grindstonen.

/ˈɡrʌɪndstəʊn/

Forms: Middle English–1700s grinstone, Middle English–1500s gryn(e)stone, (Middle English gryn(d)stoon), Middle English–1600s gryndston(e, (Middle English grynd(i)stan, 1500s grindestone, 1700s grinestone, Scottish grunstane, 1800s dialect grinstwun), Middle English– grindstone.

Etymology: < grind v.¹ + stone n.

†1. A millstone. Obsolete (except in nonce-use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > milling or grinding > [noun] > corn-mill > millstone

millstoneeOE

quernstoneOE

grindle stone?c1225

grindstonea1250

dog stonea1399

grinding-stonec1440

runner1533

sheeling-stone1563

metate1625

burr millstone1771

mealing stone1866

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 150 Þet nomon ne scholde twinnen ðe two grindstones [?c1225 Cleo. grindelstanes].

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Deut. xxiv. 6 Thow shalt not taak in stedde of a wed the nethermore and ouermore grynstoon.

1725 New Dict. Heraldry 238 Upton tells us, this Cross is call'd Molendinaris, because it bears the upper Grindstone.

1820 W. Scott Monastery II. ii^*. 69 It could not but strike the man of meal and grindstones, that [etc.].

a. A disc of stone of considerable thickness, revolving on an axle, and used for grinding, sharpening, or polishing. Also transferred and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > [noun] > polishing or sharpening

grindle stonec1400

grindstone1404

glazier1688

wheel1707

grinding-wheel1791

glaze-wheel1853

1404 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1899) II. 398 1 gryndstan cum 1 axiltre de ferro.

?a1500 Nominale (Yale Beinecke 594) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 768/25 Hec acates, a grynstone.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 15 A Grinstone, a whetstone, a hatchet & bil, with hamer & Inglish naile, sorted with skill.

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. vi. f. 137^v Suppose that you turne with your hande from East to West a Grindstone, or some other turning wheele.

1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia iii. ii. 49 To send him two great gunnes, and a gryndstone.

1654 H. Hammond Of Fund. in Notion xvi. 174 Literature..is the grindstone to sharpen the coulters, to whet their natural faculties.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 62 That most useful Thing call'd a Grindstone.

1759 O. Goldsmith Bee 13 Oct. 39 Four yards of good lutestring wearing against the ground, like..knives on a grindstone.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 52 Our aunt, Tabitha, acts upon him as a perpetual grind-stone.

1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. xiv. 238 Sharpening their cutlasses at the grindstone.

1860 C. Dickens Let. 4 Oct. (1997) IX. 320 Now the preparations to get ahead..will tie me to the grindstone pretty tightly.

1878 in G. P. Lathrop Masque of Poets 95 And ground upon a huge grindstone His penknife, sharp and bright.

b. to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstone: to get the mastery over another and treat him with harshness or severity, to grind down or oppress; also, in modern use, to keep (oneself or another) continually engaged in hard and monotonous labour.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > oppression > oppress [verb (transitive)]

ofsiteOE

forthringOE

overlayOE

ofsetOE

to tread down, under foot, in the mire, to the ground, to piecesc1175

overseta1200

defoulc1300

oppressa1382

overpressa1382

overchargec1390

overleadc1390

overliea1393

thringa1400

overcarkc1400

to grind the faces (occasionally face) ofa1425

press?a1425

downthringc1430

vicea1525

tread1526

to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstonea1533

tyrannizea1533

wring1550

downpress1579

bepress1591

defoil1601

ingrate1604

crush1611

grinda1626

macerate1637

trample1646

society > occupation and work > working > [verb (intransitive)] > work hard or toil

workeOE

swingc1000

to the boneOE

labourc1390

toilc1400

drevyll?1518

drudge1548

droy1576

droil1591

to tug at the (an) oar1612

to stand to it1632

rudge1676

slave1707

to work like a beaver1741

to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstone1828

to feague it away1829

to work like a nigger1836

delve1838

slave1852

leather1863

to sweat one's guts out1890

hunker1903

to sweat (also work) one's guts out1932

to eat (also work) like a horse1937

beaver1946

to work like a drover's dog1952

to get one's nose down (to)1962

a1533 J. Frith Mirroure (?1536) ii. sig. Avi ^v This Text holdeth their noses so hard to the grynde stone that it clean disfigureth their faces.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. v. sig. Bii I shall to reuenge former hurts, Hold their noses to grinstone.

1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 44 Salus Populi suffer'd its nose to be held to the Grindstone, till it was almost ground to the grisles; and yet grew never the sharper.

1697 J. Vanbrugh Relapse v. 96 Let him be fetch'd in by the Ears; I'll soon bring his Nose to the Grind-stone.

1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xxxiii. 309 If they can make the Man stoop to the great Point, they'll hold his Nose to the Grindstone, never fear.

1786 R. Burns Poems 188 Be to the Poor like onie whunstane, And haud their noses to the grunstane.

1828 Lights & Shades Eng. Life II. 13 People whose heads are a little up in the world, have no occasion to keep their nose to the grindstone.

1886 ‘S. Tytler’ Buried Diamonds xxviii His nose is not to be kept at the grindstone the whole year round.

3. A kind of stone suitable for making grindstones. Also grindstone grit.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > stone for millstones or grindstones > for grindstones

grindle stone1523

grindstone1678

1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. iii. 58 Take a peece of Grinstone or Whet-stone, and rub hard upon your work to take the black scurff off it.

a1847 in H. Howe Hist. Coll. Ohio (1847) 121 The stones were of the common grindstone grit.

1858 H. G. Nicholls Forest Dean ii. 27 In A.D. 1637 a grant was made to Edward Terringham of ‘all the mines of coal and quarries of grindstone within the Forest of Dean’.

1863 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. 73 Grit, Grit-Rock, a hard, gritty rock, consisting of sand and small pebbles, called also millstone grit, and grindstone grit, because used sometimes for grindstones.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

单词	grindstone
释义	grindstonen. /ˈɡrʌɪndstəʊn/ Forms: Middle English–1700s grinstone, Middle English–1500s gryn(e)stone, (Middle English gryn(d)stoon), Middle English–1600s gryndston(e, (Middle English grynd(i)stan, 1500s grindestone, 1700s grinestone, Scottish grunstane, 1800s dialect grinstwun), Middle English– grindstone. Etymology: < grind v.¹ + stone n. †1. A millstone. Obsolete (except in nonce-use). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > milling or grinding > [noun] > corn-mill > millstone millstoneeOE quernstoneOE grindle stone?c1225 grindstonea1250 dog stonea1399 grinding-stonec1440 runner1533 sheeling-stone1563 metate1625 burr millstone1771 mealing stone1866 a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 150 Þet nomon ne scholde twinnen ðe two grindstones [?c1225 Cleo. grindelstanes]. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Deut. xxiv. 6 Thow shalt not taak in stedde of a wed the nethermore and ouermore grynstoon. 1725 New Dict. Heraldry 238 Upton tells us, this Cross is call'd Molendinaris, because it bears the upper Grindstone. 1820 W. Scott Monastery II. ii^. 69 It could not but strike the man of meal and grindstones, that [etc.]. 2. a. A disc of stone of considerable thickness, revolving on an axle, and used for grinding, sharpening, or polishing. Also transferred* and figurative. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > [noun] > polishing or sharpening grindle stonec1400 grindstone1404 glazier1688 wheel1707 grinding-wheel1791 glaze-wheel1853 1404 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1899) II. 398 1 gryndstan cum 1 axiltre de ferro. ?a1500 Nominale (Yale Beinecke 594) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 768/25 Hec acates, a grynstone. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 15 A Grinstone, a whetstone, a hatchet & bil, with hamer & Inglish naile, sorted with skill. 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. vi. f. 137^v Suppose that you turne with your hande from East to West a Grindstone, or some other turning wheele. 1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia iii. ii. 49 To send him two great gunnes, and a gryndstone. 1654 H. Hammond Of Fund. in Notion xvi. 174 Literature..is the grindstone to sharpen the coulters, to whet their natural faculties. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 62 That most useful Thing call'd a Grindstone. 1759 O. Goldsmith Bee 13 Oct. 39 Four yards of good lutestring wearing against the ground, like..knives on a grindstone. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 52 Our aunt, Tabitha, acts upon him as a perpetual grind-stone. 1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. xiv. 238 Sharpening their cutlasses at the grindstone. 1860 C. Dickens Let. 4 Oct. (1997) IX. 320 Now the preparations to get ahead..will tie me to the grindstone pretty tightly. 1878 in G. P. Lathrop Masque of Poets 95 And ground upon a huge grindstone His penknife, sharp and bright. b. to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstone: to get the mastery over another and treat him with harshness or severity, to grind down or oppress; also, in modern use, to keep (oneself or another) continually engaged in hard and monotonous labour. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > oppression > oppress [verb (transitive)] ofsiteOE forthringOE overlayOE ofsetOE to tread down, under foot, in the mire, to the ground, to piecesc1175 overseta1200 defoulc1300 oppressa1382 overpressa1382 overchargec1390 overleadc1390 overliea1393 thringa1400 overcarkc1400 to grind the faces (occasionally face) ofa1425 press?a1425 downthringc1430 vicea1525 tread1526 to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstonea1533 tyrannizea1533 wring1550 downpress1579 bepress1591 defoil1601 ingrate1604 crush1611 grinda1626 macerate1637 trample1646 society > occupation and work > working > [verb (intransitive)] > work hard or toil workeOE swingc1000 to the boneOE labourc1390 toilc1400 drevyll?1518 drudge1548 droy1576 droil1591 to tug at the (an) oar1612 to stand to it1632 rudge1676 slave1707 to work like a beaver1741 to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstone1828 to feague it away1829 to work like a nigger1836 delve1838 slave1852 leather1863 to sweat one's guts out1890 hunker1903 to sweat (also work) one's guts out1932 to eat (also work) like a horse1937 beaver1946 to work like a drover's dog1952 to get one's nose down (to)1962 a1533 J. Frith Mirroure (?1536) ii. sig. Avi ^v This Text holdeth their noses so hard to the grynde stone that it clean disfigureth their faces. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. v. sig. Bii I shall to reuenge former hurts, Hold their noses to grinstone. 1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 44 Salus Populi suffer'd its nose to be held to the Grindstone, till it was almost ground to the grisles; and yet grew never the sharper. 1697 J. Vanbrugh Relapse v. 96 Let him be fetch'd in by the Ears; I'll soon bring his Nose to the Grind-stone. 1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xxxiii. 309 If they can make the Man stoop to the great Point, they'll hold his Nose to the Grindstone, never fear. 1786 R. Burns Poems 188 Be to the Poor like onie whunstane, And haud their noses to the grunstane. 1828 Lights & Shades Eng. Life II. 13 People whose heads are a little up in the world, have no occasion to keep their nose to the grindstone. 1886 ‘S. Tytler’ Buried Diamonds xxviii His nose is not to be kept at the grindstone the whole year round. 3. A kind of stone suitable for making grindstones. Also grindstone grit. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > stone for millstones or grindstones > for grindstones grindle stone1523 grindstone1678 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. iii. 58 Take a peece of Grinstone or Whet-stone, and rub hard upon your work to take the black scurff off it. a1847 in H. Howe Hist. Coll. Ohio (1847) 121 The stones were of the common grindstone grit. 1858 H. G. Nicholls Forest Dean ii. 27 In A.D. 1637 a grant was made to Edward Terringham of ‘all the mines of coal and quarries of grindstone within the Forest of Dean’. 1863 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. 73 Grit, Grit-Rock, a hard, gritty rock, consisting of sand and small pebbles, called also millstone grit, and grindstone grit, because used sometimes for grindstones. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.a1250
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