governingn.

Brit.

/ˈɡʌvn̩ɪŋ/,

/ˈɡʌvənɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈɡəvərnɪŋ/

Forms: see govern v. and -ing suffix¹; also 1600s governeing (Scottish).

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: govern v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < govern v. + -ing suffix¹. Compare governance n. and earlier govern n.

1. The action of govern v. (in various senses); esp. the action of directing or controlling the actions and affairs of a people or place. Also: an instance of this (in quot. 1389: an administrative regulation).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > [noun] > action or act of

ruling?c1225

governingc1384

governancec1400

government?c1400

gubernationc1450

regence?1457

regencya1475

subjectionc1475

regimenc1485

administration1516

signorizing1588

ministry1700

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Cor. xii. 28 And sothli God puttide summe in the chirche, first apostlis,..aftirward graces of..helpingis, governaylis, or gouernyngis [L. gubernationes].

1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 116 (MED) Other fundacion no gouernynge is noughte in oure gilde.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7414 (MED) Saul was yeitt in sted o king, Bot he moght do na gouerning.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 7264 To such folk..Shulde princes and these lordis wise Take all[e] her londis and her thingis Bothe werre and pees in gouernyngis.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. diiii Sen vourschipfull Wawane has wonnyn to your handis The senyory in gouernyng.

c1555 R. Maitland in J. Pinkerton Anc. Scot. Poems (1786) 276 Be wyse, and tentie, in thy governing.

1580 T. Forrest tr. Isocrates Perfite Looking Glasse f. 44^v It shall be your dueties in like sort..to behaue your selues honorable, and commendable in the gouerning of my people.

1650 Memorandums Conferences Brethren 21 The Supreme Law-making and governing power, is neither in the King nor House of Lords; but in the representatives of the Commons.

1669 J. Milton Accedence 44 Governing, whereby one part of Speech is govern'd by another.

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Politician, one that understands the Art of Governing, or judges of it according to the Parts he has acquired.

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xxxiii. 10 His Term of governing was very Short.

1733 Dugdale & P. Shaw tr. B. Varenius et al. Compl. Syst. Gen. Geogr. II. iii. xxxv. 800 The governing of the Ship, which is called, in general, the Art of Navigation.

1843 T. Carlyle Past & Present iv. i. 327 The life of these men..was a valorous Governing.

a1882 D. G. Rossetti tr. H. von Auë Henry the Leper in Coll. Wks. (1886) II. 421 He was like a prince in his governing—In his wealth he was like a king.

1885 G. Meredith Diana of Crossways II. vi. 144 I think it was Mr. Redworth who compared the governing of the Irish to the management of a horse.

1975 Black World Nov. 32 The managers of the Communes also participate in the governing of the township.

1991 D. Halberstam Next Cent. ii. 42 He would not be the first brilliant leader of a revolution..who found himself unsuited to the task of governing.

†2. Chiefly Scottish. Mode of action or behaviour; conduct. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun]

tightc888

workOE

laitsc1225

rule?c1225

guise1303

conditionsc1374

actiona1393

governancea1393

governailc1425

port?a1439

fashion1447

dressa1450

governinga1450

walkingc1450

abearing?1454

deport1474

behaving1482

dealing1484

guidinga1500

demeanoura1513

behaviour?1521

walk?1567

daps1582

courses1592

deportment1601

behave?1615

deportation1616

containment1619

conduct1673

haviour1752

daddyism1984

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 16 Egberte was þat kynges name, A douȝty knyȝt and of godde gouernynge, And a mon he was of ryȝt godde fame.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) vi. 383 He valde se his gouernyng, That hade the castell in keping.

a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 63 Be ȝe ane luvar, think ȝe nocht ȝe suld Be weill adwysit in ȝour gouerning?

1568 (a1500) Freiris Berwik 339 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1930) IV. 271 For in hir hairt scho had ane persaving That he had knawin all hir govirning.

†3. Scottish. Means of living; livelihood. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood

lifeOE

foodOE

livelihoodc1300

livingc1330

ploughc1390

purchasec1475

daily bread1526

being1570

governing1572

shift1572

supportation1576

thrift1579

livelihead1590

thrive1592

breadwinnera1614

subsistence1644

gain1655

bread and butter1691

through-bearing1705

bread1719

bread ticket1801

daily1817

lifehood1823

rice bowl1853

crust1916

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 447 Fairand ouir the feildis, fewell to fet.., Gangand with laidis, my gouerning to get.

Phrases

P1. †under (a person's) governing: subject to (a person's) authority or control (obsolete). Also †to have in (a person's) governing and variants (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (intransitive)]

wieldOE

rixlec1175

rulea1382

governa1393

to have in (a person's) governinga1400

sway?1566

emperize1601

regularize1623

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 7402 Þe kyngdome to haue in gouernyng.

c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 581 Tholome the kyng That al Egipt hadde in his gouernyng.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. dii Ye ar gaderit in grosse..vndir my goouernyng [printed goduernyng].

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ix. sig. Ll7 And Troy againe out of her dust was reard, To sitt in second seat of soueraine king, Of all the world vnder her gouerning.

1631 W. Lisle Faire Æthiopian v. 74 His name was Mitranes, Lieutenant vnto Lord Orondates; That had all Ægypt in his gouerning. Vnder the mightie Babylonish King.

P2. to have the governing of (also †in): to have authority or control over. Now rare. [Originally after Middle French avoir le gouvernement de (late 14th cent. in the passage translated in quot. 1523, or earlier).]

ΚΠ

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. clxxxvii. 221 The towne, wherof I haue the gouernynge [Fr. la ville dont j'ay le gouvernement].

1701 T. Tryon Merchant, Citizen & Country-man's Instructor iii. 15 The use and office of the Palate is to distinguish..which of these [tastes] have the Governing or Predominancy in the said Foods and Drinks.

1890 W. O'Brien When we were Boys xxi. 215 It seems to me everybody in this country is bankrupt or going to be, except you gentlemen who have the governing of it.

1923 W. C. Williams Spring & All 15 These men who have had the governing of the mob..resent the new order.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

governingadj.

Brit.

/ˈɡʌvn̩ɪŋ/,

/ˈɡʌvənɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈɡəvərnɪŋ/

Forms: see govern v. and -ing suffix².

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: govern v., -ing suffix².

Etymology: < govern v. + -ing suffix².

That governs (in various senses of the verb).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > [adjective] > ruling or governing

regnantc1475

governing1534

ladylike1534

lording1548

ruling1561

signorizing1588

regent1613

swaying1625

regal1653

reigning1705

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [adjective] > relating to government

governing1534

rectional1933

1534 G. Joye tr. U. Zwingli Dauids Psalter sig. f. iv^v Let thy chefe gouernynge free spirite strengthen & lede me [L. spiritu potenti confirma me].

1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. D.3 They will haue some of theyr Elders to be gouerning and preaching Elders, to handle the word and the sword together.

1653 R. Saunders Physiognomie ii. 157 He will be somewhat covetous because of the governing Sign.

1670 A. Marvell Corr. cxlvii, in Wks. (1875) II. 326 The governing cabal are Buckingham, Lauderdale, Ashly, Orery, and Trevor.

1701 F. Atterbury Serm. House of Commons 26 God's Governing Providence; by which he holds the Ballance of Nations.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. iv. 269 Thus [they] were both invested in those Offices, to the no small displeasure of the Governing Party.

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. iii. 58 Man is the acknowledged governing Animal upon the Earth.

1804 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 9) iv. 263 When a verb in the infinitive mood, follows its governing verb, [etc.].

1887 Daily News 30 May 5/1 M. Grévy..had most of the governing men..on his side.

1903 Amer. Law Reg. 51 289 Courts will not review the judgments..of the governing authorities of a religious organization.

1939 G. O. Nickalls & P. C. Mallam Rowing vii. 116 Weight is the governing factor which decides whether or not you are suitable for coxing.

1999 R. W. Kweit & M. G. Kweit People & Politics in Urban Amer. (ed. 2) i. 7 Other groups might want to become part of the governing coalition or to have an influence on the decisions it makes.

Compounds

governing body n. a group of people having formal responsibility for the direction and supervision of a group, institution, or field of activity, esp. a sport; cf. governor n. 1a.

ΚΠ

1772 L. Bagot Def. Subscr. XXXIX Articles 15 The Members of Convocation (who constitute the governing Body that presides over the whole University and makes Laws for it).

1829 Biblical Repertory 5 131 The first of these divisions, together with the ‘clerical and school counsellors’, constitutes the third governing body.

1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times lviii The Irish bishops were to lose their seats in the House of Lords. A synodal, or governing body, was to be elected from the clergy and laity of the Church.

1930 Second Conf. World Union Progressive Judaism 136 Your Governing Body..has had requests from South Africa,..Australia and Cuba, to help in organising groups of progressive Jews.

1991 Calif. Bicyclist Aug. 39/3 Pressure from the international governing body of amateur cycling.

2003 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 July (Parade) 10 Welcome to the world of big-time competitive eating, which has its own international governing body and a growing audience.

governing class n. = ruling class n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun]

optimacy1579

aristocracy1651

great world1699

peerage1725

well-connected1788

governing class1795

patriciate1795

well-connected1831

caste1842

(the) salt of the earth1842

the leisured class(es1848

japonicadom1851

countyocracy1859

masterclass1861

proprietariat1872

four hundred1888

the Establishment1923

gratin1934

power élite1942

U1954

upper1955

topside1958

1795 Brit. Critic July 51 The physical force of the governing class, bears no proportion to that of the governed.

1857 Edinb. Rev. July The ‘easy’ classes will contrive to furnish the governing classes of the country.

1903 G. B. Shaw Man & Superman p. xxiv We know now that there is no hereditary ‘governing class’ any more than a hereditary hooliganism.

2004 M. R. R. Ossewaarde Tocqueville's Moral & Polit. Thought ii. 60 Tocqueville does not identify the bourgeoisie as a governing class because it does not have the passion to govern.

Derivatives

ˈgoverningly adv. rare

ΚΠ

1883 C. H. Parkhurst Blind Man's Creed iii. 35 We infer that somewhere some one mind has worked governingly on these forty musicians.

1999 R. Palmer & J. White in P. Larkin Jazz Writings (2005) 154 Williams offers a number of observations about rhythm..but these do not amount to governingly systematic ‘contentions’.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	governing
释义	governingn. Brit. /ˈɡʌvn̩ɪŋ/, /ˈɡʌvənɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈɡəvərnɪŋ/ Forms: see govern v. and -ing suffix¹; also 1600s governeing (Scottish). Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: govern v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < govern v. + -ing suffix¹. Compare governance n. and earlier govern n. 1. The action of govern v. (in various senses); esp. the action of directing or controlling the actions and affairs of a people or place. Also: an instance of this (in quot. 1389: an administrative regulation). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > [noun] > action or act of ruling?c1225 governingc1384 governancec1400 government?c1400 gubernationc1450 regence?1457 regencya1475 subjectionc1475 regimenc1485 administration1516 signorizing1588 ministry1700 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Cor. xii. 28 And sothli God puttide summe in the chirche, first apostlis,..aftirward graces of..helpingis, governaylis, or gouernyngis [L. gubernationes]. 1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 116 (MED) Other fundacion no gouernynge is noughte in oure gilde. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7414 (MED) Saul was yeitt in sted o king, Bot he moght do na gouerning. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 7264 To such folk..Shulde princes and these lordis wise Take all[e] her londis and her thingis Bothe werre and pees in gouernyngis. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. diiii Sen vourschipfull Wawane has wonnyn to your handis The senyory in gouernyng. c1555 R. Maitland in J. Pinkerton Anc. Scot. Poems (1786) 276 Be wyse, and tentie, in thy governing. 1580 T. Forrest tr. Isocrates Perfite Looking Glasse f. 44^v It shall be your dueties in like sort..to behaue your selues honorable, and commendable in the gouerning of my people. 1650 Memorandums Conferences Brethren 21 The Supreme Law-making and governing power, is neither in the King nor House of Lords; but in the representatives of the Commons. 1669 J. Milton Accedence 44 Governing, whereby one part of Speech is govern'd by another. 1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Politician, one that understands the Art of Governing, or judges of it according to the Parts he has acquired. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xxxiii. 10 His Term of governing was very Short. 1733 Dugdale & P. Shaw tr. B. Varenius et al. Compl. Syst. Gen. Geogr. II. iii. xxxv. 800 The governing of the Ship, which is called, in general, the Art of Navigation. 1843 T. Carlyle Past & Present iv. i. 327 The life of these men..was a valorous Governing. a1882 D. G. Rossetti tr. H. von Auë Henry the Leper in Coll. Wks. (1886) II. 421 He was like a prince in his governing—In his wealth he was like a king. 1885 G. Meredith Diana of Crossways II. vi. 144 I think it was Mr. Redworth who compared the governing of the Irish to the management of a horse. 1975 Black World Nov. 32 The managers of the Communes also participate in the governing of the township. 1991 D. Halberstam Next Cent. ii. 42 He would not be the first brilliant leader of a revolution..who found himself unsuited to the task of governing. †2. Chiefly Scottish. Mode of action or behaviour; conduct. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] tightc888 workOE laitsc1225 rule?c1225 guise1303 conditionsc1374 actiona1393 governancea1393 governailc1425 port?a1439 fashion1447 dressa1450 governinga1450 walkingc1450 abearing?1454 deport1474 behaving1482 dealing1484 guidinga1500 demeanoura1513 behaviour?1521 walk?1567 daps1582 courses1592 deportment1601 behave?1615 deportation1616 containment1619 conduct1673 haviour1752 daddyism1984 a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 16 Egberte was þat kynges name, A douȝty knyȝt and of godde gouernynge, And a mon he was of ryȝt godde fame. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) vi. 383 He valde se his gouernyng, That hade the castell in keping. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 63 Be ȝe ane luvar, think ȝe nocht ȝe suld Be weill adwysit in ȝour gouerning? 1568 (a1500) Freiris Berwik 339 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1930) IV. 271 For in hir hairt scho had ane persaving That he had knawin all hir govirning. †3. Scottish. Means of living; livelihood. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood lifeOE foodOE livelihoodc1300 livingc1330 ploughc1390 purchasec1475 daily bread1526 being1570 governing1572 shift1572 supportation1576 thrift1579 livelihead1590 thrive1592 breadwinnera1614 subsistence1644 gain1655 bread and butter1691 through-bearing1705 bread1719 bread ticket1801 daily1817 lifehood1823 rice bowl1853 crust1916 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 447 Fairand ouir the feildis, fewell to fet.., Gangand with laidis, my gouerning to get. Phrases P1. †under (a person's) governing: subject to (a person's) authority or control (obsolete). Also †to have in (a person's) governing and variants (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (intransitive)] wieldOE rixlec1175 rulea1382 governa1393 to have in (a person's) governinga1400 sway?1566 emperize1601 regularize1623 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 7402 Þe kyngdome to haue in gouernyng. c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 581 Tholome the kyng That al Egipt hadde in his gouernyng. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. dii Ye ar gaderit in grosse..vndir my goouernyng [printed goduernyng]. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ix. sig. Ll7 And Troy againe out of her dust was reard, To sitt in second seat of soueraine king, Of all the world vnder her gouerning. 1631 W. Lisle Faire Æthiopian v. 74 His name was Mitranes, Lieutenant vnto Lord Orondates; That had all Ægypt in his gouerning. Vnder the mightie Babylonish King. P2. to have the governing of (also †in): to have authority or control over. Now rare. [Originally after Middle French avoir le gouvernement de (late 14th cent. in the passage translated in quot. 1523, or earlier).] ΚΠ 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. clxxxvii. 221 The towne, wherof I haue the gouernynge [Fr. la ville dont j'ay le gouvernement]. 1701 T. Tryon Merchant, Citizen & Country-man's Instructor iii. 15 The use and office of the Palate is to distinguish..which of these [tastes] have the Governing or Predominancy in the said Foods and Drinks. 1890 W. O'Brien When we were Boys xxi. 215 It seems to me everybody in this country is bankrupt or going to be, except you gentlemen who have the governing of it. 1923 W. C. Williams Spring & All 15 These men who have had the governing of the mob..resent the new order. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). governingadj. Brit. /ˈɡʌvn̩ɪŋ/, /ˈɡʌvənɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈɡəvərnɪŋ/ Forms: see govern v. and -ing suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: govern v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < govern v. + -ing suffix². That governs (in various senses of the verb). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > [adjective] > ruling or governing regnantc1475 governing1534 ladylike1534 lording1548 ruling1561 signorizing1588 regent1613 swaying1625 regal1653 reigning1705 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [adjective] > relating to government governing1534 rectional1933 1534 G. Joye tr. U. Zwingli Dauids Psalter sig. f. iv^v Let thy chefe gouernynge free spirite strengthen & lede me [L. spiritu potenti confirma me]. 1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. D.3 They will haue some of theyr Elders to be gouerning and preaching Elders, to handle the word and the sword together. 1653 R. Saunders Physiognomie ii. 157 He will be somewhat covetous because of the governing Sign. 1670 A. Marvell Corr. cxlvii, in Wks. (1875) II. 326 The governing cabal are Buckingham, Lauderdale, Ashly, Orery, and Trevor. 1701 F. Atterbury Serm. House of Commons 26 God's Governing Providence; by which he holds the Ballance of Nations. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. iv. 269 Thus [they] were both invested in those Offices, to the no small displeasure of the Governing Party. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. iii. 58 Man is the acknowledged governing Animal upon the Earth. 1804 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 9) iv. 263 When a verb in the infinitive mood, follows its governing verb, [etc.]. 1887 Daily News 30 May 5/1 M. Grévy..had most of the governing men..on his side. 1903 Amer. Law Reg. 51 289 Courts will not review the judgments..of the governing authorities of a religious organization. 1939 G. O. Nickalls & P. C. Mallam Rowing vii. 116 Weight is the governing factor which decides whether or not you are suitable for coxing. 1999 R. W. Kweit & M. G. Kweit People & Politics in Urban Amer. (ed. 2) i. 7 Other groups might want to become part of the governing coalition or to have an influence on the decisions it makes. Compounds governing body n. a group of people having formal responsibility for the direction and supervision of a group, institution, or field of activity, esp. a sport; cf. governor n. 1a. ΚΠ 1772 L. Bagot Def. Subscr. XXXIX Articles 15 The Members of Convocation (who constitute the governing Body that presides over the whole University and makes Laws for it). 1829 Biblical Repertory 5 131 The first of these divisions, together with the ‘clerical and school counsellors’, constitutes the third governing body. 1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times lviii The Irish bishops were to lose their seats in the House of Lords. A synodal, or governing body, was to be elected from the clergy and laity of the Church. 1930 Second Conf. World Union Progressive Judaism 136 Your Governing Body..has had requests from South Africa,..Australia and Cuba, to help in organising groups of progressive Jews. 1991 Calif. Bicyclist Aug. 39/3 Pressure from the international governing body of amateur cycling. 2003 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 July (Parade) 10 Welcome to the world of big-time competitive eating, which has its own international governing body and a growing audience. governing class n. = ruling class n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] optimacy1579 aristocracy1651 great world1699 peerage1725 well-connected1788 governing class1795 patriciate1795 well-connected1831 caste1842 (the) salt of the earth1842 the leisured class(es1848 japonicadom1851 countyocracy1859 masterclass1861 proprietariat1872 four hundred1888 the Establishment1923 gratin1934 power élite1942 U1954 upper1955 topside1958 1795 Brit. Critic July 51 The physical force of the governing class, bears no proportion to that of the governed. 1857 Edinb. Rev. July The ‘easy’ classes will contrive to furnish the governing classes of the country. 1903 G. B. Shaw Man & Superman p. xxiv We know now that there is no hereditary ‘governing class’ any more than a hereditary hooliganism. 2004 M. R. R. Ossewaarde Tocqueville's Moral & Polit. Thought ii. 60 Tocqueville does not identify the bourgeoisie as a governing class because it does not have the passion to govern. Derivatives ˈgoverningly adv. rare ΚΠ 1883 C. H. Parkhurst Blind Man's Creed iii. 35 We infer that somewhere some one mind has worked governingly on these forty musicians. 1999 R. Palmer & J. White in P. Larkin Jazz Writings (2005) 154 Williams offers a number of observations about rhythm..but these do not amount to governingly systematic ‘contentions’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1384adj.1534
随便看	sward ground sward land sward-crested sward-cut sward-cutter sward-earth sward-like swardcrested swardcut swardcutter swardearth swarded swarding swardlike swards swardy sware swarf swarf-money swarf-penny swarfed swarfing swarfish swarfmoney swarfpenny