† gildenadj.

Forms: Old English geldn- (inflected form, rare), Old English gyldæn (rare), Old English gylddenne (accusative singular masculine, transmission error), Old English gylde (transmission error), Old English gyldel (transmission error), Old English gyldenn- (inflected form), Old English gyldn- (inflected form), Old English gylgenum (dative plural, transmission error), Old English–early Middle English gelden, Old English (rare)–Middle English gyldyn, Old English–1500s gylden, Old English (rare)–1800s gilden, late Old English–Middle English gyldene, early Middle English ȝulden (south-west midlands), Middle English geldene, Middle English geldyn, Middle English gildan, Middle English gildene, Middle English gildin, Middle English gildyn, Middle English gulden (chiefly south-western and south-west midlands), Middle English guldene (chiefly south-western and south-west midlands), Middle English guylden (south-western and south-west midlands), Middle English (south-west midlands)–1600s guilden, 1500s guildin, 1500s gyldeyn.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian gelden , gilden , golden , gulden , Old Dutch guldīn (Middle Dutch guldijn , guldin , gulden , Dutch gulden ), Old Saxon guldīn (Middle Low German gülden , gōlden ), Old High German guldīn (Middle High German guldīn , German (now archaic) gülden , (regional) gulden ), Old Icelandic gullinn , Old Swedish, Swedish gyllen , Old Danish, Danish gylden , Gothic gulþeins < the Germanic base of gold n.¹ + the Germanic base of -en suffix⁴. Compare golden adj.Old English gylden shows i-mutation of inherited short u caused by the original ī of the suffix (see discussion at -en suffix⁴). In sense 3 originally representing an extended use of sense 1a. In early use it is not always clear whether the referent is merely decorated with gold or wholly made of gold (i.e. sense 1a). In later use increasingly influenced by gild v. and gilded adj. In some instances (e.g. quot. a1599) perhaps reinterpreted as a strong past participle form of gild v.: compare -en suffix⁶.

Obsolete.

a. Made of gold.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > [adjective] > epithet of gold > made of gold

redOE

gildenOE

goldc1230

goldenc1300

goldedc1384

giltenc1450

OE Beowulf (2008) 2809 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne þioden þristhydig.

OE Daniel 204 Þæt hie þider hweorfan wolden, guman to þam gyldnan gylde.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1070 Hi namen þære twa gildene scrines & ix seolferne.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8180 Onn hiss hæfedd wærenn twa Gildene cruness sette.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7135 Heo bar an hire honde ane guldene [c1300 Otho goldene] bolle.

c1300 St. John Evangelist (Laud) l. 505 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 417 (MED) For-to ȝyue þis pouere Man bote ane guyldene ring.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 6632 Þai þat war in godes half..honurd noght þat gilden [a1400 Trin. Cambr. gulden] calf.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3667 (MED) Be-twene þe pelers was piȝt..Gilden wynes with grapis of gracious stanes.

a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 38 Þe kyng of troye hathe in his lond A wonder þyng..That is a Gyldyn weders ffelle [a1400 Egerton a shepes skyn of golde].

a1525 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Trin. Dublin) (1896) 92 (MED) The pope..sent to the kynge a gulden rynge.

b. figurative. Golden; rich; precious, illustrious.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > worth > [adjective]

dearc888

dearworthc888

worthlyeOE

oughtsOE

worthfulOE

aughtOE

richa1225

gildenc1225

of pricea1325

worthya1325

of (‥) valourc1330

prow1340

dearworthyc1374

of value1395

pricefula1400

presc1400

singularc1400

goldena1425

well-foundc1475

valiant1481

prized1487

prowousa1500

valuable1567

prizable1569

valorous1592

suit-worth1594

bully1600

estimable1600

treasurable1607

treasurous?1611

treasured1675

pearly1770

at a premium1828

keep-worthy1830

good value1842

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [adjective] > very excellent or first-rate

gildenc1225

prime1402

rare1483

grand1542

holy1599

pre-excelling1600

paregal1602

classic1604

of (the) first rate1650

solary1651

first rate1674

superb1720

tip-top1722

tip-top-gallant1730

swell1819

topping1822

of the first (also finest, best, etc.) water1826

No. 11829

brag1836

A11837

A No. 11838

number one1839

awful1843

bully1851

first class1852

class1867

champion1880

too1881

tipping1887

alpha plus1898

bonzer1898

grade A1911

gold star1917

world-ranking1921

five-star1936

too much1937

first line1938

vintage1939

supercolossal1947

top1953

alpha1958

fantabulous1959

beauty1963

supercool1965

world-class1967

primo1973

society > authority > control > [adjective] > regulating > according to regulation or rule > of inestimable utility

gildenc1225

goldena1500

c1225 (?c1200) Sawles Warde (Bodl.) (1938) 20 (MED) Bituhhe muchel & lutel is in euch worldlich þing þe middel wei ȝuldene [c1225 Royal guldene].

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 250 Þe middel wei of mesure is eauer guldene.

c1330 Roland & Vernagu (Auch.) (1882) l. 331 An image of gret pouste, Stode on a roche bi þe se, In þe gilden lond.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 148 (MED) Senec called the worlde the gyldyn worlde, whan roialmes weryn gouernyd by wys men.

1611 J. Davies Scourge of Folly 109 A gilden Gentleman Lye with a Rogue-reiected Curtezan!

2. Of the colour of gold; golden.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > [adjective] > golden yellow

gildenOE

goldena1382

goldya1398

dory1398

goldc1400

goldisha1425

sunlyc1425

goldlya1450

aureatec1450

gildedc1450

giltenc1450

scorn-golda1586

Pactolian1586

aureal1587

gold colour1648

gold-coloured1674

spun gold1728

aurulent1731

aurelian1791

deaurated1818

Tuscan1830

corn-coloured1854

old gold1877

buttercup yellow1880

aureoline1881

sun gold1887

Tuscan-coloured1905

guinea-gold1938

spun-golden1978

OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxxxi. 168 Þæt ðridde cyn [of basilisca] ys sanguineus, þæt is blodread, eac swilce heo gylden [?a1200 Harl. 6258B gylden] on heafde sy [L. tertius est sanguineus capite aureo].

OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) xviii. §1. 201 Þær wæs færinga geworden on ansyne swylce þær gylden sunna onæled wære and ofer us ealle eondlyhte.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 4985 (MED) Þar bade a brid..all gilden was hire gorge with golden fethirs.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. vii. sig. S3^v The next morning began a little to make a guilden shewe of a good meaning.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iii. 94 Neuer mine eyes in pleasant Spring behold The azure Flaxe, the guilden Marigold.

1674 M. Lister Let. 20 Nov. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1977) XI. 129 I have had out of the Isle of Shepy in the river of Thames very sharkes Teeth dug up there, wch could not well be sayd to be petrifyed, tho, as to the colour, they were some what guilden with a vitriolic tarnish.

1729 G. Adams tr. Sophocles Oedipus Coloneus i. i. in tr. Sophocles Trag. II. 115 The Fields are gilt with gilden Saffron.

3. Covered in a thin layer of gold; gilded; (in early use) decorated with gold. See discussion in the note in the etymology.In quot. OE rendering a post-classical form of classical Latin chrysendeta (neuter plural) dishes or vessels inlaid with gold; cf. Isidore ( Origines 20.4.8), the putative source.

ΚΠ

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 93 Crisendica, gyldena uel gegilde fatu.

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 5217 He smot him ouer þe gilden scheld.

c1390 (?c1350) Barlaam & Josaphat (Vernon) l. 330 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1875) 1st Ser. 219 (MED) A Gret kyng..In a Guildene Cart was lad.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 69 Whan þou come to jherusalem to þe gyldyn gate.

a1500 Sir Degrevant (Cambr.) (1949) l. 296 (MED) Gleves gleteryng glent Opon geldene scheldus.

1526 C. Mery Talys f. iiii Euery trew mylner that tollythe trewlye hath a gyldeyn thombe.

1531 W. Tyndale Answere Mores Dialoge f. viij^v When he layeth Timothe vn to my charge..then he weneth that he hath wonne his gylden spores.

1573 T. Twyne tr. Virgil in T. Phaer & T. Twyne tr. Virgil Whole .xii. Bks. Æneidos xi. H h j b Their helmets fayer into the fier, and guilden swordes they threw.

a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vii. xxxiii, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Ii2 His hornes were gilden all with golden studs.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 59 The gilden piller Milliarium, erected at the head or top of the Rom. Forum.

1640 Second Tome Homilies 73 in Certaine Homilies To spread us abroad these goodly carven, and gilden books.

1880 R. H. Stoddard Castle in Air ii. 40 My barges ride With gilden pennons blown from side to side.

Compounds

gilden mouth n. [after Hellenistic Greek χρυσόστομος (‘Chrysostom’) ‘golden-mouthed’ (see chrysostomic adj.), the posthumous cognomen of the Early Church Father] (an epithet of) St John, archbishop of Constantinople (d. 407), an Early Church Father renowned for his eloquence and persuasiveness as a preacher; = goldenmouth n. at golden adj. and n. Compounds 2a.Quot. eOE shows a weak adjective gyldenmūþa golden-mouthed, eloquent, also found in use with more general reference in Old English, here reflecting use by Bede ( Metrical Life of St. Cuthbert Prol. 23) with reference to John Chrysostom.

ΚΠ

eOE Bede Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 183) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Glosses (1945) 16/1 Crisostomus, gyldenmuþa.]

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11380 Iohn gilden-moth sais wit þis dome þat [etc.].

c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 192 (MED) The which, as Gildene mouth seith, mown lede the ship to hauene.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	gilden
释义	† gildenn. Forms: late Middle English gilden, late Middle English gylden. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French geldon. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman geldon and Middle French gueldon foot soldier, pikeman (1139), either (a) < gelde band of foot soldiers (12th cent. in Old French, also in sense ‘foot soldier’; < the Germanic base of guild n.: see discussion at that entry) + -on (see -oon suffix), or (b) directly < the Germanic base of Old English gilda (also ge-gilda ), Middle Low German gilde , Old Icelandic gildi , all in sense ‘member of a guild’, representing a weak (n -stem) derivative of the base of guild n.Compare post-classical Latin gildo camp follower (early 12th cent. in a British source, probably after Anglo-Norman), member of a guild (c1400), Old Occitan geudon (c1210). Compare also post-classical Latin gildanus member of a guild (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources). Obsolete. A foot soldier, pikeman (pikeman n.²). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > armed man > [noun] > using pike gildena1450 pickman1547 pike1557 pikeman1566 piker1590 piquier1596 morris-pike1599 peakman1668 rapparee1690 pikanier1816 wattle-boy1832 a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) l. 3052 An hundred thousand, withouten arblasters, Withoute gyldenes and archers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † gildenadj. Forms: Old English geldn- (inflected form, rare), Old English gyldæn (rare), Old English gylddenne (accusative singular masculine, transmission error), Old English gylde (transmission error), Old English gyldel (transmission error), Old English gyldenn- (inflected form), Old English gyldn- (inflected form), Old English gylgenum (dative plural, transmission error), Old English–early Middle English gelden, Old English (rare)–Middle English gyldyn, Old English–1500s gylden, Old English (rare)–1800s gilden, late Old English–Middle English gyldene, early Middle English ȝulden (south-west midlands), Middle English geldene, Middle English geldyn, Middle English gildan, Middle English gildene, Middle English gildin, Middle English gildyn, Middle English gulden (chiefly south-western and south-west midlands), Middle English guldene (chiefly south-western and south-west midlands), Middle English guylden (south-western and south-west midlands), Middle English (south-west midlands)–1600s guilden, 1500s guildin, 1500s gyldeyn. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian gelden , gilden , golden , gulden , Old Dutch guldīn (Middle Dutch guldijn , guldin , gulden , Dutch gulden ), Old Saxon guldīn (Middle Low German gülden , gōlden ), Old High German guldīn (Middle High German guldīn , German (now archaic) gülden , (regional) gulden ), Old Icelandic gullinn , Old Swedish, Swedish gyllen , Old Danish, Danish gylden , Gothic gulþeins < the Germanic base of gold n.¹ + the Germanic base of -en suffix⁴. Compare golden adj.Old English gylden shows i-mutation of inherited short u caused by the original ī of the suffix (see discussion at -en suffix⁴). In sense 3 originally representing an extended use of sense 1a. In early use it is not always clear whether the referent is merely decorated with gold or wholly made of gold (i.e. sense 1a). In later use increasingly influenced by gild v. and gilded adj. In some instances (e.g. quot. a1599) perhaps reinterpreted as a strong past participle form of gild v.: compare -en suffix⁶. Obsolete. 1. a. Made of gold. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > [adjective] > epithet of gold > made of gold redOE gildenOE goldc1230 goldenc1300 goldedc1384 giltenc1450 OE Beowulf (2008) 2809 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne þioden þristhydig. OE Daniel 204 Þæt hie þider hweorfan wolden, guman to þam gyldnan gylde. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1070 Hi namen þære twa gildene scrines & ix seolferne. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8180 Onn hiss hæfedd wærenn twa Gildene cruness sette. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7135 Heo bar an hire honde ane guldene [c1300 Otho goldene] bolle. c1300 St. John Evangelist (Laud) l. 505 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 417 (MED) For-to ȝyue þis pouere Man bote ane guyldene ring. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 6632 Þai þat war in godes half..honurd noght þat gilden [a1400 Trin. Cambr. gulden] calf. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3667 (MED) Be-twene þe pelers was piȝt..Gilden wynes with grapis of gracious stanes. a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 38 Þe kyng of troye hathe in his lond A wonder þyng..That is a Gyldyn weders ffelle [a1400 Egerton a shepes skyn of golde]. a1525 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Trin. Dublin) (1896) 92 (MED) The pope..sent to the kynge a gulden rynge. b. figurative. Golden; rich; precious, illustrious. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > worth > [adjective] dearc888 dearworthc888 worthlyeOE oughtsOE worthfulOE aughtOE richa1225 gildenc1225 of pricea1325 worthya1325 of (‥) valourc1330 prow1340 dearworthyc1374 of value1395 pricefula1400 presc1400 singularc1400 goldena1425 well-foundc1475 valiant1481 prized1487 prowousa1500 valuable1567 prizable1569 valorous1592 suit-worth1594 bully1600 estimable1600 treasurable1607 treasurous?1611 treasured1675 pearly1770 at a premium1828 keep-worthy1830 good value1842 the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [adjective] > very excellent or first-rate gildenc1225 prime1402 rare1483 grand1542 holy1599 pre-excelling1600 paregal1602 classic1604 of (the) first rate1650 solary1651 first rate1674 superb1720 tip-top1722 tip-top-gallant1730 swell1819 topping1822 of the first (also finest, best, etc.) water1826 No. 11829 brag1836 A11837 A No. 11838 number one1839 awful1843 bully1851 first class1852 class1867 champion1880 too1881 tipping1887 alpha plus1898 bonzer1898 grade A1911 gold star1917 world-ranking1921 five-star1936 too much1937 first line1938 vintage1939 supercolossal1947 top1953 alpha1958 fantabulous1959 beauty1963 supercool1965 world-class1967 primo1973 society > authority > control > [adjective] > regulating > according to regulation or rule > of inestimable utility gildenc1225 goldena1500 c1225 (?c1200) Sawles Warde (Bodl.) (1938) 20 (MED) Bituhhe muchel & lutel is in euch worldlich þing þe middel wei ȝuldene [c1225 Royal guldene]. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 250 Þe middel wei of mesure is eauer guldene. c1330 Roland & Vernagu (Auch.) (1882) l. 331 An image of gret pouste, Stode on a roche bi þe se, In þe gilden lond. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 148 (MED) Senec called the worlde the gyldyn worlde, whan roialmes weryn gouernyd by wys men. 1611 J. Davies Scourge of Folly 109 A gilden Gentleman Lye with a Rogue-reiected Curtezan! 2. Of the colour of gold; golden. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > [adjective] > golden yellow gildenOE goldena1382 goldya1398 dory1398 goldc1400 goldisha1425 sunlyc1425 goldlya1450 aureatec1450 gildedc1450 giltenc1450 scorn-golda1586 Pactolian1586 aureal1587 gold colour1648 gold-coloured1674 spun gold1728 aurulent1731 aurelian1791 deaurated1818 Tuscan1830 corn-coloured1854 old gold1877 buttercup yellow1880 aureoline1881 sun gold1887 Tuscan-coloured1905 guinea-gold1938 spun-golden1978 OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxxxi. 168 Þæt ðridde cyn [of basilisca] ys sanguineus, þæt is blodread, eac swilce heo gylden [?a1200 Harl. 6258B gylden] on heafde sy [L. tertius est sanguineus capite aureo]. OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) xviii. §1. 201 Þær wæs færinga geworden on ansyne swylce þær gylden sunna onæled wære and ofer us ealle eondlyhte. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 4985 (MED) Þar bade a brid..all gilden was hire gorge with golden fethirs. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. vii. sig. S3^v The next morning began a little to make a guilden shewe of a good meaning. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iii. 94 Neuer mine eyes in pleasant Spring behold The azure Flaxe, the guilden Marigold. 1674 M. Lister Let. 20 Nov. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1977) XI. 129 I have had out of the Isle of Shepy in the river of Thames very sharkes Teeth dug up there, wch could not well be sayd to be petrifyed, tho, as to the colour, they were some what guilden with a vitriolic tarnish. 1729 G. Adams tr. Sophocles Oedipus Coloneus i. i. in tr. Sophocles Trag. II. 115 The Fields are gilt with gilden Saffron. 3. Covered in a thin layer of gold; gilded; (in early use) decorated with gold. See discussion in the note in the etymology.In quot. OE rendering a post-classical form of classical Latin chrysendeta (neuter plural) dishes or vessels inlaid with gold; cf. Isidore ( Origines 20.4.8), the putative source. ΚΠ OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 93 Crisendica, gyldena uel gegilde fatu. c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 5217 He smot him ouer þe gilden scheld. c1390 (?c1350) Barlaam & Josaphat (Vernon) l. 330 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1875) 1st Ser. 219 (MED) A Gret kyng..In a Guildene Cart was lad. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 69 Whan þou come to jherusalem to þe gyldyn gate. a1500 Sir Degrevant (Cambr.) (1949) l. 296 (MED) Gleves gleteryng glent Opon geldene scheldus. 1526 C. Mery Talys f. iiii Euery trew mylner that tollythe trewlye hath a gyldeyn thombe. 1531 W. Tyndale Answere Mores Dialoge f. viij^v When he layeth Timothe vn to my charge..then he weneth that he hath wonne his gylden spores. 1573 T. Twyne tr. Virgil in T. Phaer & T. Twyne tr. Virgil Whole .xii. Bks. Æneidos xi. H h j b Their helmets fayer into the fier, and guilden swordes they threw. a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vii. xxxiii, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Ii2 His hornes were gilden all with golden studs. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 59 The gilden piller Milliarium, erected at the head or top of the Rom. Forum. 1640 Second Tome Homilies 73 in Certaine Homilies To spread us abroad these goodly carven, and gilden books. 1880 R. H. Stoddard Castle in Air ii. 40 My barges ride With gilden pennons blown from side to side. Compounds gilden mouth n. [after Hellenistic Greek χρυσόστομος (‘Chrysostom’) ‘golden-mouthed’ (see chrysostomic adj.), the posthumous cognomen of the Early Church Father] (an epithet of) St John, archbishop of Constantinople (d. 407), an Early Church Father renowned for his eloquence and persuasiveness as a preacher; = goldenmouth n. at golden adj. and n. Compounds 2a.Quot. eOE shows a weak adjective gyldenmūþa golden-mouthed, eloquent, also found in use with more general reference in Old English, here reflecting use by Bede ( Metrical Life of St. Cuthbert Prol. 23) with reference to John Chrysostom. ΚΠ eOE Bede Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 183) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Glosses (1945) 16/1 Crisostomus, gyldenmuþa.] a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11380 Iohn gilden-moth sais wit þis dome þat [etc.]. c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 192 (MED) The which, as Gildene mouth seith, mown lede the ship to hauene. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.a1450adj.OE
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† gildenn.

† gildenadj.

Compounds