath, And Indigence still keeps her apron white. 1943 A. Bax Farewell my Youth 45 Grim landscapes of stone where indigence and fever gauntly reigned. 2. a. In plural. Wants, needs. Now rare.With reference to physical needs, often coloured by sense 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] > instance or time of need needOE needinga1400 indigencec1416 pinch1489 indigency1651 ?c1415 T. Hoccleve Balade Henry V for Money l. 11 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 62 Let your hy worthynesse Oure indigences softne & abate! a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xliii. f. lxxii^v/1 She endured not oonly grete indigences, But also many rebukes and shames. 1595 L. Lewkenor Estate Eng. Fugitives sig. H3^v It is pure want & extreame indigences that forceth him to deale so. 1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 114 We..lay before them our Wants and Indigences, and the misery of our Condition. 1751 Plan Universal Reg. Office 5 The Superfluities therefore perish, and the Indigences remain. 1828 W. M. Kinsey Portugal Illustr. vi. 163 ‘They are all,’ as a Portuguese emphatically observed to me, ‘a gang of thieves, and so are the receivers and treasurers of the large sums levied annually upon the indigences of the people.’ 1871 J. S. Mill Evid. taken Royal Comm. (National Assoc. Repeal of Infectious Diseases Act) 12 All poor laws, all relief whatever to the indigences or distresses of our fellow creatures are liable to it, since the people themselves are often very much to blame. 1932 Downside Rev. 50 64 It was by an examination of the moral conditions and indigences of man that we arrived at the idea of the God-man. b. Lack, absence, or want of something required or necessary; deficiency; an instance of this. Chiefly with of.Now often difficult to distinguish from figurative use of sense 1a(a). ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] > of something misterc1300 indigence?14.. necessity?a1425 indigencya1620 requirance1662 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 122 (MED) As humiditeez of plantz ar corrupt for som indigence i. nede..On þe same maner it shal befalle herez to be corrupt..for indigence [?c1425 Paris nedynesse; L. indigentiam] of humiditeez..For indigence forsoþ of humiditeez is made caluicium. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. ccclv^v By indygence of goodes..by right shulde he ben punisshed. 1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death 348 As for slow Fluxes of Blood, this Matter pertaines to the Indigence of Nourishment, not to the Diffusion of the Spirits. 1703 B. Kennet tr. A. Godeau Pastoral Instr. 80 Our Lord was Born in the sordid Apartment of a Stable, and under an extreme Indigence of all Things. 1852 G. Smythe Let. in R. Faber Young Eng. (1987) iii. 154 I have eaten my heart away in utter indigence of action. 1967 W. Walsh Coleridge v. 193 The feebleness of so much contemporary social and political dialectic is the consequence of a routine acceptance of Benthamite ideas on one side and the utmost indigence of ideas at all on the other. 2009 L. Wacquant Punishing Poor ix. 277 Everything, from the architecture of facilities..to the indigence of institutional resources (for work, training, education, health),..contradicts the supposed mission of ‘reforming’ the convict. c. The fact or condition of lacking or needing something necessary or desired; need, want. Now chiefly Philosophy and Theology.In quot. c1460 perhaps spec. (extreme) physical hunger. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage wanec888 trokingc1175 want?c1225 defaultc1300 trokea1325 fault1340 lacking1377 scarcityc1380 wantingc1390 absencea1398 bresta1400 defect?a1425 lack?c1425 defailing1502 mank?a1513 inlaik1562 defection1576 inlaiking1595 vacuity1601 deficience1605 lossa1616 failancea1627 deficiency1634 shortness1669 falling shorta1680 miss1689 wantage1756 shortage1868 c1460 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 120 And beestys alle shal..Nouthir Ete nor drynke for noon Indigence. c1480 (a1400) St. Mary of Egypt 319 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 305 Grant syne to myn Indigens þi proteccione & defens! 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid Prol. 72 Therto perfyte, but ony indigence. a1628 J. Preston New Covenant (1634) 25 Mutual indigence knits men together, when they have need one of another. 1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. x. 230 Every subordinate Being..is..subject to wants, (indigence and imperfection being essential to it's constitution). 1804 G. Chapman Advantages Classical Educ. 45 [Friendship] he derives not from a prospect of the advantages arising from it in life, nor from the natural indigence of mankind, but from a cause more ancient and more noble. 1952 J. F. Anderson Cause of Being vi. 156 Every creature or finite thing intends to acquire some perfection or actuality that it lacks... In other words, indigence or imperfection is a necessary presupposition or ground of the exercise of efficient causality in the finite. 2005 New Atlantis Summer 71 For John Paul, the earthly body in all its frailty and indigence and limitation is always on the way to the glorious body of resurrection. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2022). < n.a1393
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