fundamentn.

Brit.

/ˈfʌndəm(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˈfəndəmənt/

Forms: Middle English ffundement, Middle English fondemens (plural), Middle English fondemente, Middle English foundemens (plural), Middle English fowndament, Middle English fowndement, Middle English–1500s fondement, Middle English–1500s fondment, Middle English–1500s foundemente, Middle English–1500s foundment, Middle English–1500s fundement, Middle English–1500s fundemente, Middle English–1600s fondament, Middle English–1600s foundament, Middle English–1600s foundement, Middle English–1600s fundamente, Middle English– fundament, 1500s foundamente, 1500s fundment, 1500s–1600s fundiment, 1600s foondament. N.E.D. (1898) also records a form Middle English fundamens (occasionally in plural).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French fundament; Latin fundāmentum.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman fundament, foundement, foundament, fundment, Anglo-Norman and Middle French fundement, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French fondement (French fondement ) anus, buttocks, rump of an animal (early 12th cent.), foundation of a building (early 12th cent.), basis, fundamental principle (late 12th cent.), footing, ground (beginning of the 14th cent. or earlier), in Anglo-Norman also action of founding or establishing something (first half of the 12th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin fundāmentum foundation of a building, foundation (more generally), basis, something that has been founded, institution, in post-classical Latin also anus (from 12th cent. in British sources) < fundāre (see found v.²) + -mentum -ment suffix.Compare Old Occitan fondamen , Spanish fundamento , †fundamiento , Portuguese fundamento , Italian fondamento (all 13th cent.), and also Old Frisian fundament (West Frisian fûnemint ), Middle Dutch fundament , fundement , fondement (Dutch fundament ), Middle Low German fundament , fundement , Old High German fundament (Middle High German fundament , German Fundament ). In sense 4 partly after German Anlage anlage n., and partly (in early use) after German Grundlage basis, foundation (16th cent.; 1890 (in the source translated in quot. 1892) or earlier in the specific embryological sense).

Chiefly Scottish in the 16th cent.

I. Senses referring to a bottom, base, or foundation.

a. The lowest part, bottom, or base of something; esp. the foundation or base of a wall, building, or other structure. Now rare. [Use in quots. 1959 and 2007 is probably influenced by German Fundament.]

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > [noun] > foundations

groundc950

ground-wallc1000

fundamentc1300

foundation1398

sole1417

paepae1846

raft1891

raft foundation1895

c1300 Vision St. Paul (Laud) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1874) 52 37 (MED) Also deop is þat fundement Ase it is to þe firmament.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2772 Let delue vnder þe foundement, & me ssal bineþe finde A water pol.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 1978 Þai to rent ston fram ston Þe fondement to brast anon.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. i. 886 Þat stok is a stedefast foundement of þe tree and holdeþ vp þe bowes and fruytes þeroffe.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. lxii. 1324 Þe machche [read macche] is made of hempene þreed, and þe grounde and fundament of þe taper. And þe wexe byclippeþ þe macche.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 316 The fundament [of your house] enlarge hit half a foote Outwith the wough.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxix. l. 493 (MED) They Scholen ben good In here leveng, And Of fleyth bothe pyler and fundement.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) clxviii. 248 The fondementes of it ben in the holy montaynes.

1558 Q. Kennedy Compendius Tractiue xv. sig. G.iv^v Thaye did big firmelye on that sure roke & fundament.

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. l. 27934 Ane castell..Quhairof the fundament restis ȝit to se.

1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 5th Bk. Wks. x. 47 A Halfpike that.., instead of being join'd to an Iron-head,..impal'd a stubb'd Broom at the Fondament.

1822 J. Galt Provost xvii. 130 The whole kirk, frae the coping to the fundament, is a fabric smitten wi' a paralytic.

1893 World 10 Dec. 28/6 The fundaments of the station rest on the frozen snow.

1959 Econ. Geogr. 35 94/2 Lütgens built the fundament and the containing walls in solid style.

2007 G. Prinzing in J. Henning Post-Roman Towns II. v. 242 Remains of its [sc. the palace's] fundament were found underneath the still visible ruins of the so-called throne room.

b. figurative and in figurative contexts. Something likened to a foundation in providing a firm base or support.With quot. 1678 cf. sense 2.

ΚΠ

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. viii. 29 Whan he heeng vp the foundemens [L. fundamenta] of the erthe.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21739 It [sc. the cross] es..Fondement of ur clergi.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. l. 199 Elles is al owre laboure loste..if fals be þe foundement.

c1480 (a1400) St. Peter 9 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 7 For-þi cane criste apone hym lay þe fundament of haly kirk.

?1521 J. Fisher Serm. agayn Luther sig. Biii That geete foundament of the chirche and moost stable stone.

1581 N. Burne Disput. Headdis of Relig. xxv. f. 111^v Thairfoir all that quhilk ye grounde vpone this vaik fundament, man fall altogidder.

1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 186 As in Bodies Natural, The Rump's the Fundament of all.

1870 N.-Y. Times 24 July 1/3 Would it declare itself for the cause of the Germans, it would shake the fundaments of its whole power!

1931 A. Tate in Poetry Nov. 60 The same true marrow and bone Contrived and seasoned in a house of strife Built far back in the fundaments of life.

†c. A surface on which to stand; stable positioning of the feet; footing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > position or situation > [noun] > position for standing in

standing placec1425

fundamenta1450

standinga1450

podisma1460

footing placea1568

pou sto1831

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxi. l. 281 (MED) As A myhty Bole they scholden do, that is Sekir of Fote And of fundement, whanne that he is asaylled.

a1475 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 153 Þer fete failen fondement.

2. The anus or rectum; the buttocks, the backside. Also: the rump or vent of a quadruped or bird. Now chiefly archaic or humorous.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > back > buttock(s) > [noun]

flitcha700

arse-endseOE

culec1220

buttockc1300

tail1303

toutec1305

nagea1325

fundamentc1325

tail-end1377

brawna1382

buma1387

bewschers?a1400

crouponc1400

rumplec1430

lendc1440

nachec1440

luddocka1475

rearwarda1475

croupc1475

rumpc1475

dock1508

hurdies1535

bunc1538

sitting place1545

bottom?c1550

prat1567

nates1581

backside1593

crupper1594

posteriorums1596

catastrophe1600

podex1601

posterior1605

seat1607

poop1611

stern1631

cheek1639

breeka1642

doup1653

bumkin1658

bumfiddle1661

assa1672

butt1675

quarter1678

foundation1681

toby1681

bung1691

rear1716

fud1722

moon1756

derrière1774

rass1790

stern-post1810

sit-down1812

hinderland1817

hinderling1817

nancy1819

ultimatum1823

behinda1830

duff?1837

botty1842

rear end1851

latter end1852

hinder?1857

sit1862

sit-me-down1866

stern-works1879

tuchus1886

jacksy-pardy1891

sit-upon1910

can1913

truck-end1913

sitzfleisch1916

B.T.M.1919

fanny1919

bot1922

heinie1922

beam1929

yas yas1929

keister1931

batty1935

bim1935

arse-end1937

twat1937

okole1938

bahookie1939

bohunkus1941

quoit1941

patoot1942

rusty-dusty1942

dinger1943

jacksie1943

zatch1950

ding1957

booty1959

patootie1959

buns1960

wazoo1961

tush1962

the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > intestines > [noun] > large intestine > rectum > anus

fundamentc1325

tewelc1386

arseholea1400

hindwina1400

eyec1405

anus?a1425

nachec1440

bung-hole?a1560

siege1561

vent1587

touch-hole1602

nockhole1610

bumhole1611

dung gate1619

asshole1865

cornholec1920

okole1938

chuff1945

ring1949

ring-piece1949

buttholea1960

rump1959

brown eye1967

poephol1969

the world > animals > birds > parts of or bird defined by > [noun] > anus

fundament1656

crissum1874

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6340 Þe luþer þef..smot him þoru þe fondement.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 22395 Alle þe filþ of his magh. salle breste out atte his fondament for drede.

1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. cv Anoynt hir fundement with Oyll.

a1500 (c1465) in J. Gairdner Three 15th-cent. Chrons. (1880) 21 (MED) Ther he was mortherd betwene ij feþer beddis, and an hote brenynge spitt put in his fondement, and so brent his bodi with in.

1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) iii. iv. f. 56^v It amendeth the affectis of the raynes, bladder, and fundement.

1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. G2 He that wold not stick so to extoll stale rotten lac'd mutton, will like a true Millanoys suck figges out of an asses fundament.

1656 J. Smith Compl. Pract. Physick 35 Cock chickens made bare at the Fundament.

1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 266 He hath passed Three [Stones] by the Fundament.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. v. 68 The Orifice of the Fundament.

1754 Connoisseur No. 5. ⁋12 Applying his foot directly to my fundament.

1826 G. Craddock Let. 21 Aug. in T. Sokoll Essex Pauper Lett. (2001) 469 Every time I go to a place of easement my fundament Comes down.

1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. ii. iv. 546 The end may be attained by the pressure of a warm cloth against the fundament.

1911 Texas Criminal Rep. 61 232 The offense was committed by copulation with a woman, in that he penetrated her fundament or anus with his private parts.

1950 R. Davies in R. Brown & D. Bennett Anthol. Canad. Lit. in Eng. (1982) I. 632 Stewart uses a plate as a tambourine, beating it on his elbows, head, knees, and, at the culminating line, on his fundament.

2002 L. Purves Radio (2003) ii. 33 The BBC was expanding its chain of local radio stations, another effect of the rude kick up the fundament it has received from the pirates.

3. A fundamental principle, a basis; a ground or underlying reason. In early use also: an origin or source; a cause.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > basis or foundation > [noun]

ground1340

root1340

substancec1384

fundament1395

foundationc1400

groundment?a1412

footing1440

anvila1450

bottom ground1557

groundwork1557

foot1559

platform1568

subsistence1586

subject matter1600

ground-colour1614

basisa1616

substratum1631

basement1637

bottoma1639

fonda1650

fibre1656

fund1671

fundamen1677

substruction1765

starting ground1802

fundus1839

Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 98 (MED) The principal foundement is this, that Crist..seid to lxxij disciplis, Go ye, that is, to preche the gospel.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xviii. 199 The chin is iclepid as it were þe foundament of þe ieowis, for þey springiþ and groweþ þerof.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iv. l. 3681 Þe whiche þing is susteyned by a stronge foundement [L. firmamentis] of resouns.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 29 The feld is the fundament of tho flouris, and not the hondis of the gaderers.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. ii. 87 Y^e first fondement of Iustice is that no man shold noye or greue other.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde ii. xxv. sig. h6 The sonne is the foundement of alle hete and of alle tyme.

1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. Dii^v (heading) Articulis..as thay ar cotenit in the creid quhair thay haiff thair grund and fundment prowine be the halie writ.

c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. ix. xx. f. 125^v/2 I thynk it expedient..to preche first the foundment of ye cristin faith.

1554 J. Knox Godly Let. sig. Cj The fundament and reason, why, he wil neither offer sacrefice to Idols, neither yet defyle hys mouthe with their names.

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 45 There is nothing in Moralitie but has some relation to..human nature as its subject and fundament.

1705 Korath 7 Can we hope to see A..Monarchy, Whose chiefest Principle and Fundament Is to destroy Monarchick Government?

1863 Patriot 3 Dec. 788/3 Here, then, is a storehouse of illustration of the earlier Scriptures..which involves the fundaments of revealed religion.

1893 Science 14 July 22/1 P. L. Panum once said that he who would not acknowledge physiology as the fundament of pathology..has no right to be called a scientist.

1933 Musical Times 74 645/1 He had the right technical fundaments and a timbre which should have fitted gallantly with the music.

2010 Contemp. Southeast Asia 32 318 The war..weakened the bipartisan consensus that had been the fundament of foreign policy under Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower.

4. Embryology. In an embryo: a group of cells representing the earliest stage of development of an organ or part; = primordium n. 2. Also called anlage, rudiment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > rudiment

germen1608

principle1665

germ1721

primordium1875

anlage1892

fundament1892

proton1893

limb-bud1906

1892 E. L. Mark tr. O. Hertwig Text-bk. Embryol. Man & Mammals 304 The anterior fundament [Ger. vordere Anlage] of the tongue appears very early as an unpaired elevation..on the floor of the oral cavity.

1915 Internat. Jrnl. Orthodontia 1 551 Fig. 4 is a drawing of the roof of the oral cavity of the human embryo with fundaments of the palatine process showing.

1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) viii. 98 These three cell layers are called the primary germ layers of the embryo, and from these all the organs of the adult animal are derived, either from fundaments derived from a single layer or from fundaments derived from a combination of elements from more than one layer.

2011 Jrnl. Arachnol. 39 333/2 As studies show, the male genital bulb originates from the male palp claw fundament.

5. U.S. Geography. An area of land before its colonization by people, or a particular group of people. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > [noun] > types of terrain

patchwork1865

Mound Region1873

boulder-flat1884

karrenfeld1885

boulder-belt1894

karst land1894

karst1902

felsenmeer1905

stone-field1906

staircasing1911

fundament1928

strewn field1937

thermokarst1943

patterned ground1950

pseudokarst1954

tower karst1954

tektite field1960

stone pavement1969

1928 J. B. Leighly in Univ. Calif. Publ. Geogr. 3 3 The forces which condition and shape a cultural landscape are many and of varied origin, each fluctuating in intensity through time... The natural fundament which they modify, on which they erect their proper structures, is similarly varied from place to place, itself changing through natural processes.

1934 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 24 80 By an extension of its dictionary meaning, fundament is used to indicate the foundation on which the works of man have been built. Fundament may be defined as the face of the earth as it existed before the entrance of man into the scene.

1954 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 44 248 What the fundament or ‘natural’ Calumet originally looked like.

†II. Senses referring to the founding of something.

6. The action of founding or establishing something. Also: something that is founded, an institution. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [noun] > institution or founding

fasteningeOE

stablishinga1300

groundingc1380

stablingc1380

ordinancec1384

establishingc1400

foundationc1400

fundament1440

stablishment1444

institutionc1460

upsetting1470

erection1508

instituting1534

foundingc1540

erecting1553

constitution1582

establishment1596

plantation1605

instauration1614

institute1641

bottoming1642

ordaining1643

settlement1646

planting1702

incardination1897

1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Norbert (1977) l. 768 Þis ordre..Took in þis place a very fundament.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iii. i. 37 Begouth I first set wallis of a citie Allthocht my fundment was infortunate.

c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. viii. i. f. 93^v/1 Thay..maid the first foundement of y^e nobil realme of France.

c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 250 Our foundement was first of þe oþere.

Compounds

† fundament bot n. Obsolete a parasitic larva of the nose bot fly Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis; (also) the adult fly itself.The adult fly lays its eggs on the lips of horses and other equids. After hatching the larvae migrate through the mouth into the stomach and intestine, and finally into the rectum where they reattach and are expelled with the faeces.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Cyclorrhapha > family Oestridae > genus Oestrum or Oestrus > oestrus haemorrhoidalis

fundament bot1815

1815 B. Clark Ess. Bots Horses 29 (heading) On the Oestrus Hæmorrhoidalis, or Fundament Bot.

1883 Amer. Farm & Home Cycl. 289 For Fundament Bots, or bots in the rectum, inject with linseed oil or tobacco smoke.

1920 Farmer & Stockbreeder 15 Mar. 659/2 The fundament bots offer brief opportunities for the zealous groom to pick them off by hand.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	fundament
释义	fundamentn. Brit. /ˈfʌndəm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈfəndəmənt/ Forms: Middle English ffundement, Middle English fondemens (plural), Middle English fondemente, Middle English foundemens (plural), Middle English fowndament, Middle English fowndement, Middle English–1500s fondement, Middle English–1500s fondment, Middle English–1500s foundemente, Middle English–1500s foundment, Middle English–1500s fundement, Middle English–1500s fundemente, Middle English–1600s fondament, Middle English–1600s foundament, Middle English–1600s foundement, Middle English–1600s fundamente, Middle English– fundament, 1500s foundamente, 1500s fundment, 1500s–1600s fundiment, 1600s foondament. N.E.D. (1898) also records a form Middle English fundamens (occasionally in plural). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French fundament; Latin fundāmentum. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman fundament, foundement, foundament, fundment, Anglo-Norman and Middle French fundement, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French fondement (French fondement ) anus, buttocks, rump of an animal (early 12th cent.), foundation of a building (early 12th cent.), basis, fundamental principle (late 12th cent.), footing, ground (beginning of the 14th cent. or earlier), in Anglo-Norman also action of founding or establishing something (first half of the 12th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin fundāmentum foundation of a building, foundation (more generally), basis, something that has been founded, institution, in post-classical Latin also anus (from 12th cent. in British sources) < fundāre (see found v.²) + -mentum -ment suffix.Compare Old Occitan fondamen , Spanish fundamento , †fundamiento , Portuguese fundamento , Italian fondamento (all 13th cent.), and also Old Frisian fundament (West Frisian fûnemint ), Middle Dutch fundament , fundement , fondement (Dutch fundament ), Middle Low German fundament , fundement , Old High German fundament (Middle High German fundament , German Fundament ). In sense 4 partly after German Anlage anlage n., and partly (in early use) after German Grundlage basis, foundation (16th cent.; 1890 (in the source translated in quot. 1892) or earlier in the specific embryological sense). Chiefly Scottish in the 16th cent. I. Senses referring to a bottom, base, or foundation. 1. a. The lowest part, bottom, or base of something; esp. the foundation or base of a wall, building, or other structure. Now rare. [Use in quots. 1959 and 2007 is probably influenced by German Fundament.] ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > [noun] > foundations groundc950 ground-wallc1000 fundamentc1300 foundation1398 sole1417 paepae1846 raft1891 raft foundation1895 c1300 Vision St. Paul (Laud) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1874) 52 37 (MED) Also deop is þat fundement Ase it is to þe firmament. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2772 Let delue vnder þe foundement, & me ssal bineþe finde A water pol. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 1978 Þai to rent ston fram ston Þe fondement to brast anon. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. i. 886 Þat stok is a stedefast foundement of þe tree and holdeþ vp þe bowes and fruytes þeroffe. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. lxii. 1324 Þe machche [read macche] is made of hempene þreed, and þe grounde and fundament of þe taper. And þe wexe byclippeþ þe macche. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 316 The fundament [of your house] enlarge hit half a foote Outwith the wough. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxix. l. 493 (MED) They Scholen ben good In here leveng, And Of fleyth bothe pyler and fundement. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) clxviii. 248 The fondementes of it ben in the holy montaynes. 1558 Q. Kennedy Compendius Tractiue xv. sig. G.iv^v Thaye did big firmelye on that sure roke & fundament. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. l. 27934 Ane castell..Quhairof the fundament restis ȝit to se. 1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 5th Bk. Wks. x. 47 A Halfpike that.., instead of being join'd to an Iron-head,..impal'd a stubb'd Broom at the Fondament. 1822 J. Galt Provost xvii. 130 The whole kirk, frae the coping to the fundament, is a fabric smitten wi' a paralytic. 1893 World 10 Dec. 28/6 The fundaments of the station rest on the frozen snow. 1959 Econ. Geogr. 35 94/2 Lütgens built the fundament and the containing walls in solid style. 2007 G. Prinzing in J. Henning Post-Roman Towns II. v. 242 Remains of its [sc. the palace's] fundament were found underneath the still visible ruins of the so-called throne room. b. figurative and in figurative contexts. Something likened to a foundation in providing a firm base or support.With quot. 1678 cf. sense 2. ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. viii. 29 Whan he heeng vp the foundemens [L. fundamenta] of the erthe. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21739 It [sc. the cross] es..Fondement of ur clergi. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. l. 199 Elles is al owre laboure loste..if fals be þe foundement. c1480 (a1400) St. Peter 9 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 7 For-þi cane criste apone hym lay þe fundament of haly kirk. ?1521 J. Fisher Serm. agayn Luther sig. Biii That geete foundament of the chirche and moost stable stone. 1581 N. Burne Disput. Headdis of Relig. xxv. f. 111^v Thairfoir all that quhilk ye grounde vpone this vaik fundament, man fall altogidder. 1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 186 As in Bodies Natural, The Rump's the Fundament of all. 1870 N.-Y. Times 24 July 1/3 Would it declare itself for the cause of the Germans, it would shake the fundaments of its whole power! 1931 A. Tate in Poetry Nov. 60 The same true marrow and bone Contrived and seasoned in a house of strife Built far back in the fundaments of life. †c. A surface on which to stand; stable positioning of the feet; footing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > position or situation > [noun] > position for standing in standing placec1425 fundamenta1450 standinga1450 podisma1460 footing placea1568 pou sto1831 a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxi. l. 281 (MED) As A myhty Bole they scholden do, that is Sekir of Fote And of fundement, whanne that he is asaylled. a1475 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 153 Þer fete failen fondement. 2. The anus or rectum; the buttocks, the backside. Also: the rump or vent of a quadruped or bird. Now chiefly archaic or humorous. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > back > buttock(s) > [noun] flitcha700 arse-endseOE culec1220 buttockc1300 tail1303 toutec1305 nagea1325 fundamentc1325 tail-end1377 brawna1382 buma1387 bewschers?a1400 crouponc1400 rumplec1430 lendc1440 nachec1440 luddocka1475 rearwarda1475 croupc1475 rumpc1475 dock1508 hurdies1535 bunc1538 sitting place1545 bottom?c1550 prat1567 nates1581 backside1593 crupper1594 posteriorums1596 catastrophe1600 podex1601 posterior1605 seat1607 poop1611 stern1631 cheek1639 breeka1642 doup1653 bumkin1658 bumfiddle1661 assa1672 butt1675 quarter1678 foundation1681 toby1681 bung1691 rear1716 fud1722 moon1756 derrière1774 rass1790 stern-post1810 sit-down1812 hinderland1817 hinderling1817 nancy1819 ultimatum1823 behinda1830 duff?1837 botty1842 rear end1851 latter end1852 hinder?1857 sit1862 sit-me-down1866 stern-works1879 tuchus1886 jacksy-pardy1891 sit-upon1910 can1913 truck-end1913 sitzfleisch1916 B.T.M.1919 fanny1919 bot1922 heinie1922 beam1929 yas yas1929 keister1931 batty1935 bim1935 arse-end1937 twat1937 okole1938 bahookie1939 bohunkus1941 quoit1941 patoot1942 rusty-dusty1942 dinger1943 jacksie1943 zatch1950 ding1957 booty1959 patootie1959 buns1960 wazoo1961 tush1962 the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > intestines > [noun] > large intestine > rectum > anus fundamentc1325 tewelc1386 arseholea1400 hindwina1400 eyec1405 anus?a1425 nachec1440 bung-hole?a1560 siege1561 vent1587 touch-hole1602 nockhole1610 bumhole1611 dung gate1619 asshole1865 cornholec1920 okole1938 chuff1945 ring1949 ring-piece1949 buttholea1960 rump1959 brown eye1967 poephol1969 the world > animals > birds > parts of or bird defined by > [noun] > anus fundament1656 crissum1874 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6340 Þe luþer þef..smot him þoru þe fondement. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 22395 Alle þe filþ of his magh. salle breste out atte his fondament for drede. 1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. cv Anoynt hir fundement with Oyll. a1500 (c1465) in J. Gairdner Three 15th-cent. Chrons. (1880) 21 (MED) Ther he was mortherd betwene ij feþer beddis, and an hote brenynge spitt put in his fondement, and so brent his bodi with in. 1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) iii. iv. f. 56^v It amendeth the affectis of the raynes, bladder, and fundement. 1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. G2 He that wold not stick so to extoll stale rotten lac'd mutton, will like a true Millanoys suck figges out of an asses fundament. 1656 J. Smith Compl. Pract. Physick 35 Cock chickens made bare at the Fundament. 1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 266 He hath passed Three [Stones] by the Fundament. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. v. 68 The Orifice of the Fundament. 1754 Connoisseur No. 5. ⁋12 Applying his foot directly to my fundament. 1826 G. Craddock Let. 21 Aug. in T. Sokoll Essex Pauper Lett. (2001) 469 Every time I go to a place of easement my fundament Comes down. 1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. ii. iv. 546 The end may be attained by the pressure of a warm cloth against the fundament. 1911 Texas Criminal Rep. 61 232 The offense was committed by copulation with a woman, in that he penetrated her fundament or anus with his private parts. 1950 R. Davies in R. Brown & D. Bennett Anthol. Canad. Lit. in Eng. (1982) I. 632 Stewart uses a plate as a tambourine, beating it on his elbows, head, knees, and, at the culminating line, on his fundament. 2002 L. Purves Radio (2003) ii. 33 The BBC was expanding its chain of local radio stations, another effect of the rude kick up the fundament it has received from the pirates. 3. A fundamental principle, a basis; a ground or underlying reason. In early use also: an origin or source; a cause. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > basis or foundation > [noun] ground1340 root1340 substancec1384 fundament1395 foundationc1400 groundment?a1412 footing1440 anvila1450 bottom ground1557 groundwork1557 foot1559 platform1568 subsistence1586 subject matter1600 ground-colour1614 basisa1616 substratum1631 basement1637 bottoma1639 fonda1650 fibre1656 fund1671 fundamen1677 substruction1765 starting ground1802 fundus1839 Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 98 (MED) The principal foundement is this, that Crist..seid to lxxij disciplis, Go ye, that is, to preche the gospel. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xviii. 199 The chin is iclepid as it were þe foundament of þe ieowis, for þey springiþ and groweþ þerof. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iv. l. 3681 Þe whiche þing is susteyned by a stronge foundement [L. firmamentis] of resouns. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 29 The feld is the fundament of tho flouris, and not the hondis of the gaderers. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. ii. 87 Y^e first fondement of Iustice is that no man shold noye or greue other. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde ii. xxv. sig. h6 The sonne is the foundement of alle hete and of alle tyme. 1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. Dii^v (heading) Articulis..as thay ar cotenit in the creid quhair thay haiff thair grund and fundment prowine be the halie writ. c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. ix. xx. f. 125^v/2 I thynk it expedient..to preche first the foundment of ye cristin faith. 1554 J. Knox Godly Let. sig. Cj The fundament and reason, why, he wil neither offer sacrefice to Idols, neither yet defyle hys mouthe with their names. 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 45 There is nothing in Moralitie but has some relation to..human nature as its subject and fundament. 1705 Korath 7 Can we hope to see A..Monarchy, Whose chiefest Principle and Fundament Is to destroy Monarchick Government? 1863 Patriot 3 Dec. 788/3 Here, then, is a storehouse of illustration of the earlier Scriptures..which involves the fundaments of revealed religion. 1893 Science 14 July 22/1 P. L. Panum once said that he who would not acknowledge physiology as the fundament of pathology..has no right to be called a scientist. 1933 Musical Times 74 645/1 He had the right technical fundaments and a timbre which should have fitted gallantly with the music. 2010 Contemp. Southeast Asia 32 318 The war..weakened the bipartisan consensus that had been the fundament of foreign policy under Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. 4. Embryology. In an embryo: a group of cells representing the earliest stage of development of an organ or part; = primordium n. 2. Also called anlage, rudiment. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > rudiment germen1608 principle1665 germ1721 primordium1875 anlage1892 fundament1892 proton1893 limb-bud1906 1892 E. L. Mark tr. O. Hertwig Text-bk. Embryol. Man & Mammals 304 The anterior fundament [Ger. vordere Anlage] of the tongue appears very early as an unpaired elevation..on the floor of the oral cavity. 1915 Internat. Jrnl. Orthodontia 1 551 Fig. 4 is a drawing of the roof of the oral cavity of the human embryo with fundaments of the palatine process showing. 1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) viii. 98 These three cell layers are called the primary germ layers of the embryo, and from these all the organs of the adult animal are derived, either from fundaments derived from a single layer or from fundaments derived from a combination of elements from more than one layer. 2011 Jrnl. Arachnol. 39 333/2 As studies show, the male genital bulb originates from the male palp claw fundament. 5. U.S. Geography. An area of land before its colonization by people, or a particular group of people. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > [noun] > types of terrain patchwork1865 Mound Region1873 boulder-flat1884 karrenfeld1885 boulder-belt1894 karst land1894 karst1902 felsenmeer1905 stone-field1906 staircasing1911 fundament1928 strewn field1937 thermokarst1943 patterned ground1950 pseudokarst1954 tower karst1954 tektite field1960 stone pavement1969 1928 J. B. Leighly in Univ. Calif. Publ. Geogr. 3 3 The forces which condition and shape a cultural landscape are many and of varied origin, each fluctuating in intensity through time... The natural fundament which they modify, on which they erect their proper structures, is similarly varied from place to place, itself changing through natural processes. 1934 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 24 80 By an extension of its dictionary meaning, fundament is used to indicate the foundation on which the works of man have been built. Fundament may be defined as the face of the earth as it existed before the entrance of man into the scene. 1954 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 44 248 What the fundament or ‘natural’ Calumet originally looked like. †II. Senses referring to the founding of something. 6. The action of founding or establishing something. Also: something that is founded, an institution. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [noun] > institution or founding fasteningeOE stablishinga1300 groundingc1380 stablingc1380 ordinancec1384 establishingc1400 foundationc1400 fundament1440 stablishment1444 institutionc1460 upsetting1470 erection1508 instituting1534 foundingc1540 erecting1553 constitution1582 establishment1596 plantation1605 instauration1614 institute1641 bottoming1642 ordaining1643 settlement1646 planting1702 incardination1897 1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Norbert (1977) l. 768 Þis ordre..Took in þis place a very fundament. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iii. i. 37 Begouth I first set wallis of a citie Allthocht my fundment was infortunate. c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. viii. i. f. 93^v/1 Thay..maid the first foundement of y^e nobil realme of France. c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 250 Our foundement was first of þe oþere. Compounds † fundament bot n. Obsolete a parasitic larva of the nose bot fly Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis; (also) the adult fly itself.The adult fly lays its eggs on the lips of horses and other equids. After hatching the larvae migrate through the mouth into the stomach and intestine, and finally into the rectum where they reattach and are expelled with the faeces. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Cyclorrhapha > family Oestridae > genus Oestrum or Oestrus > oestrus haemorrhoidalis fundament bot1815 1815 B. Clark Ess. Bots Horses 29 (heading) On the Oestrus Hæmorrhoidalis, or Fundament Bot. 1883 Amer. Farm & Home Cycl. 289 For Fundament Bots, or bots in the rectum, inject with linseed oil or tobacco smoke. 1920 Farmer & Stockbreeder 15 Mar. 659/2 The fundament bots offer brief opportunities for the zealous groom to pick them off by hand. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1300
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