gendern.
/ˈdʒɛndə/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛndər/ 1. Grammar.
a. In some (esp. Indo-European) languages, as Latin, French, German, English, etc.: each of the classes (typically masculine, feminine, neuter, common) of nouns and pronouns distinguished by the different inflections which they have and which they require in words syntactically associated with them; similarly applied to adjectives (and in some languages) verbs, to denote the appropriate form for accompanying a noun of such a class. Also: the fact, condition, or property of belonging to such a class; the classification of language in this way.Sometimes called grammatical gender, to distinguish this sense from natural gender: see grammatical gender at grammatical adj. 1a, natural gender n. at natural adj. and adv. Compounds 2. In most European languages, grammatical gender is now only very loosely associated with natural distinctions of sex.English is regarded as possessing natural gender in that certain pronouns expressing natural contrasts in gender are selected to refer to nouns according to the meaning of the nouns, the contrasts being either between masculine (e.g. he, his, etc.) and feminine (e.g. she, her, etc.) or between personal (e.g. the abovementioned masculine and feminine pronouns and who, whoever, etc.) and non-personal (e.g. it, its, which, etc.). In recent times nouns incorporating gender suffixes (esp. those indicating females and formed on generic nouns, such as authoress, poetess, etc.) have become much restricted in use.common, epicene, feminine, masculine, neuter gender, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > gender > [noun]
genderc1390
kindc1400
c1390 (?c1350) St. Theodora l. 110 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 36 (MED) Hire name, þat was femynyn Of gendre, heo turned in to masculyn.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 32 How many thyngis falleth to a noun? Sixe..: qualite, comparison, gendre, noumbre, fygure, and case.
1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure v. xi The Latyn worde whyche that is referred Unto a thynge whych is subtancyall, For a nowne substantyve is wel averred, And wyth a gender is declynall.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. L1v Those cumbersome differences of Cases, Genders, Moodes, and Tenses, which I thinke was a peece of the Tower of Babilons curse.
1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 4 What is a Gender? A. The difference of Nounes according to the sex..The difference whereby a word is noted to signifie the male, or female, or neither: that is, either hee or shee, or neither of them.
1634 L. Anderton Triple Cord xxi. 490 Hoc, is the neuter Gender, which agreeth with Body, which also is..in Latin, Corpus, the neuter Gender.
1676 tr. B. Lamy Art of Speaking i. ii. 32 The Nouns of all known Languages are distinguished by different Terminations, in two Genders.
1700 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana (ed. 2) i. ix. 323/1 Putting the adjective in the Neuter Gender.
1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. 24 To substantives belong gender, number, and case... Gender is the distinction of sex. There are three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.
1857 Danish Gram. 8 There are in Danish only two Genders for the Nouns, the Common Gender and the Neuter.
1887 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 4) vii. 369 In the English language as now current, the traditional Gender of ancient Grammar is entirely extinct.
1899 Mod. Lang. Q. 2 37/1 Japanese..is mainly a concrete language, naming acts and facts... There is no gender, person, number, case, or concord.
1948 M. Newmark Introd. to Mod. Lang. Teaching 277 A language consists primarily not of signs indicating gender, number, case, tense and mode, but of significant words.
1985 Slavic & East European Jrnl. 29 452 Even when women are speaking about themselves [in Polish], the presence of a single male in the group would change the gender of the verb.
2009 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 12 Aug. 18 The assignment of gender to nouns, irrespective of any direct connection with biology,..can affect people's view of the world.
b. In extended use. Esp. in non-European languages: any of several other analogous categories into which nouns may be divided (regardless of any connection with sex).
ΚΠ
1819 Trans. Hist. & Lit. Comm. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1 368 In the Indian languages, those discriminating words or inflections which we call genders, are not, as with us,..intended to distinguish between male and female beings, but between animate and inanimate things.
1878 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 10 3 In the Dravidian group there is a rational and an irrational gender of the nouns.
1884 Nature 9 Oct. 578/2 [In the Iroquoian language] there were two so-called genders, noble and ignoble; the former comprised God, men, and angels, and the latter demons, the lower animals, inanimate objects, and ‘women, children, and other chattels’.
1903 W. H. Stapleton Compar. Handbk. Congo Langs. 18 Gender in Bantu has no reference to the sex of the object; it simply marks that the noun belongs to a class distinguished by a certain prefix.
1945 B. L. Whorf in J. B. Carroll Lang., Thought, & Reality 79 We immediately turn to it [sc. the language] to see if it has a gender system that distinguishes living from nonliving things... We find that Hopi has no gender at all.
1999 R. L. Trask Language (ed. 2) 43 A second gender class contains many words for large things, and a third class many words for small things. After this, though, the assignment of gender in Swahili becomes rather arbitrary.
a. A class of things or beings distinguished by having certain characteristics in common; (as a mass noun) these regarded collectively; kind, sort. Obsolete.In earliest use: genus, as opposed to species (see note at genus n. 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun]
kindeOE
i-cundeOE
mannera1225
jetc1330
colour1340
hair1387
estrete1393
gendera1398
hedea1400
savourc1400
stockc1450
toucha1500
rate1509
barrel1542
suit1548
fashion1562
special1563
stamp1573
family1598
garb1600
espece1602
kidney1602
bran1610
formality1610
editiona1627
make1660
cast1673
tour1702
way1702
specie1711
tenor1729
ilk1790
genre1816
stripe1853
persuasion1855
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xxix. 511 Byshinynge & liȝt ben diuers as species and gendir; for eueryche bischinynge is liȝt, but not aȝenwarde.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 434 Alle gendrez so ioyst wern ioyned wyth-inne.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 29 (MED) Off þis mater spekith þis same glorious doctour in a sermon whech he mad of iij gendres of munkys.
?c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Pepys) (1880) l. 17 I..neuer thenke..To know of here significacions The gendres..ne þe causes [of dreams].
1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Love in W. W. Skeat Chaucerian & Other Pieces (1897) 96 After this maner manyfold good is sayd; that is to saye, good in kynde, and good in gendre.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 323 Supply it with one gender of hearbes, or distract it with many. View more context for this quotation
1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. App. 153 The Governour..is a servant of the Ship..neither differs he from a mariner in gender, but in kind.
1662 R. Mathews Unlearned Alchymist (new ed.) §22. 15 Diseases of this gender are for the most part incurable.
1727 P. Longueville Hermit 218 To strike in him that Terror which the Gender of Death he had fix'd upon could not.
1784 R. Bage Barham Downs I. 274 I..am a man of importance, a public man, Sir; of the patriotic gender.
1847 Graham's Amer. Monthly Mag. Nov. 470/1 Shawls... The rectangular shape is preferred for all articles of this gender, except for the India shawl, of which the double or oblong is sometimes preferred.
b. That which has been engendered (gender v.1 2b); product, offspring. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun] > offspring
seedOE
offspringOE
begottena1325
birtha1325
issuea1325
burgeoninga1340
fruit of the loinsa1340
young onec1384
increasement1389
geta1400
gendera1425
procreation1461
progeniturec1487
engendera1500
propagation1536
feture1537
increase1552
breed1574
spawn1590
bowela1593
teeming1599
pullulation1641
prolifications1646
educt1677
produce1823
a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) Phil. iii. 5 (MED) I am..of þe gendre of israhel, of þe tribe of beniamyn, and Ebrue born of þe Ebrwes.
1637 J. Bastwick Answer to Exceptions against Letany ii. 9/2 Such a gender of filth that great frog left behind him.
1662 R. Mathews Unlearned Alchymist (new ed.) §57. 66 This is to shew how they have been, and may be abused, in doing of which a most accursed gender of hell is born into the World.
3.
a. gen. Males or females viewed as a group; = sex n.1 1. Also: the property or fact of belonging to one of these groups.Originally extended from the grammatical use at sense 1 (sometimes humorously), as also in Anglo-Norman and Old French. In the 20th cent., as sex came increasingly to mean sexual intercourse (see sex n.1 4b), gender began to replace it (in early use euphemistically) as the usual word for the biological grouping of males and females. It is now often merged with or coloured by sense 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] > sex
sectc1386
gender1474
sexa1631
1474 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 142 (MED) His heyres of the masculine gender of his body lawfully begoten.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 408 Has thou oght writen there Of the femynyn gendere?
1580 W. Fulke Retentiue 92 For there is but one Lord..both of men and of Angels, which doth not onely exclude all other Lordes of the masculine gender, but much more all Ladyes.
1632 S. Marmion Hollands Leaguer iii. iv. sig. g4v Here's a woman: The soule of Hercules has got into her. She has a spirit, is more masculine, Then the first gender.
1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso 135 Strength..was a vertue attributed to the masculine gender.
1719 J. Harris Astron. Dialogues 141 I think the Poets make her change her Sex, and turn He-Thing, as if she could not be as useful when of our Gender, as of yours.
1723 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 7 Dec. (1966) II. 33 Of the fair Sex..my only Consolation for being of that Gender has been the assurance it gave me of never being marry'd to any one amongst them.
1818 T. H. Bayly Parl. Lett. 32 The women adore you, and call you defender, And friend to the rights of the feminine gender.
1868 Radical 3 386 A very modest lady acquaintance of ours can bake bread, shoot a gun, ride a horse... Yet she is not an exception to the radical capacity of her gender.
1896 Daily News 17 July 6/4 As to one's success in the work one does, surely that is not a question of gender either.
1936 Mademoiselle Mar. 43/1 I find I belong to the wrong gender to take part in such confabulations.
1970 Sunday Times 29 Nov. 29/2 Adolescents of both genders strode along..with books and long flaxen unisexual hair.
2009 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 21 Oct. 35 While the majority of paedophiles are male, there is a substantial minority who are women. But whatever their gender there is no excuse for their behaviour.
b. Psychology and Sociology (originally U.S.). The state of being male or female as expressed by social or cultural distinctions and differences, rather than biological ones; the collective attributes or traits associated with a particular sex, or determined as a result of one's sex. Also: a (male or female) group characterized in this way.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] > gender
gender1945
1945 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 58 228 In the grade-school years, too, gender (which is the socialized obverse of sex) is a fixed line of demarkation, the qualifying terms being ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’.
1950 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 63 312 It [sc. Margaret Mead's Male and Female] informs the reader upon ‘gender’ as well as upon ‘sex’, upon masculine and feminine rôles as well as upon male and female and their reproductive functions.
1968 Life 21 June 89 When the separation of fashions according to gender began to vanish, retailers discovered a bonanza.
1978 D. Pearce in Urban & Social Change Rev. 11 i–ii. 35/1 The major implication for policy of both the feminization of poverty and the..labor-force participation of welfare mothers is that gender cannot be ignored.
1981 Heresies 3 67/3 Our ideology and practice of sex roles construct..two mutually exclusive categories, that is, genders.
2007 New Yorker 6 Aug. 13/2 There's no breaking news here—identity and gender have been on the contemporary-art docket for years.
c. Electronics. The property of a connector being male or female. Frequently attributive. Cf. male adj. 6, female adj. 11.
ΚΠ
1984 Microprocessors & Microsystems 8 265/1 Datafaker..contains a cable gender changer.
1990 M. Card Word Processor to Printed Page (ed. 2) v. 60 The user should..be equipped with 9 to 25 pin adaptors in both genders.
1999 Washington Post (Nexis) 5 Aug. e5 Plugging in a USB connector is as easy as plugging in a lamp. And you never have to worry about the orientation, number or gender of the pins.
2003 G. Avgerakis Desktop Video Studio Bible viii. 280 Don't forget to double-check your measurements including the gender of each cable connector you will need.
Phrases
P1.
general gender n. now archaic and rare the common people.In later use after Shakespeare (quot. 1604).
ΚΠ
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iv. vii. 18 The great loue the generall gender beare him. View more context for this quotation
1845 Edinb. Rev. Oct. 318 The Helmskringla..has too little moral or imaginative attraction to be ever popular with the ‘general gender’.
1908 Caledonian 8 478/1 You can never believe it [sc. claret] an ordinary drink among the ‘general gender’. It cannot have been cheap enough or potent enough.
nervous gender n. Obsolete rare the nervous system.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > nervous system > [noun]
neurology1670
nervous gender1698
nervous system1703
connectome2005
1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 432 In other sorts of Distempers where the nervous Gender is attack'd.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
a. In sense 1.
(a) General uses.
ΚΠ
1855 Bibliotheca Sacra Oct. 716 The gender-forms of the demonstrative.
1869 Jrnl. Philol. 2 209 What more natural or simple means could be adopted to denote the subject of an action..than a gender-suffix.
1881 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 2 368 Lepsius attributes a more decisive weight to the element of gender-distinction than most students of language are accustomed to do.
1898 J. B. Wisely New Eng. Gram. (1900) i. iv. 109 We distinguish masculine gender nouns from feminine gender nouns by some change in the form of the word.
1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 272 Distinctions of number..are merged with the gender-classification.
1969 W. M. Erwin Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic (2004) xx. 194 A small group of words..may function as modifiers of nouns or pronouns..but have no gender inflection.
1994 S. Pinker Lang. Instinct viii. 233 In ‘classifier’ languages, nouns fall into gender classes like human, animal, inanimate, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, cluster, tool, food, and so on.
2002 Language 78 116 Despite the formal identity of the gender prefixes with four of the morphological class prefixes, there are good descriptive reasons to distinguish them.
(b)
gender form n.
ΚΠ
1855Gender-forms [see Compounds 1a(a)].
1890 C. C. Long Lessons in Eng. 71 Gender-forms of Nouns. Man, boy, brother, gentleman. Woman, girl, sister, lady, queen.
1988 L. Hutcheon Canad. Postmodern iii. 54 He begins by taking literally the gender form of McLuhan's general label: it is his men who are print-oriented.
gender system n.
ΚΠ
1945 B. L. Whorf in Lang., Thought, & Reality 79 A gender system that distinguishes living from nonliving things.
1992 Sci. Amer. Nov. 62/3 The vowels i and u proposed for these masculine and feminine kinship terms coincide with the gender system in two major Amerind subgroups.
b. In sense 3.
(a) General uses.
ΚΠ
1870 O. S. Fowler Sexuality Restored ii. 14 (heading) Gender states as affecting the form, beauty, etc.
1906 J. E. Ayer Living by Nat. Law 127 Society practically teaches the male half to develop an excessive expression of the gender nature, while girls are taught an even more harmful..restraint in expression.
1931 Proc. Royal Soc. 108 401 (table) Number of promycelia whose gender distributions were determined.
1971 Jrnl. Marriage & Family 33 597/2 Why is it no woman can escape gender oppression?
1978 Washington Post (Nexis) 7 July c14 Letters..from organizations to individuals, sometimes avoid the gender trap with salutations like ‘Dear Customer’.
1983 M. W. Ross Homosexuality & Social Sex Roles 2 Gender constructs endure because of their usefulness as symbols in society.
1987 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 5 Apr. vii. 26 Men had to undergo a conversion, sometimes expressed as symbolic gender reversal, in order to find out what submissiveness meant.
1996 Toronto Star (Nexis) 7 June b1 Gender warriors, draw your battle lines.
2002 S. Pinker Blank Slate (Book Club ed.) xviii. 342 Despite their visibility, gender feminists do not speak for all feminists, let alone for all women.
2008 Waterloo (Ont.) Region Record (Nexis) 22 Dec. b4 Masquerading was accompanied by dancing, gambling and gender-swapping.
(b)
gender bias n.
ΚΠ
1975 Q. Rev. Biol. 50 226/2 I cannot understand how a book on human reproduction and sex..can be so consistently insensitive to the gender bias of the personal pronoun ‘he’ used in the context of any one person.
1996 F. Popcorn & L. Marigold Clicking ii. 181 Some schools in California and Virginia have started girls-only math, science, and computer classes to try to erase gender-bias.
gender boundary n.
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1969 Jrnl. Sex Res. 5 78 The compulsive need to cross gender boundaries in dress.
2011 Denver Post (Nexis) 11 Feb. d1 To me, love has no gender boundaries.
gender confusion n.
ΚΠ
1965 R. J. Stoller in J. Marmor Sexual Inversion xi. 206 Is passing indistinguishable from previously described continua of gender confusion?
2011 Sunday Express (Nexis) 30 Jan. 24 Shakespeare's plays are full of gender confusion.
gender difference n.
ΚΠ
1892 Man. for Teachers 77 Some hint was given in Chart II. of the gender differences expressed by the third personal pronoun.
1972 A. Oakley Sex, Gender & Society viii. 189 Sex differences may be ‘natural’, but gender differences have their source in culture.
2005 Psychiatric Times (Nexis) 1 Aug. 74 A history of childhood sexual abuse may be an important risk factor for understanding the gender difference in depression rates.
gender dynamic n.
ΚΠ
1981 Jrnl. Women Stud. 6 88/1 Her paper emphasized the importance of analyzing sexual harassment as ‘a social practice, a norm, a gender dynamic conditioned by male control over women's minds and bodies’.
2009 London (Ont.) Free Press (Nexis) 28 Aug. c4 The great romantic comedies are about gender dynamics.
gender equality n.
ΚΠ
1971 Acta Sociologica 14 10 The interests of children as a group would be contradictory to..a combination of market economy and gender equality.
1982 E. Kallen Ethnicity & Human Rights Canada x.257 The provisions of the proposed Canada clause would reaffirm Canada's constitutional commitment to racial and gender equality.
2003 D. Nicholls Starter for Ten viii. 67 What if she offers to go halvsies? Should I accept? I want her to know that I firmly believe in gender equality, but I don't want her to think I'm poor or, even worse, mean.
gender equity n.
ΚΠ
1975 Family Coordinator 24 567/2 Intellectual acceptance of gender equity is coming somewhat reluctantly and grudgingly.
2001 N.Y. Times 13 June a24/6 Women's rights groups put the issue of gender equity in prescription drug coverage high on their agenda.
gender identity n.
Π
1964 Valley News (Van Nuys, Calif.) 29 Nov. 22/2 She has for many years been interested in the field of psychology, particularly in the areas of gender identity and personality expression.
1968 R. J. Stoller Sex & Gender ii. 17 (heading) The intersexed patient with normal gender identity.
2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 12 Sept. (Styles section) 6/2 This was in San Francisco, land of blurry gender identities, where it's common to pass as ‘other’ gendered—neither male nor female but elsewhere on the ‘queer’ spectrum.
gender issue n.
ΚΠ
1974 Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Jrnl. 2 Nov. 14/4 (heading) California voters will decide gender issues.
1995 Independent 14 Feb. 12/7 Kimberley Leston's trademark was a wry and knowing take on sex and gender issues.
gender model n.
ΚΠ
1970 Child Devel. 41 270 A sex-typing process based on imitation of an idealized gender model.
1985 Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Apr. 378/4 Without threatening gender models, she produced poetry good enough to praise.
2005 Courier Mail (Queensland, Austral.) (Nexis) 12 Apr. (Features section) 15 It was an encouraging, wonderfully optimistic time, when..men and women alike recognised how strangely confining gender models had been.
gender role n.
ΚΠ
1957 Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77 333 (heading) Imprinting and establishment of gender role.
1963 A. Comfort Sex in Society ii. 42 The gender role learned by the age of two years is for most individuals almost irreversible, even if it runs counter to the physical sex of the subject.
1995 Daily Tel. 8 Aug. 1/4 By five, girls and boys have already started to ‘self-limit’ their activities in line with their perceived notion of their gender role.
gender sensitivity n.
ΚΠ
1983 B. G. Reed & C. D. Garvin Groupwork with Women/Groupwork with Men 7 Remaining sensitive to the differences in these definitions and our tendency to confuse them is an integral component in the development of gender-sensitivity in our work.
1994 USA Weekend 16 Jan. 18/3 Much to the frustration of many teachers, gender-sensitivity training soon may be a prerequisite for tenure or promotion.
gender stereotype n.
ΚΠ
1966 L. Kohlberg in E. E. Maccoby Devel. Sex Differences 105 Our review of early gender stereotypes indicates that by age five-six, children award greater power, strength, and competence..to the male.
2008 Record (Bergen County, New Jersey) (Nexis) 23 Apr. f3 Parents can't do much to get young children to ignore the cultural gender stereotypes they see around them.
gender stereotyping n.
ΚΠ
1966 L. Kohlberg in E. E. Maccoby Devel. Sex Differences 102 Gender stereotyping of social power derives from highly visible differences in extra-familial roles as well as from connotations arising from body differences.
1998 Guardian 22 Jan. ii. 5/3 If you want regressive gender stereotyping, watch any Hollywood schlockbuster with its tit shots and bit parts and bitch/whore/good girl-friend formula.
gender theory n.
ΚΠ
1980 October 12 61 It is by no means accidental that Freud develops these same Aristophanic themes elsewhere, as in the allegory of his gender theory.
2010 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 22 Sept. a25 According to the gender theory that informs this bill, sexist attitudes led society to place a higher value on male-centered fields.
gender war n.
ΚΠ
1971 Jrnl. Marriage & Family 33 414/2 Sex being one arena of the gender-war, I suspect far more men than women wake up their spouses during the night for intercourse.
2004 Independent 10 Mar. 33/1 For those of us on the front line of the gender war, the hot new issue of girlishness poses a ticklish problem.
C2.
a. With adjectives.
ΚΠ
1888 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 9 444 In the direct verbal regimen (as the article or other gender-bearing word shows), either the nominative or accusative may be used.
1898 H. Piatt Neuter in Old French 14 Wherever the lo-le..has a gender-containing antecedent, it will be called masculine.
1979 Feminist Rev. 2 41 An all-woman show would invite speculations as to gender-determined characteristics shared by the women exhibitors.
1982 Amer. Indian Q. 6 108 Mining, sawmill, construction, auto mechanic and railroad jobs are gender-allocated on Western models.
1987 K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 128 You know I'm committed to less gender orientated relationships. But how can we ignore our naturally strong peno-vaginal-interactional rapport?
1991 E. K. Sedgwick How to bring your Kids up Gay in Tendencies (1993) 157 A relative deemphasis of the links between gay adults and gender-nonconforming children.
1997 R. Conner in K. Hall & A. Livia Queerly Phrased vii. 135 Information concerning lesbian and gender-variant women appears to have been suppressed even more successfully than that concerning their male counterparts.
2008 L. M. Diamond Sexual Fluidity ii. 32 Consider, too, the results of several ‘natural experiments’ with gender-reversed rearing that have occurred in different cultures.
b. In sense 1.
gender-bearing adj.
ΚΠ
1888Gender-bearing [see Compounds 2a].
1912 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 23 314 Gender-bearing nouns became also the bearers of the secret of his soul and witnesses of his guilt. Every word denoting sex caused him to falter.
1994 M. Aronoff Morphol. by Itself (1996) iii. 72 The notion of an inflectional affix is not directly applicable to all gender-bearing words in Spanish.
gender-marked adj.
ΚΠ
1965 R. P. Stockwell et al. Grammatical Structures Eng. & Spanish iv. 103 Spanish uses gender-marked nominalizations for classes of people and neuter for concepts.
2006 I. Neumann-Holzschuh in A. Valdman & J. C. Clement Hist., Society & Variation iii. 254 In all French creoles, natural gender can be indicated either by certain lexicalized items with inherent gender or by the semantically transparent compounding of a gender-neutral noun with a gender-marked lexical item.
c. In sense 3.
gender-appropriate adj.
ΚΠ
1961 J. L. Hampson & J. G. Hampson in W. C. Young Sex & Internal Secretions (ed. 3) II. xxiii. 1418/1 He found that boys and girls of the working-class group were not only earlier, but more clearly, aware of gender-appropriate behavior.
2009 Maryland Gaz. (Nexis) 19 Dec. a9 Other members of the..team took pictures of the children with Santa and raffled off age- and gender-appropriate toys.
gender-based adj.
ΚΠ
1972 M. L. Stackhouse Ethics & Urban Ethos i. 9 Women's liberationists cite the city as the primary example of aggressive and rationalistic male dominance while arguing that attitudinal and intellectual capacities are not gender-based.
1979 Newsweek (Nexis) 30 Apr. 68 The Court has refused to eliminate all gender-based distinctions.
2006 Irish Times (Nexis) 8 Mar. 16 Gender-based violence takes many forms: rape, trafficking, and domestic violence pervade every society in the world.
gender-biased adj.
ΚΠ
1974 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 68 1707/1 Gender-biased law.
2001 J. B. Ruscher Prejudiced Communication ii. 40 At the grossest level, gender-biased language implies that people are male unless ‘proven’ to be female.
gender-coded adj.
ΚΠ
1968 Trans. 9th Internat. Congr. on Enlightenment 1 (Stud. Voltaire & 18th Cent. No. 346) 470 Since dress is traditionally gender-coded, Eugenie's cross-dressing indicates an act of gender cross-coding.
1984 Pop. Music 4 239 It is at least difficult to maintain that the desires and rhythms of rock and roll are gender coded.
2007 Bitch Winter 74/1 It's absolutely amazing how gender-coded boys' and girls' costumes are.
gender-forming adj.
ΚΠ
1978 F. Donnelly Big Boys don't Cry vii. 171 There is frequently a discrepancy between gender-forming training in the home and the more permissive handling of sexual matters in the public media.
2001 Moscow News (Nexis) 7 Mar. (Science section) 10 The male bird has a pair of identical gender-forming Z chromosomes.
gender-free adj.
ΚΠ
1977 French Rev. 50 947 Partisans of gender-free sensibility may not wish to consider Moreau's femininity/feminism in an analysis of her film.
2009 Atlantic Monthly July 120/3 The Companionate Marriage, in which husband and wife..co-housekeep according to gender-free norms they negotiate.
gender-friendly adj.
ΚΠ
1988 Technol. Teacher Feb. 5/1 Technologies can be studied that are gender-friendly, culture-friendly.
2007 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 4 Mar. ii. 4/1 This Kings County Shakespeare Company production is billed as a ‘gender-friendly’ adaptation of ‘The Taming of the Shrew’.
gender-inclusive adj.
ΚΠ
1980 Jrnl. Amer. Acad. Relig. 48 422 The gender of maleficarum is feminine and not gender inclusive.
1991 Drew Mag. Nov. 5/1 We've had an opportunity to review goals that are already in place to create a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, gender-inclusive community.
2008 Africa News (Nexis) 8 Mar. Fifty six per cent of women feel that their workplace does not have a gender inclusive culture.
gender-normative adj.
ΚΠ
1984 Contemp. Sociol. 13 414/1 She describes these functions of women's reformatories in the United States in both gender-normative and economic terms.
2005 M. Kackman Citizen Spy 182 She is only truly at ease when she can settle back into the comforting gender-normative relationships of her Felicity-meets-Friends home life.
gender-oriented adj.
ΚΠ
1975 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 75 1001/3 The middle adult's expression of his or her attributes in relation to a set of socialized expectations is, on a broad level, gender-oriented.
2002 D. Lemieux & M. Möhle in Y. Lemel & H. N. Noll Changing Structures of Inequality (2003) 351 If some traditionally gender-oriented occupations have diminished, formerly integrated occupations seem to become gender-oriented.
gender-related adj.
ΚΠ
1967 Jrnl. Sex Res. 3 92 Gender-related imagery in play and daydreams.
1991 Lancet 9 Mar. 612/1 No gender-related..differences have been reported in epidemiological studies.
gender-sensitive adj.
ΚΠ
1983 PMLA 98 323/1 A gender-sensitive analysis, then, elucidates dominant as well as submerged or muted conventions by showing the operations of their reciprocal interactions.
2009 N. Fraser Scales of Justice (2010) vi. 114 Feminists must work with other progressive forces to create egalitarian, gender-sensitive social-welfare protections at the transnational level.
gender-specific adj.
ΚΠ
1968 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 376 18 The appearance, given names, and play of boys and girls have become less gender-specific since World War II.
2001 R. Hill Dialogues of Dead (2002) xxxv. 377 Hat..said, ‘Chairwoman , I think you mean. Or at least Chair-person.’ ‘That's what you think I mean, is it?’ said Dee pleasantly. ‘Yet man in its origins was never gender specific.’
gender-typed adj.
ΚΠ
1977 Child Devel. 48 511/1 The children's ordering of the jobs along a gender-typed ability continuum closely matched reality.
2007 Washington Post (Nexis) 8 Oct. c8 Call it gender-typed indoctrination, if you will, that impels me to hang fresh towels every day or to buy matching bedspreads for all my daughters.
C3.
gender-affirming adj. that validates or confirms a person's gender; (now) spec. that enables a person, esp. a transgender person, to live according to their gender identity.In later use, often distinguishing between gender (as something culturally or biologically defined) and gender identity (considered an innate individual sense).
ΚΠ
1980 E. Wales in M. G. Eisenberg et al. Communications Health Care Setting vii. 103 It [sc. ‘preening’ behaviour] seems to act in a gender affirming manner, establishing the masculinity of the male and inviting the female to behave appropriately feminine.
2005 Social Forces 84 318 However mundane, cleaning, cooking, and laundry may be gender-affirming activities for women.
2007 Sexuality Res. & Social Policy 4 iv. 3/2 Engaging in sex work so they can pay for gender-affirming health care causes many trans people to fall into the maw of the criminal justice system.
2019 MailOnline (Nexis) 25 Mar. For trans women, gender-affirming surgery can do wonders to dispel lifelong dysphoria, in turn improving mental health and overall quality of life.
gender-bender n. (a) slang a person who dresses and behaves in a manner characteristic of the opposite sex, or who combines attributes of both sexes; (also) something which challenges or defies traditional notions of gender; frequently attributive. (b) Electronics an attachment which converts the gender (sense 3c) of a connector from male to female (or vice versa).In quot. 1975 apparently: something which challenges traditional roles and dress (perhaps with play on mind-bender).
ΚΠ
1975 Kingsport (Tennessee) Times 26 Sept. 8 a/4 Why should anyone be made to feel guilty for having mistaken a boy for a girl?.. Thanks for a beautiful gender bender.
1977 Primo Times Aug. 35/1 The Sluts call themselves gender benders. The ten male members of the group spend several hours before an appearance laying on mascara, hairspray, earrings, [etc.].
1980 Economist 27 Dec. 48 The cult hallows ambiguous sexuality: Mr David Bowie, the rock star ‘gender bender’, is a key hero.
1986 N.Y. Times 5 Aug. c4/4 Inserting paper clips in the holes of two plugs creates an acceptable, if not elegant, gender bender.
1993 Time 22 Mar. 79/1 Riff-Raff was made a year before Neil Jordan's gender bender.
2003 Film Comment Mar. 31/1 She had gotten..beyond the image of the blousy beauty or the campy gender-bender, to a more strong-minded feminine ideal.
2003 R. Krikorian TiVo Hacks xxxiii. 64 You may also need a gender bender to get the end that attaches to your serial port to be female.
gender-bending adj. and n. [after gender-bender n.] (a) adj. that defies or challenges traditional notions of gender, esp. in terms of dress or behaviour; (b) n. gender-bending activity; the action or practice of dressing and behaving in a manner characteristic of the opposite sex.
ΚΠ
1980 B. Larson Rock vii. 51 In spite of his gender-bending ways, Sylvester admits that his professional singing career started on the California gospel circuit.
1984 Observer 11 Mar. 47/1 This ‘gender-bending’, as it has been dubbed, is not news in the world of popular music.
1987 Herald (Melbourne) (Nexis) 11 Aug. We will have to get used to the gender bending novelty of a lord mayor who is a woman and a lady mayoress who is a man.
1993 Esquire June 34/3 The English have always gone in for gender bending, whether of the old-fashioned music-hall variety (Benny Hill in a tutu) or something more with-it (the Kinks song ‘Lola’).
2009 MovieMail July 26/3 Theresa Russell cross-dresses as a doomed King in a gender-bending dreamy visualisation of Un ballo in maschera.
gender-bent adj. characterized by or relating to a change of gender; dressing and behaving in a manner characteristic of the opposite sex; cf. gender-bender n.
ΚΠ
1986 Toronto Star (Nexis) 31 Oct. d18 There I was, tripping over my French ballroom gown and smoothing the tresses of my platinum-blonde wig—looking for all the world like a gender-bent goofball from the court of Louis XIV.
1993 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Feb. 56/1 Her rebellious teens, which she spent ‘coming out’ among the other gender-bent kids who snuck into Philadelphia's gay clubs.
2004 K. Mackendrick Word made Skin 136 These hearts burst out of the body.., defiantly glorious, inside out, genderbent, fucked up, queerly passionate and flamboyantly inexhaustible.
gender blender n. (usually attributive) a person who dresses and behaves in a way that blends characteristics of both sexes; cf. gender-bender n.
ΚΠ
1983 Washington Post 6 Mar. h6/3 Boy George, with his urban beachcomber look and gender-blender confusions, manages to fit in and stand out.
1985 TV Guide (Canada) 28 Sept. 12/1 Tootsie..is one gender-blender comedy with more going for it than the standard drag gags.
2008 South China Morning Post (Nexis) 7 Dec. (News) 2 (headline) Just call me ‘hir’, says gender blender.
gender-blending n. dressing and behaving in a way that blends characteristics of both sexes; cf. gender-bending adj. and n.
ΚΠ
1984 Washington Post 11 Mar. g1 Not to mention all those other socio-pop labels—gender-blending, drag, cross-dressing—that have sprung up in the wake of Michael Jackson, Boy George, [etc.].
1994 Amer. Spectator Apr. 73/1 Earhart was distinctly ‘androgynous’. Not surprisingly, Ware objects to this word, so she calls androgyny ‘gender blending’, which means the same thing.
2007 Townsville (Queensland) Bull. (Nexis) 7 July 205 Coco Chanel endorsed gender blending 80 years ago when she plucked a few pieces from the closet of her dapper lover, the Duke of Westminster.
gender-blind adj. that does not distinguish or discriminate between the sexes; sex-blind.
ΚΠ
1975 Educated Woman (Group for Advancement of Psychiatry) 143 Although there are times when policies, laws, services or attitudes can be appropriately gender-blind, women have some unique needs—for example gynecological services.
1992 T. S. Lebra in S. Kumon & H. Rosovsky Polit. Econ. Japan iii. 417 Their insistence on gender-blind equality is a natural result of their having made it in the predominantly male world through their personal ability and perseverance.
2004 Daily Tel. 14 Dec. 16/2 Lila contrives to put her father in moral danger from the tyrannical king, confusingly played, in a politically correct piece of gender-blind casting, by a woman.
gender critical adj. (a) critical of traditional beliefs about gender, esp. based on the perspective of gender feminism (gender feminism n.); (b) critical of the concept of gender identity, or the belief that gender identity outweighs or is more significant than biological sex.In sense (b), typically distinguishing between gender (as something culturally or biologically defined) and gender identity (considered an innate individual sense).
ΚΠ
1988 F. Barber in Circa 40 34/3 Terms such as ‘anti-sexist’, ‘gender-critical’ or ‘opposed to male domination’ are either awkward or fail to convey meaning succinctly.
1999 J. R. Carrette in tr. M. Foucault Relig. & Culture 7 The absence of any gender critical perspective in these writings on religion and sexuality..raises the question of how to read Foucault's work.
2018 Australian (Nexis) 1 Dec. 10 She said the anti-discrimination process was being used to ‘intimidate gender-critical women and police our thoughts’.
2021 @JackalPants 25 Sept. in twitter.com (accessed 30 Sept.) This motion aims to make it safe for people with gender critical beliefs to discuss how to exclude trans people from public spaces.
gender discrimination n. discrimination on grounds of sex or gender; sexual discrimination.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > [noun] > discrimination or inegalitarianism > by sex
sexism1866
sex discrimination1885
male chauvinism1935
phallocentricity1970
gender discrimination1973
phallocentrism1975
phallocracy1977
male-bashing1986
1973 Notes 26 488 Men draw more money than women, even in comparable job situations... Music librarians share this unfortunate gender discrimination with other academic librarians.
2003 N.Y. Times 27 July (Washington Final ed.) 8/5 The commission successfully expanded laws against gender discrimination in the workplace.
gender dysphoria n. Psychiatry persistent dissatisfaction with or distress relating to one's anatomic sex; (also gender dysphoria syndrome) a condition characterized by this; cf. transsexualism n.
ΚΠ
1973 Star-News (Pasadena, Calif.) 4 Apr. b7/4 Doctors call that pattern ‘gender dysphoria syndrome’.
1991 W. Roscoe Zuni Man-Woman i. 21 10 percent [of boys] wanted to be their sisters or mothers. Such a high percentage cannot be explained as an epidemic of gender dysphoria, but simply as a reflection of the prestige of female roles.
2005 N.Y. Mag. 7 Feb. 39/2 Precious Cox..grew up in Harlem with gender dysphoria. By age 3, she refused to wear dresses, play with dolls, or socialize with girls.
gender dysphoric adj. and n. Psychiatry (a) adj. characterized by or affected with gender dysphoria; (b) n. a person with gender dysphoria.
ΚΠ
1974 C. W. Schmidt et al. in J. R. Lion Personality Disorders x. 158 The sexual activities of gender dysphoric patients include the full range of practices of adult sexuality.
1976 D. H. Barrow & G. G. Abel in W. E. Craighead et al. Behavior Modification xix. 353 This behavior disorder is called transsexualism or the gender dysphoric syndrome and is the most severe problem among the sexual deviations.
1980 J. K. Meyer in T. B. Karasu & L. Bellak Specialized Techniques Individual Psychotherapy x. 207 A striking example of this phenomenon from the gender dysphorics, in whom almost everything stands out in bold relief.
1995 Guardian 22 July (Weekend Suppl.) 16/3 The deliberate wearing of facial hair is mostly confined to gender dysphorics, who are taking male hormones as they consider sex change operations.
2002 Church Hist. 71 606 In the 1950s, sex-change operations became available for gender-dysphoric people who could afford them.
gender expression n. the outward expression of gender (as defined culturally or biologically) or of gender identity (as an individual's personal sense), typically through behaviours, mannerisms, modes of dress, etc., that are culturally associated with masculinity or femininity.
ΚΠ
1973 Human Behavior Nov. 4/1 Keith's problem (if that is what it is to be called) was not his feminine gender expression, but rather society's unwillingness to accept and incorporate this unique individual.
1995 M. B. Pratt S/He 14 I had fallen in love with a woman..with such perceived contradictions between her birth sex and her gender expression, that someone at one end of a city block could call her ‘Ma'am’ and someone at the other end would call her ‘Sir’.
2013 J. Serano Excluded i. 17 Gender expression is not a strictly dichotomous trait, and individuals may use variants such as androgynous, or soft butch, or stone butch, or high femme, or low femme, or (in my case) femme-tomboy.
gender feminism n. advocacy of the view that the differences between the male and female genders are social constructs upheld and exploited by men in order to exert dominance over women; cf. radical feminism n. at radical adj. and n. Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1991 N.Y. Mag. 21 Jan. 38/1 The central tenet of gender feminism is that Western society is organized around a ‘sex/gender system’.
2002 S. Pinker Blank Slate (Book Club ed.) xviii. 341 Gender feminism holds that women continue to be enslaved by a pervasive system of male dominance, the gender system.
gender-fluid adj. (a) (in early use) not clearly or wholly male or female; androgynous; (b) designating a person who does not identify with a single fixed gender; of or relating to a person having or expressing a fluid or unfixed gender identity (now the usual sense).
ΚΠ
1987 Christianity & Crisis 12 Jan. 463/1 The dispelling of a more fluid, androgynous imagery.., [the] driving out of metaphorical, mystical, and gender-fluid imagery for God in the mainline Reformation has promoted a number of revolts.
1993 Out June 22/1 Suede inspires Gender-fluid fans to storm the stage and shower ‘bisexual but celibate’ singer Brett Anderson with hugs and kisses.
1996 Re: Womyn born Womyn in soc.women.lesbian-and-bi (Usenet newsgroup) 13 May I am not gender fluid, tho I can take on either *role* at times.
2015 Columbia Spectator (Columbia Univ, N.Y.) (Nexis) 13 Oct. 1 Science is also beginning to help us understand the neuroscience behind trans and genderfluid identities.
genderfuck n. coarse slang subversion or defiance of traditional conventions or expectations of gender difference.
ΚΠ
1972 L. Humphreys Out of Closets ix. 164 This technique (also known as ‘gender fuck’) is a form of extended guerilla theater that may, indeed, be effective in changing the stereotypes that cling to social mores.
1991 D. Gaines Teenage Wasteland vii. 178 Guys played with themes of gender-fuck; they wore gaudy baubles, black eyeliner, and platform shoes to high school.
2003 Bitch Fall 63/2 Representations of queer parents show them to be extremely gender-determinate gay men or lesbian women, without a hint of genderfuck anywhere in the picture.
gender gap n. originally U.S. the difference between men and women, esp. in social and political attitudes; (now esp.) the discrepancy in opportunities, status, etc., between the sexes.After generation gap n. at generation n. Compounds; cf. gap n.1 6a.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > [noun] > difference in attitudes between men or women
gender gap1969
1969 Sunday Post Crescent (Appleton, Wisconsin) 21 Sept. b12/3 The ‘in’ look for boys this fall. Their fashions have not only bridged the generation—but the gender—gap, as well.
1977 D. Morris Manwatching 230 They argue that the gender gap belongs to man's ancient past and is no longer relevant in the modern world.
1982 Newsweek 4 Oct. 19/2 The White House is opening the loophole to help close the ‘gender gap’—data that show women are disproportionately dubious about administration policies.
1990 Times Educ. Suppl. 23 Nov. 10/1 The proportion of girls taking the subject at all levels is rising... The gender gap at A-level also seems to have narrowed through the 1980s.
2000 M. S. Kimmel in M. S. Kimmell & A. Aronson Gendered Society Reader Introd. 5 There is significant evidence that the gender gap in love and sex and friendship is shrinking as women claim greater degrees of sexual agency.
gender marker n. Grammar an affix or other element which indicates a word's gender.
ΚΠ
1950 Language 26 219 The suffix is itself meaningless, hardly more than a gender marker.
1975 Amer. Speech 50 11 Abruzzese and Neapolitan also have final schwa rather than clear gender markers like -o for the masculine singular and -a for the feminine singular.
2002 New Internationalist May 16/2 That Arabic grammar carries gender markers has led even the best Arab grammarians erroneously to attribute gender to the thing referred to.
gender-neutral adj. suitable for, applicable to, or common to both males and females; (of a word, expression, etc.) not specifying gender; cf. sex-neutral adj. at sex n.1 Compounds 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > sex and gender > [adjective] > absence of sex characteristics
sexless1605
unspecificate1734
unsexed1749
unsexual?1785
asexual1795
unsexing1812
agamous1816
unsexual1873
gender-neutral1963
the world > life > sex and gender > [adjective] > suitable for either sex or gender
mixed1644
bisexous1646
cock and hen1785
ambosexual1788
transsexual1907
heterosexual1912
unisexual1932
bi-gendered1961
gender-neutral1963
unisex1966
pangender1978
1963 J. Money in A. Deutsch & H. Fishman Encycl. Mental Health V. 1699 It is..in harmony with our cultural mores for boys and girls to segregate themselves... One function of this segregation is that both boys and girls shed any remnants of gender-neutral or gender-identical behavior if custom so requires.
1974 Jrnl. Marriage & Family 36 477/1 An effort was made to include approximately equal numbers of male- and female-related words in addition to a few supposedly ‘gender-neutral’ terms, such as kissing, buttocks, sexual intercourse, and masturbate.
1975 Jrnl. Philos. 72 731 Such uses of ‘man’ etc. where a gender-neutral term belongs are instances of a common practice in which the name of a high-status member or subset is used as a generic name for the whole class to the disadvantage of the remaining members of the class.
1987 Amer. Ethnologist 14 790/1 By what kind of political and administrative mechanisms can technology be rendered gender-neutral and of benefit therefore to hard-pressed rural women?
2005 Asian Age 28 Sept. 9/2 Mentions of the ‘fatherland’, ‘great sons’ and ‘brotherly choruses’ should be replaced by gender-neutral terms such as ‘homeland’ and ‘joyful chorus’.
gender politics n. the assumptions underlying expectations regarding gender difference in a society; (also with singular agreement) an ideology based on such assumptions; cf. sexual politics n. at sexual adj. and n. Compounds 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > [noun] > branches of politics
public policec1450
state police1779
world-policy1848
world politics1857
geopolitics1901
Weltpolitik1903
biopolitics1927
psychopolitics1942
micropolitics1951
agro-politics1960
eco-politics1970
identity politics1973
gender politics1977
society > authority > rule or government > politics > [noun] > political actions or practice > types of
practical politics1709
theopolitics1736
Realpolitik1872
shirtsleeve (also shirtsleeves) diplomacy1896
power politics1901
armed response1904
politricks1908
Machtpolitik1916
power play1941
telepolitics1958
marketization1961
gender politics1977
1977 Jrnl. Women Stud. 2 12 The norms of proper deference were not intensified by gender politics.
1994 Details Oct. 99/1 Next month, I'm marrying a taller woman... I've had to rethink the strange gender politics of height.
2010 S. A. Fitzgerald in Y. Lee Politics of Gender 106 A normative gender politics which denies that prostitution can be in certain contexts deemed a ‘liveable life’ for certain groups of women.
gender presentation n. the outward expression of gender (as defined culturally or biologically) or of gender identity (as an individual's personal sense), typically through behaviours, mannerisms, modes of dress, etc., that are culturally associated with masculinity or femininity.
ΚΠ
1970 R. L. Birdwhistell Kinesics & Context vi. 44 The American female gender presentation arm position involves the proximation of the upper arms to the trunk while the male in gender presentation moves the arms some 5 to 10 degrees away from the body.
1991 J. Butler in D. Fuss Inside/Out i. 25 There are no direct expressive or causal lines between sex, gender, gender presentation, sexual practice, fantasy and sexuality. None of those terms captures or determines the rest.
2014 D. Bautista et al. in L. Erickson-Schroth Trans Bodies, Trans Selves v. 72 I feel that my gender presentation is a reflection of my spiritual self, which is non-gendered.
genderqueer adj. and n. (a) adj. designating a person who does not subscribe to conventional gender distinctions, but identifies with neither, both, or a combination of male and female genders; (also occasionally) of or relating to such a person; (b) n. a genderqueer person.Genderqueer is used as neutral or positive term of self-reference, without regard to, or in implicit denial of, the original negative connotations of queer adj.1 3.
ΚΠ
1995 In Your Face Spring 4 It's about all of us who are genderqueer: diesel dykes and stone butches, leatherqueens and radical fairies.
1995 Washington Times (Nexis) 2 Oct. a8 It's high time ‘genderqueers’ came out of the closets, out of the shadows and out of the margins.
2004 Time Out N.Y. 21 Oct. 128/2 Dykes, fags, trans and gender-queers are invited to this punk rock party.
2007 M. Tea It's so You 81 A line of subversive, genderqueer clothing that would appeal to female-bodied folk who didn't want to wear feminine clothing.
2010 Curve (Nexis) Mar. 47 I guess you could say my partner is genderqueer. She is comfortable being called ‘he’ or ‘she’.
gender reassignment n. the process or an instance of a person adopting the physical characteristics of the opposite sex by means of medical procedures such as surgery or hormone treatment; cf. sex change n. at sex n.1 Compounds 3.
ΚΠ
1969 Jrnl. Sex Res. 5 81 After gender reassignment surgery, some previously rejecting fathers become very affectionate.
1991 Lancet 7 Sept. 603/2 Although most gender reassignments are done in countries of the western world, transsexualism occurs in most if not all ethnic groups.
2004 N.Y. Mag. 3 May 66/2 The Opposite Sex..tells..tales of ‘gender reassignment’. After each story, sex-change experts and the transgendered..talk things over.
gender relations n. interactions between the sexes, esp. regarded as a field of study.
ΚΠ
1976 A. G. Dworkin & R. J. Dworkin (title of work) The minority report: an introduction to racial, ethnic, and gender relations.
1983 H. J. Maroney in J. Mitchell & A. Oakley What is Feminism? (1986) 102 This analysis of male-female relations..asserted that the long-term transformation of gender relations required sexual autonomy for women.
2003 Afr. Amer. Rev. 37 170 Lauret argues quite convincingly that Hurston's major influence enables Walker to articulate her critique of race and gender relations in the feminist post-Civil Rights era and to theorize it in the concept of womanism.
gender studies n. the study of gender (sense 3b) as an academic discipline.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > specific subjects
modern languages1605
English1713
Celtic studies1781
religious studies1824
Eng. Lit.1834
polytechnics1850
business administration1852
Eng. Lang.1857
business studies1880
historiography1889
academic1898
peace studies1903
religious education1914
Asian studies1941
religious instruction1960
religious knowledge1961
black studies1968
media studies1968
gender studies1973
1973 Change Mag. Sept. 43 Women's studies is but one of several names for a national movement that has neither formal structure nor official bureaucracy. Its other titles include female studies, feminist studies, gender studies, sex role studies and studies in masculinity and femininity.
2006 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) July 145/2 Some sections..are reminiscent of the half-baked ramblings of a 19-year-old majoring in gender studies.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
genderv.1
/ˈdʒɛndə/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛndər/ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > engage in sexual activity [verb (intransitive)] > have sexual intercourse
playOE
to do (also work) one's kindc1225
bedc1315
couple1362
gendera1382
to go togetherc1390
to come togethera1398
meddlea1398
felterc1400
companya1425
swivec1440
japea1450
mellc1450
to have to do with (also mid, of, on)1474
engender1483
fuck?a1513
conversec1540
jostlec1540
confederate1557
coeate1576
jumble1582
mate1589
do1594
conjoin1597
grind1598
consortc1600
pair1603
to dance (a dance) between a pair of sheets1608
commix1610
cock1611
nibble1611
wap1611
bolstera1616
incorporate1622
truck1622
subagitate1623
occupya1626
minglec1630
copulate1632
fere1632
rut1637
joust1639
fanfreluche1653
carnalize1703
screw1725
pump1730
correspond1756
shag1770
hump1785
conjugate1790
diddle1879
to get some1889
fuckeec1890
jig-a-jig1896
perform1902
rabbit1919
jazz1920
sex1921
root1922
yentz1923
to make love1927
rock1931
mollock1932
to make (beautiful) music (together)1936
sleep1936
bang1937
lumber1938
to hop into bed (with)1951
to make out1951
ball1955
score1960
trick1965
to have it away1966
to roll in the hay1966
to get down1967
poontang1968
pork1968
shtup1969
shack1976
bonk1984
boink1985
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. xxii. 19 What man so gendriþ [L. coierit] with a beeste, with deþ dye he.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. vii. 1119 Þe bore..freteþ and fomeþ at þe mouth..whan he gendreþ wiþ his wyfe.
1486 Bk. St. Albans E iv b Then shall the Roobucke gendre with the Roo.
c1510 Gesta Romanorum Add. Stor. xxviii. 442 Ye nyghtyngale vsed to sytte vpon a tree..where as her make..came and gendred with her.
a1530 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfeccyon (1531) iii. f. CCiiv Ye bee, whiche neuer gendreth with ony make of his kynde.
1599 H. Buttes Dyets Dry Dinner sig. I7 In the beginning of winter, the wilde swine gender; and about the prime of the spring they pigge.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. ii. 62 Keepe it [sc. a fountain] as a Cesterne, for foule Toades To knot and gender in. View more context for this quotation
1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. ii. 63 [Elephants] never gender but in private out of sight.
1694 W. Wotton Refl. Anc. & Mod. Learning xxii. 268 The Insect..then gendring with its like, lays such Eggs as in a seasonable Time are hatched.
a. intransitive. To beget, engender; to give birth. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (intransitive)] > beget
genderc1384
seedc1400
c1384 [implied in: Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xix. 28 In regeneracioun, or gendrynge aȝein..ȝe shulen sitt on twelue setis.].
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xiii. xxvi. 679 Þogh fisshe gendre and beþ ygendred, ȝitte no manere kynde of fisshe hath gendrin[ge] stones.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 7229 As we ere of our kynde, in no lond salle men fynde; ne so selcouthly to gendre, ne haf so many childre tendre.
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 145v (MED) I haue seen many men forsoþ gendre with o testicule.
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid x. Prol. 38 Quhilk souerane substans..Nowther generis, generat is, nor doith proceid.
a1595 Descr. Isles Scotl. in W. Skene Celtic Scotl. (1880) III. App. iii. 431 Mony fisches resortis and hantis thairto and generis within the same.
1658 tr. G. della Porta Nat. Magick i. xii. 18 An Hare..genders every month.
b. transitive. To beget, engender, produce (offspring). Obsolete (chiefly poetic in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)]
kenc825
begeteOE
strenec893
raisec1175
breeda1250
kenec1275
felefolda1300
engendera1325
tiddera1325
multiplyc1350
genderc1384
producea1513
procreatea1525
propagate1535
generate1552
product1577
kind1596
traduce1599
pullulate1602
traduct1604
progenerate1611
store1611
spawna1616
spawna1617
reproduce1650
propage1695
to make a baby1911
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hosea v. 7 In the Lord thei trespassiden, for thei gendriden [L. genuerunt] alien sonys.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 300 He had þre þryuen sunez..þe Iolef Iapheth watz gendered þe þryd.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 66 And the squier had not gendered on her no childe.
c1500 Melusine (1895) xxxvi. 246 He faught ayenst a knight, that was gendred with a spyryte in a medowe nygh by Lusynen.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis i. 8 Heere thre hundred wynters shal raigne knight Hector his ofspring, By Mars fyrye fatherd twyns tyl the Queene Ilia gender.
1653 Z. Coke Art of Logick ii. 195 The end is to be shewed wherefore an Animal was at first created, and wherefore in time gendred.
1671 W. Annand Mysterium Pietatis 35 It is certainly fabulous; that Budda should have gendred in his side a Virgin.
1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad i. 20 Pards gender pards; from tigers tigers spring.
?1780 W. Hurd New Universal Hist. Relig. Rites 13/2 Mules..are gendered between two creatures of different species.
1851 J. M. Good tr. Lucretius Nature of Things v. in J. S. Watson Nature of Things 436 Many a tribe has sunk supprest, Powerless its kind to gender.
1894 J. L. Patterson tr. Euripides Medea 53 Marrying a princess bride To gender royal brothers for my sons.
3.
a. transitive. To give rise to (a physical phenomenon or material object), esp. by natural processes; to produce, create. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > yield or produce naturally
fruita1382
engendera1393
breeda1398
gendera1398
yielda1400
proferc1425
to bring out1545
generate1563
produce1585
brooda1625
to send forth1626
propagate1699
pan1873
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. iii. 1270 Hete..gendreþ cleernesse and briȝtnesse.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 151 The principalle floode of Lydia is callede Pactolus gendrenge [L. gignens] gravel of golde.
a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 2016 And when euyl substance shal putrifie, Horrible odour is gendred therbye.
1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) iii. 303 There are gendered tempastes of weder and hayle.
1548 E. Gest Let. to Cecil in H. G. Dugdale Life E. Geste (1840) App. 147 Every thing is genered by ye wordes of God yt he ones spoke, encrease & fill ye earth.
1660 T. Salusbury tr. D. Bartoli Learned Man defended & Reform'd 139 The Cockles that gender the Pearles, when the mornings light discovereth them, close themselves.
?1758 Mem. James Keith 73 The thunder, gendered in the midst of the cloud, blazes.
1769 J. Gill Body Doctrinal Divinity I. iii. i. 415 Heaven, is the handy-work of God, and all things in it; not only the fowls that fly in it, but all the meteors gendered there.
1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect Introd. ii. 57 In a voltaic cell, an energy is gendered and transmitted along a wire with inconceivable rapidity.
1874 A. J. Gordon Congregational Worship iii. 73 Swiftness genders electricity; and, if we would have a strong and unbroken current of feeling, we should interpose no non-conductors between the stanzas of our song.
1912 Poetry Dec. 76 Lo! the abyss wherein great Satan's wings Might gender tempests.
b. transitive. To give rise to, bring about, produce, engender (a feeling, state, etc.). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > give rise to
makeOE
breedc1200
wakea1325
wakenc1330
engendera1393
gendera1398
raisea1400
begetc1443
reara1513
ingener1513
ingenerate1528
to stir upc1530
yield1576
to pull ona1586
to brood up1586
to set afloat (on float)1586
spawn1594
innate1602
initiate1604
inbreed1605
irritate1612
to give rise to1630
to let in1655
to gig (out)1659
to set up1851
gin1887
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. iii. 828 Þis stone..gendreþ and kepeth frenshepe.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 54 (MED) Yf þou vse oftyn tyme to swere, it may gendyr custom in the.
?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 49 Neuer bot in a gentill hert is generit ony ruth.
c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) v. 27 Oure smal resistance, generis grit hardynes in the aduerse party of oure saul.
1611 Bible (King James) 2 Tim. ii. 23 Foolish and vnlearned questions auoid, knowing that they doe gender strifes. View more context for this quotation
1651 J. Ellistone in tr. J. Böhme Signatura Rerum Postscript, p. 209 Contentions, which for the most part in all ages have gendred nothing but Pride.
1776 G. Campbell Philos. of Rhetoric I. vi. 183 There are two evils at least which it [sc. the scholastic art of disputation] has gendered.
1780 B. La Trobe tr. D. Cranz Anc. & Mod. Hist. Brethren viii. 450 They were advised..not to meddle with explaining the scriptures, and propounding their private opinions, which often genders strife.
1813 W. Scott Rokeby v. xxxi. 256 With all the agony that e'er Was gendered 'twixt suspense and fear, She watched the line of windows tall.
1856 J. Young Demonol. III. vi. 254 Calculated to gender mental disquietude or slavish fear.
1899 Times 8 Sept. 8/6 A race-hate must be gendered which will endure, may be, for generations.
1921 Texas Rev. Jan. 106 The creed..cannot be supposed to gender an enthusiasm likely to break down the religious and social prejudices of a population whose majority adheres rigidly to the sacred institution of caste.
1937 O. Stapledon Star Maker xvi. 328 Nothing but obscurity gendered by a thick haze of theories.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (intransitive)] > be made or produced
acomeOE
breedc1200
newc1390
gendera1398
foddenc1440
surmount1522
rise1549
naturate1576
superfete1642
kittle1823
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. lxxiv. 863 Stone gendreþ nought of erþe allone, for dryenes haþ maystrie þerinne.
1722 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) II. vii. 18 Though darkness gather together on a heap and tempests gender.
Derivatives
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [adjective] > created or produced > that may be created, produced, or constructed
genderablea1398
makeablec1443
generable?a1505
frameable1559
parturient1599
omnipregnant1611
producible1640
creatablea1646
propagable1651
propagatory1652
creablea1656
produceable1677
productible1830
composable1929
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. x. i. 553 Þingis þat ben corruptible and gendrable.
c1456 R. Pecock Bk. Faith (Trin. Cambr.) (1909) 142 (MED) The geting..of the more evydencis, bi which sciencial feith is gendreable, lettith not the merit of the man to have thilk sciencial feith, but encreesith it.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > production > that which produces
gendererc1384
bearera1387
bringerc1386
engendererc1390
producera1513
forthbringer1546
breeder1572
productor1584
productrice1585
spawner16..
brancher1610
procreanta1616
producent1622
productrix1630
generant1635
generator1637
productive1642
procurator1647
pregnatress1651
generatrix1657
yielder1733
productress1751
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Zech. xiii. 3 His fadir and modir, gendrers of hym [L. genitores ejus].
?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 61 (MED) The lyuer is þe instrument of þe secounde digestioun and gendrer of blode.
1652 E. Ashmole Theatrum Chem. Brit. 273 I am genderer of Iovis, many be my snares.
1856 D. A. Moore Age of Progress iii. 135 I was invoked as a strengthening cordial, courage genderer, hope inspirer, brain invigorator.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
genderv.2
/ˈdʒɛndə/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛndər/ transitive. To assign or attribute a gender to; to divide, classify, or differentiate on the basis of gender.rare before mid 20th cent.
ΚΠ
1825 J. Lewis Analyt. Outl. Eng. Lang. 170 Set four or five children..to classing and gendering the inanimate objects around them, according to resemblances which they can discover in the objects, to male or females.
1975 A. Kolodny Lay of Land i. 8 Indo-European languages, among others, have long maintained the habit of gendering the physical world and imbuing it with human capacities.
1990 C. Jordan Renaissance Feminism iii. 234 Reason was gendered as masculine and attributed to persons of rank, passion was gendered as feminine and characteristic of common people.
2006 N.Y. Times 27 Aug. (T Style Mag.) 172/2 Malle doesn't waste time gendering his scents, and Bigarade [perfume] is for both women and men.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.c1390
v.1a1382
v.21825- electrons
- electronvolt
- electronystagmogram
- electronystagmograph
- electronystagmographic
- electronystagmographically
- electronystagmography
- electrooculogram
- electrooculograms
- electrooculograph
- electrooculographic
- electrooculographically
- electrooculographies
- electrooculography
- electrooptic
- electrooptical
- electrooptically
- electrooptics
- electroosmoses
- electroosmosis
- electroosmotic
- electroosmotically
- electrootiatrics
- electropaint
- electropainted