† assassinaten.

Forms: 1600s assacinat, 1600s assacinate, 1600s assasinat, 1600s assasinate, 1600s 1800s assassinat, 1600s–1700s assassinate; also Scottish pre-1700 assasinatt.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French assassinat.

Etymology: < Middle French, French assassinat assassination (1547), assassin (1611) < post-classical Latin assassinatus (13th cent. in Du Cange) < post-classical Latin assassinare assassinate v.

Obsolete.

a. An assassination.In the 17th cent. more common than assassination n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > killing > man-killing or homicide > murder or assassination > [noun]

murderingeOE

murderOE

banec1175

morth gamec1275

morth spellc1275

slaughterc1325

murdermenta1400

murderdom1514

massacre1589

remove1592

assassinate1596

assassinment1602

assassination1610

assassinacy1611

assassinaya1641

removal1655

murderation1715

murdrum1767

thugdom1839

aliicide1868

hatchet job1925

liquidation1925

rubout1927

murder one1966

neutralization1971

1596 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) A1596/12/21/4 To punishe condignelie ane swa haynous assasinatt.

1600 C. Edmondes Obseruations Fiue Bks. Caesars Comm. v. xix. 198 The like edict..was within two yeeres reuoked againe.., in regarde of the murthers and assasinats committed in that kingdome.

1602 S. Patrick tr. I. Gentillet Disc. Wel Governing 228 All murders, massacres, and assassinates, are alwaies found done to a good end.

1609 S. Daniel Civile Wares (rev. ed.) iii. lxxviii. 83 What hast thou done, To make this barbarous base assassinate Vpon the person of a Prince?

1636 D. Featley Clavis Mystica v. 54 The bloudy assacinate of the Earl of Gowrie.

1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 406 There can be no proper assassinat, without an intervening price.

a1754 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. (1755) IV. 195 Following him to Portsmouth..he committed the assassinate on his person.

1836 E. Grosvenor Let. in G. Huxley Lady Elizabeth & Grosvenors (1965) vii. 160 The young Brutus's and patriots who choose to immortalise themselves by an assassinat.

b. figurative. = assassination n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > [noun] > bringing into disrepute > attack on reputation

impeachment1569

assassination1647

assassinate1657

character assassination1822

hatchet job1940

1657 S. Du Verger Hvmble Refl. iv. xv. 113 And should I be struck dumme, contrarily, vpon this assacinate, where both fathers & Mothers, and myne owne destruction, are equally aymed at?

1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 187 Who commit these Assassinats upon the reputation of deserving persons.

a. An assassin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > killing > man-killer or homicide > [noun] > murderer or assassin

banea800

murthereOE

quellerOE

manslaughta1225

manquellec1275

murderer1340

Cainc1380

drepera1400

sicariana1400

murder mana1450

interfector1450

murdrier1481

murdresara1500

assassin1531

cut-throat1535

cutter1569

baner1605

brave1606

bravo1609

dagger-mana1616

assassinate1621

assassinator1651

sword-taker1660

assassinant1662

banesman1870

hatchet man1876

murdermonger1900

hit-man1970

mechanic1972

contract killer1980

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. iv. vi. 209 Poverty alone makes men theeues,..rebels, murderers, traitors, assasinats.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. iii. i. iii. 246 Men of all other fitte to be Assacinats.

1676 W. Bates Considerations Existence of God xii. 250 The Assassinates of Kings.

1686 tr. Livy Rom. Hist. ii. xiii. 40 Nothing had saved him except the mistake of the Assasinate.

a1698 W. Row Contin. in R. Blair Life (1848) (modernized text) xii. 519 Search out the villain, the assassinate.

1737 G. Smith Curious Relations I. iii. 483 To raise the Number of Assassinates to three Hundred; then to fall upon the Magistrates.

1814 W. Scott Waverley III. xvi. 236 He has accused me..as if I were a cut-throat, and an abettor of bravoes and assassinates.

b. figurative. = assassin n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > one who or that which destroys

baneOE

losera1340

leeserc1380

stroyerc1380

destroyer1382

ravenerc1390

castera1400

confounder1401

wastera1425

stroyc1440

undoerc1440

unmakerc1450

confounderess1509

hydraa1513

stroy-good1540

abolisher1548

thunderbolt1559

disannullera1572

stroy-all1573

ruiner1581

down-puller1583

murdererc1585

spendingc1595

blaster1598

assassin1609

ruinater1609

dissolver1611

minerc1614

destructioner1621

fordoer1631

sinker1632

destructive1640

deletery1642

assassinatea1658

ruinator1658

destroyeress1662

destructora1691

dissolvent1835

solvent1841

wrecker1882

destructant1889

a1658 J. Cleveland Clievelandi Vindiciæ (1677) 60 Scribling Assassinate!.. Cub of the Blatant Beast.

1695 Whether Parl. dissolved by Death Pr. Orange 6 Those Miscreants, and Assassinates of their Country.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

assassinatev.

Brit.

/əˈsasᵻneɪt/, U.S.

/əˈsæs(ə)nˌeɪt/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin assassinat-, assassinare.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin assassinat-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of assassinare (1582 or earlier) < assassinus assassin n. Compare Italian assassinare (14th cent.), Middle French, French assassiner (1556). Compare earlier assassin n. and slightly earlier assassinate n.

a. transitive. To murder (a person, esp. prominent or famous person) in a planned attack, esp. with a political or ideological motive. Also: to murder (a person) on behalf of another, esp. as a hired or professional killer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > killing > man-killing or homicide > murder or assassination > murder or assassinate [verb (transitive)]

amurderOE

murderc1175

homicidec1470

murdresc1480

murtrish1490

manquell1548

slaughter1582

massacre1591

assassinate1600

remove1609

assassin1620

to do the business for a person1759

Septembrize1794

croak1823

square1888

shift1898

to take out1900

to bump off1907

bump1914

to do in1914

to put out1917

to knock off1919

terminate1920

to give (a person) the works1929

scrag1930

snuff1932

wash1941

waste1964

wipe1968

to terminate with extreme prejudice1969

neutralize1970

snuff1973

stiff1974

1600 M. Sutcliffe Briefe Replie to Libel v. 103 Yet are they..ready to assassinate and murder princes.

1613 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. (rev. ed.) ii. xxix. 398 Thus was our Earle Raymond of Tripoli murthered or assassinated in the middest of his Cittie.

1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. iv. ii. 436 Brutus, and Cassius..conspired to assassinate him.

1700 E. Beckham Princ. Quakers Blasphemous & Seditious Ep. Ded. p. iv The Lydian Prince, who, tho dumb before, broke silence when he saw his Father ready to be assassinated.

1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison III. xx. 175 One of the Lady's admirers, envying him his supposed success, hired Brescian bravoes to assassinate him.

1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. xii. 304 Cæsar, when he was assassinated, fell at the feet of Pompey's Statue.

1813 R. Southey Life Nelson iii. 65 He was assassinated by some wretches set on..by Genoa.

1898 Argosy Sept. 210 It's hard to believe that General Washington would consent to have the man assassinated.

1914 Times 29 June 8/1 The Austro-Hungarian Heir-Presumptive, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated yesterday morning at Serajevo.

1955 P. Bowles Let. 23 July in In Touch (1994) 262 Tangier is full to bursting with agitators and terrorists and counter-terrorists and ordinary refugees expecting to be assassinated.

1999 J. Gilligan in M. Cox Remorse & Reparation ii. 37 In Richard III, Shakespeare depicts a dialogue between the two murderers who have been hired to assassinate Clarence.

2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 7 Sept. (Arts & Leisure section) 48/4 How would the Vietnam War have unfolded if Kennedy had not been assassinated?

b. intransitive. To act as a (hired) assassin; to murder in a planned attack, esp. with a political or ideological motive.

ΚΠ

1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 152 To Defend was to Invade, And to Assassinate, to Aid.

1769 Monthly Rev. Aug. 127 There never was any doubt whether it was right or wrong to..calumniate, to assassinate, to poison.

1803 J. Mackintosh Def. Peltier in Wks. (1846) III. 274 The most learned incitement to assassinate that ever was addressed to such ignorant ruffians.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits v. 83 They neither poison, nor way-lay, nor assassinate.

1900 H. Belloc Paris iv. 121 Mothers intrigue for their sons, queens assassinate to advance their husbands or their lovers.

1948 H. B. Charlton Shakespearian Trag. iii. 77 Our readiness to forgive those who assassinate to bring about a vague sort of enfranchisement.

2003 R. A. Bickers Empire made Me xi. 309 The puppet ‘Special Service Corps’..viciously intimidated the waverers and potential opponents of the regime, kidnapping, extorting, bombing and assassinating.

2. transitive. figurative. To destroy, ruin (a person or thing). In later use esp.: to destroy (a person's good reputation); see character assassination n., character assassin n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > cause or effect (harm) [verb (transitive)] > do harm or injury to > by treachery

assassinate1607

assassin1620

1607 B. Jonson Volpone iii. iv. sig. G2^v The incorporating Of these same outward things, into that part, Which we call mentall,..as Plato sayes, Assassinates our knowledge.

1629 P. Massinger Roman Actor ii. i. sig. E2 Sufficient For thee that doest assassinate my soule?

1683 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise v. i. 62 Your Rhimes assassinate our Fame.

1766 tr. V. de Mezague Gen. View Eng. vii. 170 In some manner to assassinate her [sc. England's] lord and master by refusing to pay him his just demand.

1827 H. Smith Reuben Apsley II. i. 51 Some sorry scoundrel who has been hired to assassinate her character.

1850 E. P. Whipple Ess. & Rev. I. 378 After his death they tried to assassinate his name.

1919 P. G. Wodehouse Damsel in Distress ix. 110 The same feeling which a composer with an oversensitive ear would suffer on hearing his pet opus assassinated by a schoolgirl.

1962 Guardian 15 Nov. 3/1 Helping the Prime Minister in his political battle to assassinate Mr. George Brown.

2013 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 11 Oct. l3 The very tool she uses to assassinate the character of others—gossip—will eventually be turned against her.

†3. transitive (in passive). To be attacked and wounded by an assassin. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] > attack by an assassin

assassinate1681

1681 Newdigate Newslet. 11 Aug. (Folger L.c.1111) Yesterday a Marchant of this City was assassinated by 2 ffellows in disguise & soe desperatly wounded yt it is not thought he can live 2 dayes.

1683 Apol. Protestants France vi. 77 William of Orange was twice Assassinated, and lost his Life the Second time.

1706 D. Defoe Jure Divino i. 21 Charles the Ninth carress'd the Admiral Coligni..visited him when he had been wounded, and assassinated.

1788 Whole Proc. F. B. Thomas against J. Bristow 63 Was Mr. Thomas [i.e. a surgeon] called to people wounded, assassinated in the city?

1819 Ld. Byron Let. 30 July in Lett. & Jrnls. (1976) VI. 188 The last person assassinated here was the Commissary of Police..but he is recovering.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	assassinate
释义	† assassinaten. Forms: 1600s assacinat, 1600s assacinate, 1600s assasinat, 1600s assasinate, 1600s 1800s assassinat, 1600s–1700s assassinate; also Scottish pre-1700 assasinatt. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French assassinat. Etymology: < Middle French, French assassinat assassination (1547), assassin (1611) < post-classical Latin assassinatus (13th cent. in Du Cange) < post-classical Latin assassinare assassinate v. Obsolete. 1. a. An assassination.In the 17th cent. more common than assassination n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > man-killing or homicide > murder or assassination > [noun] murderingeOE murderOE banec1175 morth gamec1275 morth spellc1275 slaughterc1325 murdermenta1400 murderdom1514 massacre1589 remove1592 assassinate1596 assassinment1602 assassination1610 assassinacy1611 assassinaya1641 removal1655 murderation1715 murdrum1767 thugdom1839 aliicide1868 hatchet job1925 liquidation1925 rubout1927 murder one1966 neutralization1971 1596 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) A1596/12/21/4 To punishe condignelie ane swa haynous assasinatt. 1600 C. Edmondes Obseruations Fiue Bks. Caesars Comm. v. xix. 198 The like edict..was within two yeeres reuoked againe.., in regarde of the murthers and assasinats committed in that kingdome. 1602 S. Patrick tr. I. Gentillet Disc. Wel Governing 228 All murders, massacres, and assassinates, are alwaies found done to a good end. 1609 S. Daniel Civile Wares (rev. ed.) iii. lxxviii. 83 What hast thou done, To make this barbarous base assassinate Vpon the person of a Prince? 1636 D. Featley Clavis Mystica v. 54 The bloudy assacinate of the Earl of Gowrie. 1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 406 There can be no proper assassinat, without an intervening price. a1754 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. (1755) IV. 195 Following him to Portsmouth..he committed the assassinate on his person. 1836 E. Grosvenor Let. in G. Huxley Lady Elizabeth & Grosvenors (1965) vii. 160 The young Brutus's and patriots who choose to immortalise themselves by an assassinat. b. figurative. = assassination n. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > [noun] > bringing into disrepute > attack on reputation impeachment1569 assassination1647 assassinate1657 character assassination1822 hatchet job1940 1657 S. Du Verger Hvmble Refl. iv. xv. 113 And should I be struck dumme, contrarily, vpon this assacinate, where both fathers & Mothers, and myne owne destruction, are equally aymed at? 1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 187 Who commit these Assassinats upon the reputation of deserving persons. 2. a. An assassin. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > man-killer or homicide > [noun] > murderer or assassin banea800 murthereOE quellerOE manslaughta1225 manquellec1275 murderer1340 Cainc1380 drepera1400 sicariana1400 murder mana1450 interfector1450 murdrier1481 murdresara1500 assassin1531 cut-throat1535 cutter1569 baner1605 brave1606 bravo1609 dagger-mana1616 assassinate1621 assassinator1651 sword-taker1660 assassinant1662 banesman1870 hatchet man1876 murdermonger1900 hit-man1970 mechanic1972 contract killer1980 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. iv. vi. 209 Poverty alone makes men theeues,..rebels, murderers, traitors, assasinats. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. iii. i. iii. 246 Men of all other fitte to be Assacinats. 1676 W. Bates Considerations Existence of God xii. 250 The Assassinates of Kings. 1686 tr. Livy Rom. Hist. ii. xiii. 40 Nothing had saved him except the mistake of the Assasinate. a1698 W. Row Contin. in R. Blair Life (1848) (modernized text) xii. 519 Search out the villain, the assassinate. 1737 G. Smith Curious Relations I. iii. 483 To raise the Number of Assassinates to three Hundred; then to fall upon the Magistrates. 1814 W. Scott Waverley III. xvi. 236 He has accused me..as if I were a cut-throat, and an abettor of bravoes and assassinates. b. figurative. = assassin n. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > one who or that which destroys baneOE losera1340 leeserc1380 stroyerc1380 destroyer1382 ravenerc1390 castera1400 confounder1401 wastera1425 stroyc1440 undoerc1440 unmakerc1450 confounderess1509 hydraa1513 stroy-good1540 abolisher1548 thunderbolt1559 disannullera1572 stroy-all1573 ruiner1581 down-puller1583 murdererc1585 spendingc1595 blaster1598 assassin1609 ruinater1609 dissolver1611 minerc1614 destructioner1621 fordoer1631 sinker1632 destructive1640 deletery1642 assassinatea1658 ruinator1658 destroyeress1662 destructora1691 dissolvent1835 solvent1841 wrecker1882 destructant1889 a1658 J. Cleveland Clievelandi Vindiciæ (1677) 60 Scribling Assassinate!.. Cub of the Blatant Beast. 1695 Whether Parl. dissolved by Death Pr. Orange 6 Those Miscreants, and Assassinates of their Country. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online September 2021). assassinatev. Brit. /əˈsasᵻneɪt/, U.S. /əˈsæs(ə)nˌeɪt/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin assassinat-, assassinare. Etymology: < post-classical Latin assassinat-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of assassinare (1582 or earlier) < assassinus assassin n. Compare Italian assassinare (14th cent.), Middle French, French assassiner (1556). Compare earlier assassin n. and slightly earlier assassinate n. 1. a. transitive. To murder (a person, esp. prominent or famous person) in a planned attack, esp. with a political or ideological motive. Also: to murder (a person) on behalf of another, esp. as a hired or professional killer. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > man-killing or homicide > murder or assassination > murder or assassinate [verb (transitive)] amurderOE murderc1175 homicidec1470 murdresc1480 murtrish1490 manquell1548 slaughter1582 massacre1591 assassinate1600 remove1609 assassin1620 to do the business for a person1759 Septembrize1794 croak1823 square1888 shift1898 to take out1900 to bump off1907 bump1914 to do in1914 to put out1917 to knock off1919 terminate1920 to give (a person) the works1929 scrag1930 snuff1932 wash1941 waste1964 wipe1968 to terminate with extreme prejudice1969 neutralize1970 snuff1973 stiff1974 1600 M. Sutcliffe Briefe Replie to Libel v. 103 Yet are they..ready to assassinate and murder princes. 1613 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. (rev. ed.) ii. xxix. 398 Thus was our Earle Raymond of Tripoli murthered or assassinated in the middest of his Cittie. 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. iv. ii. 436 Brutus, and Cassius..conspired to assassinate him. 1700 E. Beckham Princ. Quakers Blasphemous & Seditious Ep. Ded. p. iv The Lydian Prince, who, tho dumb before, broke silence when he saw his Father ready to be assassinated. 1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison III. xx. 175 One of the Lady's admirers, envying him his supposed success, hired Brescian bravoes to assassinate him. 1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. xii. 304 Cæsar, when he was assassinated, fell at the feet of Pompey's Statue. 1813 R. Southey Life Nelson iii. 65 He was assassinated by some wretches set on..by Genoa. 1898 Argosy Sept. 210 It's hard to believe that General Washington would consent to have the man assassinated. 1914 Times 29 June 8/1 The Austro-Hungarian Heir-Presumptive, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated yesterday morning at Serajevo. 1955 P. Bowles Let. 23 July in In Touch (1994) 262 Tangier is full to bursting with agitators and terrorists and counter-terrorists and ordinary refugees expecting to be assassinated. 1999 J. Gilligan in M. Cox Remorse & Reparation ii. 37 In Richard III, Shakespeare depicts a dialogue between the two murderers who have been hired to assassinate Clarence. 2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 7 Sept. (Arts & Leisure section) 48/4 How would the Vietnam War have unfolded if Kennedy had not been assassinated? b. intransitive. To act as a (hired) assassin; to murder in a planned attack, esp. with a political or ideological motive. ΚΠ 1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 152 To Defend was to Invade, And to Assassinate, to Aid. 1769 Monthly Rev. Aug. 127 There never was any doubt whether it was right or wrong to..calumniate, to assassinate, to poison. 1803 J. Mackintosh Def. Peltier in Wks. (1846) III. 274 The most learned incitement to assassinate that ever was addressed to such ignorant ruffians. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits v. 83 They neither poison, nor way-lay, nor assassinate. 1900 H. Belloc Paris iv. 121 Mothers intrigue for their sons, queens assassinate to advance their husbands or their lovers. 1948 H. B. Charlton Shakespearian Trag. iii. 77 Our readiness to forgive those who assassinate to bring about a vague sort of enfranchisement. 2003 R. A. Bickers Empire made Me xi. 309 The puppet ‘Special Service Corps’..viciously intimidated the waverers and potential opponents of the regime, kidnapping, extorting, bombing and assassinating. 2. transitive. figurative. To destroy, ruin (a person or thing). In later use esp.: to destroy (a person's good reputation); see character assassination n., character assassin n. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > cause or effect (harm) [verb (transitive)] > do harm or injury to > by treachery assassinate1607 assassin1620 1607 B. Jonson Volpone iii. iv. sig. G2^v The incorporating Of these same outward things, into that part, Which we call mentall,..as Plato sayes, Assassinates our knowledge. View more context for this quotation 1629 P. Massinger Roman Actor ii. i. sig. E2 Sufficient For thee that doest assassinate my soule? 1683 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise v. i. 62 Your Rhimes assassinate our Fame. 1766 tr. V. de Mezague Gen. View Eng. vii. 170 In some manner to assassinate her [sc. England's] lord and master by refusing to pay him his just demand. 1827 H. Smith Reuben Apsley II. i. 51 Some sorry scoundrel who has been hired to assassinate her character. 1850 E. P. Whipple Ess. & Rev. I. 378 After his death they tried to assassinate his name. 1919 P. G. Wodehouse Damsel in Distress ix. 110 The same feeling which a composer with an oversensitive ear would suffer on hearing his pet opus assassinated by a schoolgirl. 1962 Guardian 15 Nov. 3/1 Helping the Prime Minister in his political battle to assassinate Mr. George Brown. 2013 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 11 Oct. l3 The very tool she uses to assassinate the character of others—gossip—will eventually be turned against her. †3. transitive (in passive). To be attacked and wounded by an assassin. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] > attack by an assassin assassinate1681 1681 Newdigate Newslet. 11 Aug. (Folger L.c.1111) Yesterday a Marchant of this City was assassinated by 2 ffellows in disguise & soe desperatly wounded yt it is not thought he can live 2 dayes. 1683 Apol. Protestants France vi. 77 William of Orange was twice Assassinated, and lost his Life the Second time. 1706 D. Defoe Jure Divino i. 21 Charles the Ninth carress'd the Admiral Coligni..visited him when he had been wounded, and assassinated. 1788 Whole Proc. F. B. Thomas against J. Bristow 63 Was Mr. Thomas [i.e. a surgeon] called to people wounded, assassinated in the city? 1819 Ld. Byron Let. 30 July in Lett. & Jrnls. (1976) VI. 188 The last person assassinated here was the Commissary of Police..but he is recovering. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1596v.1600
随便看	with a will with a witness with a word with acclamation with advice with all due respect with all etc respect with all faults with all goodly etc white meter tariff white milkwood white minority white mogul white money white monk white moors white morphew white moss white motley white mountain white mountain apache white mouse white mulberry white mule white muscle disease