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单词 flatten
释义

flattenadj.

Etymology: ? variant of flotten adj.
Obsolete. rare.
1. Of milk: ? Skimmed (in quot. 1594 apparently stale, sour; perhaps associated with flat adj.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > insipidity > [adjective]
wallowc897
smatchless?c1225
unsavoury?c1225
fresha1398
savourlessa1398
wearish1398
wershed1398
fond?c1430
unsavoured1435
palled1440
mildc1450
walsh1513
wallowish1548
dead1552
waterish1566
cold1585
flatten1594
seasonless1595
wersha1599
blown1600
flash1601
fatuous1608
tasteless1611
flat1617
insipid1620
ingustable1623
flashy1625
flatted1626
saltless1633
gustless1636
remiss1655
rheumatical1655
untasteable1656
vapid1656
exolete1657
distasted1662
vappous1673
insulse1676
toothless1679
mawkisha1697
intastable1701
waugh1703
impoignant1733
flavourless1736
instimulating1740
deadish1742
mawky1755
brineless1791
wishy-washy1791
keestless1802
shilpit1814
wish-washy1814
sapidless1821
silent1826
slushy1839
bland1878
spendsavour1879
wish-wash1896
dolled1917
spiceless1980
the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sourness or acidity > [adjective]
sourc1000
sourish1398
acetosea1400
eagerc1405
acetous?a1425
crabbed1565
sharpish1589
unsugared1592
flatten1594
Amerine1601
acetosous1605
acerba1616
acid1626
acidulous1674
salso-acid1697
acescent1707
sugarless1785
acidulent1800
blink1883
brut1891
the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > unsavouriness > [adjective] > rank or rancid
restya1325
rest1381
rammishc1395
areast1440
reested?c1475
reesed1486
musty1492
rusty?1521
turned1548
reasty1573
froughy1579
flatten1594
reasy1598
rammy1607
rancid1627
loud1641
ranked1648
virous1661
ranciduous1688
raftya1722
virose1756
reeky1854
loud-flavoured1866
1594 H. Plat Jewell House 13 Soke..in broken beere, or flatten milk.
2. figurative. = fleeten adj. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > white or whiteness > [adjective] > bluish-white
flattena1625
fleetena1640
blue-white1819
a1625 J. Fletcher Humorous Lieut. iii. v, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rrr3/2 What a flatten face he has now..How like an asse he lookes?
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

flattenv.

Brit. /ˈflatn/, U.S. /ˈflætn/
Etymology: < flat adj. + -en suffix5.
1. transitive. To lay flat on the ground. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > horizontal position or condition > place in horizontal position [verb (transitive)] > lay flat (on the ground)
layc950
lairc1200
streek1303
to lay lowc1405
prostrate1483
prostern1490
spald1513
prostitute1583
prosternate1593
lodge1597
flatten1712
1712 J. Mortimer Art of Husbandry: Pt. II ii. xii If they [sheep] should lie in it [flax], and beat it down, or flatten it, it will rise again the next rain.
2.
a. Nautical. to flatten in (a sail): to extend it more nearly fore-and-aft of the vessel. Also absol. (Cf. flat v.2 2.)
ΚΠ
1839 F. Marryat Phantom Ship I. x. 216 Hard a-port! flatten in forward!
1856 R. H. Dana Seaman's Friend (new ed.) 51 Flatten in your jibsheets.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. To flatten in, the action of hauling in the aftmost clue of a sail to give it greater power of turning the vessel..hence flatten in forward..to haul in the jib and foretopmast-staysail-sheets towards the middle of the ship, and haul forward the fore-bowline.
b. intransitive. Aeronautics. to flatten out: to bring an aeroplane into a position parallel with the ground. Also, of the aeroplane: to assume such a position.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > specific flying operations or procedures > [verb (intransitive)] > begin to fly parallel to ground
to flatten out1913
1913 Aeroplane 17 Apr. 453/1 Apparently he tried to flatten out too quickly.
1914 H. Rosher In Royal Naval Air Service (1916) 37 I just managed to flatten out and straighten up a little as I hit the ground sideways.
1917 C. C. Turner Aircraft of To-day vii. 116 When the sea is calm the pilot often finds it anything but easy to see when to flatten out to ‘land’.
1950 Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) i. 8 Approach, to manœuvre an aircraft into position relative to the landing area for flattening-out and alighting.
3. = flat v.2 3a, 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > make flat or level [verb (transitive)]
evenlOE
slighta1300
planec1350
complanec1420
levelc1450
dismount1563
planish1580
equalize1596
equal1610
to even out1613
flat1613
flattena1631
complanate1643
platten1688
reconcile1712
range1825
macadamize1826
lay1892
plata1903
the world > space > shape > condition of being broad in relation to thickness > make broad in relation to thickness [verb (transitive)]
drive?a1475
flat1651
flatten1728
smooth1859
spread1859
pancake1879
a.
a1631 J. Donne Progresse of Soule xiv, in Poems (1633) 8 As if, for that time, their round bodies flatned were.
1726 A. Monro Anat. Humane Bones ii. 201 The two superior of these four [superior Dorsal vertebræ]..are flatned..by the Action of the Musculi longi colli.
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Flatten, to make even or level, without prominence or elevation.
1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting I. iv. 98 The superior honours paid to Michael Angelo, whose nose was flattened by the blow.
1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. iii. 33 Its muscular conformation..is throughout calculated for flattening the eye.
1883 J. T. Taylor Hardwich's Man. Photogr. Chem. (ed. 9) 214 A longer exposure in the Camera..invariably flattens the picture, destroying its rotundity and stereoscopic effect.
b.1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Coining The Plates..are pass'd several times thro' the Mill, to flatten 'em.1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 353 Beautiful crystallizations regularly flattened.1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe ii. 78 We were frequently flattened out against the rocks, like beasts of ill repute nailed to a barn.figurative.1884 St. L. Herbert in Fortn. Rev. Feb. 242 Reason..snubbed and flattened out the emotion.1889 A. Barrère & C. G. Leland Dict. Slang To flatten out (American) ‘I flattened him out’ i.e., I had the best of him, of the argument.
4.
a. intransitive for reflexive. To become flat, or more flat; to lose convexity or protuberance; to grow broad at the expense of thickness. Also figurative and with down or out.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > become (more) flat or level [verb (intransitive)]
flatten1734
roll1844
1734 tr. P. L. M. de Maupertuis Diss. Cœlestial Bodies 51 in J. Keill Exam. Burnet's Theory of Earth (ed. 2) The Spheroid that continually flattens.
1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles (1789) 85 Our real form grows cold and pale..it flattens, it withers into wrinkles.
1816 M. Keating Trav. (1817) II. 97 On approaching the coast, the surface of the country flattens, and approaches water-level.
1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. I. 149 The horn..flattens and turns inwards.
1883 H. James En Province in Atlantic Monthly Sept. 319/1 As I proceeded it [the country] flattened out a good deal.
1885 L. Wingfield Barbara Philpot III. v. 132 A glittering doll in a shop~window causeth the noses of the bystanders to flatten.
1893 Westm. Gaz. 18 Mar. 8/1 The dip of the reef ‘flattens’.
1924 History Oct. 209 The general average flattened down to a moderate thirteen shillings.
1971 Guardian 11 June 19/3 Furniture and silver prices have flattened out lately.
b. Of the wind or a storm: To decrease in force. Cf. flat v.2 2c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [verb (intransitive)] > become calm (of weather or the elements)
calm1399
falla1400
lown?a1600
to fall calm1601
serenify1612
subside1680
lin1693
flat1748
flatten1748
lull1808
to go down1873
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. viii. 79 The storm at length flattening to a calm.
1805 Naval Chron. 13 239 The Wind flattening..she missed stays.
5.
a. transitive. To make ‘flat’, vapid, or insipid. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > corruption > [verb (transitive)] > render flat or stale
pall1601
flatten1656
1656 R. Sanderson 20 Serm. 3 As if all use of Rhetorical ornaments..did adulterate, corrupt, and flatten the sincere milke of the word.
1686 J. Goad Astro-meteorologica ii. v. 221 The Celestial Bodies..do ferment or flatten the Air.
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Flatten, to make vapid.
b. intransitive to become insipid.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > insipidity > become insipid [verb (intransitive)]
pall1440
appal1528
flatten1692
1692 R. L'Estrange Fables clxi. 132 Satisfactions that..flatten in the very tasting.
1702 Eng. Theophrastus 254 Without some tincture of Urbanity, good Humour flattens for want of Refreshment and Relief.
6. transitive. To make dull, deprive of attraction, interest, or impressiveness; also to flatten down.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > be or become wearied or bored with [verb (transitive)] > make wearisome or tedious
leadc1430
stale1601
wooden1641
cool1665
flatten1693
mustify1828
woodenize1877
leaden1899
dehydrate1957
1693 W. Freke Sel. Ess. xxxiv. 210 When you gallop over a good Author, you..flatten him, and lose half his Life and Substance.
1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 204. ⁋5 It flattens the Narration, to say his Excellency in a Case which is common to all Men.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 162 The odiousness of the crime grew at last to be so much flatten'd by the frequent executions.
1820 C. Lamb Let. 25 May (1935) II. 277 That I did not write..was simply that he was to come so soon, & that flattens Letters.
1889 Spectator 14 Dec. 840 When the pilgrims..break out into verse, they..flatten down what had been far more effectively and imaginatively said in prose.
7.
a. To deprive of energy or ‘fire’; to depress. Also with away. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > make dejected [verb (transitive)]
drearya1300
discomfortc1325
batec1380
to cast downa1382
to throw downa1382
dullc1386
faintc1386
discomfita1425
discourage1436
sinkc1440
mischeera1450
discheerc1454
amatea1500
bedowa1522
damp1548
quail1548
dash1550
exanimate1552
afflict1561
dank1565
disanimate1565
sadden1565
languish1566
deject1581
dumpc1585
unheart1593
mope1596
chill1597
sour1600
disgallant1601
disheart1603
dishearten1606
fainten1620
depress1624
sullen1628
tristitiate1628
disliven1631
dampen1633
weigh1640
out-spirit1643
dispirit1647
flat1649
funeralize1654
hearta1658
disencourage1659
attrist1680
flatten1683
dismalizec1735
blue-devil1812
out-heart1845
downweigh1851
to get down1861
frigidize1868
languor1891
downcast1914
neg1987
1683 R. Grove Perswasive to Communion 22 Our Passions..may be Charmed, or Raised, or Flattened.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 47. ⁋3 He was sunk and flattened to the lowest Degree.
1772 J. Adams Diary 23 Dec. (1961) II. 72 I find they are both cooled—both flattened away.
1796 E. Burke Corr. IV. 362 So far from endeavouring to excite this spirit, nothing has been omitted to flatten and lower it.
b. To cause (a market) to become depressed.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > deal in stocks and shares [verb (transitive)] > influence the market > depress the market
fall1564
bear1840
hammer1865
bang1884
flatten1891
pound1895
1891 Daily News 12 Nov. 2/1 These two influences sufficed to flatten all the markets.
8. To lower (a musical note) in pitch; also absol.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > set pitch [verb (transitive)] > lower pitch
depress1530
flatten1824
1824 Mirror 3 105/2 Flattening and sharpening and rosining bows.
1825 J. F. Danneley Encycl. Music To flatten, to lower a note one or two half tones.
1872 H. C. Banister Text-bk. Mus. 55 That same note sharpened or flattened.
9. To paint (a surface) so that it shall have no gloss; to deprive (paint) of its lustre. Also absol.
ΚΠ
1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. To flatten, is to give a newly painted wall such a coat of colour as takes off its glossy appearance.
1874 W. Crookes Pract. Handbk. Dyeing vii. 517 The colouring matter may also be flattened or deprived of its lustre.
10. Tanning: see quot. 1875.
ΚΠ
1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 95 In some cases, as in the calf~skin, it is skived and then shaved, or, as it is called, flattened at right angles to the skiving.

Draft additions 1993

b. [Compare sense 3.] colloquial. To knock (a person) down with a heavy blow, to ‘floor’; in extended use, to defeat utterly, best, rout. Also with out.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or defeat > soundly
threshc1384
to knock the socks offa1529
thump1597
thrash1609
thwacka1616
capot1649
to beat to snuff1819
to knock into a cocked hat1830
to —— (the) hell out of1833
sledgehammer1834
rout1835
whop1836
skin1838
whip-saw1842
to knock (the) spots off1850
to make mincemeat of1853
to mop (up) the floor with1875
to beat pointless1877
to lick into fits1879
to take apart1880
to knock out1883
wax1884
contund1885
to give (a person) fits1885
to wipe the floor with1887
flatten1892
to knock (someone) for six1902
slaughter1903
slather1910
to hit for six1937
hammer1948
whomp1952
bulldozer1954
zilch1957
shred1966
tank1973
slam-dunk1975
beast1977
1892 Truth (Sydney) 1 May 2/3 [He] would assuredly ‘flatten out’, smother, or stab any ‘kinchin’ who either complained or told stories.
1893 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang III. 17/1 Flatten out,..(American), to get the better of (in argument or fight).
1920 H. C. Witwer Kid Scanlan v. 209 The chair I throwed at him was wasted, because Scanlan stepped aside and flattened the assassin with a left hook to the jaw.
1930 Daily Express 6 Oct. 11/5 Stanley was knocked out in the third round, but before he was finally flattened he put up as game a display as any I have ever seen.
1957 J. Kerouac On the Road i. iv. 29 Mean, tough fellow, too; I seen him flatten a policeman in the yards at Cheyenne, one punch.
1977 Washington Post 28 Feb. c22/2 Committee members from the Washington area voted for it, but the trucking lobby flattened them as usual.
1986 Times 12 May 32/8 The transparent but ignored penalty when Nicol flattened Sharp.

Draft additions 1993

c. To overwhelm (someone) with a crushing argument or remark; to put down, humiliate. Cf. to flatten out at sense 2b. colloquial.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > humility > humiliation > humiliate [verb (transitive)]
anitherOE
fellOE
lowc1175
to lay lowc1225
to set adownc1275
snuba1340
meekc1350
depose1377
aneantizea1382
to bring lowa1387
declinea1400
meekenc1400
to pull downc1425
avalec1430
to-gradea1440
to put downc1440
humble1484
alow1494
deject?1521
depress1526
plucka1529
to cut (rarely to cast down) the comb of?1533
to bring down1535
to bring basec1540
adbass1548
diminish1560
afflict1561
to take down1562
to throw down1567
debase1569
embase1571
diminute1575
to put (also thrust) a person's nose out of jointc1576
exinanite1577
to take (a person) a peg lower1589
to take (a person) down a peg (or two)1589
disbasea1592
to take (a person) down a buttonhole (or two)1592
comb-cut1593
unpuff1598
atterr1605
dismount1608
annihilate1610
crest-fall1611
demit1611
pulla1616
avilea1617
to put a scorn on, upon1633
mortify1639
dimit1658
to put a person's pipe out1720
to let down1747
to set down1753
humiliate1757
to draw (a person's) eyeteeth1789
start1821
squabash1822
to wipe a person's eye1823
to crop the feathers of1827
embarrass1839
to knock (also take, etc.) (a person) off his or her perch1864
to sit upon ——1864
squelch1864
to cut out of all feather1865
to sit on ——1868
to turn down1870
to score off1882
to do (a person) in the eye1891
puncture1908
to put (a person) in (also into) his, her place1908
to cut down to size1927
flatten1932
to slap (a person) down1938
punk1963
1932 A. J. Worrall Eng. Idioms 50 He was inclined to be cheeky, but I soon flattened him.
1961 J. Mitchell Imaginary Toys xv. 177 ‘Charles,’ said Giles, ‘what do you really care about?’ That flattened me, rather. ‘I don't know,’ I said.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.1594v.a1631
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