单词 | fixation |
释义 | fixationn. 1. a. The action of fixing, in various senses (see fix v.). ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > [noun] layingc1330 pitchinga1398 settinga1398 couchingc1400 stowingc1440 placingc1449 stelling1560 disposition1563 location1568 planting1585 situation1589 collocation1605 situating1611 disposurea1625 depositure1635 allodgement1639 instalment1646 fixation1652 deposition1659 lodgement1713 repositing1713 emplacement1742 bestowal1773 locating1774 disposal1828 placement1844 allocation1846 enlodgement1884 siting1902 the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > [noun] > processes or techniques > process of making fast fixation1652 burning on1784 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > [noun] > quality of being determined or specified > specification of something desired or decided on nomination1597 fixation1776 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun] > soil conservation soil sample1902 soil sampling1927 soil conservation1932 fixation1953 society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > seasoning or preserving beathing1591 seasoninga1642 natural seasoning1856 impregnation1872 Burnettizing1885 fuming1893 haskinization1899 Rueping1904 full-cell1909 Powellizing1913 pressure treatment1914 pressure-treating1924 fixation1968 boucherizing- 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie i. sig. K4 The fixation of the Popes in the Metropolis. 1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 67 After the fixation of the Common Pleas or Actions of the people to a certain place in the Kings Palace at Westminster. 1671 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 6 2132 Some observations, touching Colours, in order to the Increase of Dyes, and the Fixation of Colours. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. ii. iv. 434 If this legal rate should be fixed below the lowest market rate, the effects of this fixation must be [etc.] . View more context for this quotation 1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 90 The fixation of the punishment not lying within the province of the jury. a1859 J. Austin Lect. Jurispr. (1879) II. lvi. 924 Procure the fixation of the stamp to the evidentiary instrument. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic iv. 84 Language..has an important influence in the regulation and fixation of Thought. 1874 W. B. Carpenter Princ. Mental Physiol. (1879) i. i. §20. 21 The ‘training’..mainly consists in the fixation of the Attention on the audible result. 1886 J. S. Blackie What does Hist. Teach? 24 The fixation of the order of succession to the throne. 1953 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol.: Pt. I (Empire Forestry Assoc.) 56 Fixation, the process of stabilizing soil, particularly shifting sand, against erosion. 1968 Gloss. Terms Timber Preservation (B.S.I.) 21 Fixation, the act or state of fixing a preservative in the timber so that it will not leach. 1971 Novum Testamentum Jan. 56 The fixation in writing of a cycle of oral tradition. 1971 Nature 2 Apr. 289/1 Species formation through genetic divergence and its fixation by reproductive isolating mechanisms is a slow process. b. The fact or condition of being fixed. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > attention > [noun] gomec1175 thoughtc1175 tenta1300 curec1300 intentc1320 keepa1325 heed1357 attendancec1374 attentionc1374 aspect1393 marka1400 notea1400 advertencea1413 markingc1443 regard1457 advertisementc1487 noticec1487 attent?a1500 advertation?c1500 respect1509 garda1569 intendiment1590 on-waiting1590 attend1594 tendment1597 attending1611 fixationa1631 adversion1642 heeding1678 attendancya1680 perpensity1704 observe1805 intending1876 the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [noun] steadfastnessa1000 anrednessOE stead-stathelfastness?c1225 stability13.. steadfastshipc1320 traistnessa1340 constance1340 sadnessc1384 unmovablenessc1384 hardnessa1400 steadfastheadc1400 unmobletya1425 firmitya1450 constancy1526 constantness1530 firmitude?1541 firmness1553 stoutness1561 settledness1571 cleaving1580 solidity1607 immovableness1617 staunchness1623 fixedness1626 fixationa1631 unswayednessa1656 steadiness1663 sturdiness1675 unbendingness1824 indomitability1851 indomitableness1860 thick and thin1884 fixity1885 unshakability1907 the world > space > place > position or situation > [noun] > fixed or stable > fact or condition of fixationa1631 the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > dye > mordant or fixative > stability of colour fixationa1631 substantivity1923 the world > movement > absence of movement > [noun] > condition of remaining in one place fixure1603 stability1625 fixedness1647 lying1683 stationariness1727 fixation1894 staticness1940 the world > movement > absence of movement > [noun] > stability > condition of being firmly fixed fastnesseOE firmitya1450 stablishness1530 firmitude?1541 steadfastnessa1542 firmness1600 fixure1603 security1770 fixation1894 a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 176 Three Enemies to that fixation and intireness of the Heart. 1660 T. Fuller Mixt Contempl. i. xlix. 76 Which giveth the fixation to a colour, and setteth it in the cloth. 1683 J. Fitzwilliam Let. in Lady Russell Lett. (1773) 9 When your thoughts have been saddened..by a long fixation on the doleful object. 1831 T. Carlyle in Foreign Q. Rev. Oct. 383 Yet it had attained no fixation or consistency. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 17 Jan. 7/2 The first of a course of lectures on locomotion and fixation in plants and animals. c. A fixed habitation or location (obsolete); a fixed proportion or standard. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > [noun] resteOE worthineeOE settlea900 wickc900 houseOE erdinga1000 teld-stedec1000 wonningc1000 innOE bewistc1200 setnessc1200 wanea1225 i-holda1250 wonec1275 wunselec1275 wonning-place1303 bigginga1325 wonning-stede1338 tabernaclea1340 siegec1374 dwelling-placec1380 lodgingc1380 seea1382 tabernaclea1382 habitationc1384 mansionc1385 arresta1400 bowerc1400 wonning-wanec1400 lengingc1420 tenementc1425 tentc1430 abiding placea1450 mansion place1473 domicile1477 lendingc1480 inhabitance1482 biding-place?1520 seat1535 abode1549 remainingc1550 soil1555 household1585 mansion-seata1586 residing1587 habitance1590 fixation1614 situation?1615 commoratorya1641 haft1785 location1795 fanea1839 inhabitancy1853 habitat1854 occupancy1864 nivas1914 downsetting1927 the world > space > place > position or situation > [noun] > fixed or stable footing1567 foothold1577 fixure1603 fixation1614 ubi1614 handhold1643 the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [noun] > a standard or norm > fixed fixation1774 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. i. §7. 10 For to Light created in the first day God gaue no proper place or fixation. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Suff. 68 He..was buried at York far..from Ipswich his first fixation. 1774 B. Franklin & G. Whately Princ. Trade App. 8 No everlasting, invariable fixation for coining can be made. 1836 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 39 63 The Prussian tariff pretends to proceed upon an ad valorem fixation. 2. a. esp. in scientific uses: The action of depriving of volatility or fluidity: see fix v. 4 †In Alchemy: The process of reducing a volatile spirit or essence to a permanent bodily form; the conversion (of mercury) into a solid by amalgamation or combination. In modern use: The process of rendering solid a liquid or semi-liquid substance; coagulation; also, the process of causing (a gas) to combine with a solid. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > fixation > alchemical fixation1393 the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > phases > [noun] > phase transitions > specific sublimationa1393 fixation1393 liquefaction1477 fusion1555 condensation1614 congealing1762 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > fixation > of mercury fixation1594 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > fixation > of a liquid fixation1661 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > fixation > of a gas fixation1813 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 86 Do that there be fixation With tempred hetes of the fire. 1477 T. Norton Ordinall of Alchimy in E. Ashmole Theatrum Chem. Britannicum (1652) 58 Without him Generation shall be none; Neyther of our Tinctures fixation. 1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner Newe Jewell of Health iii. f. 166v This besides serueth for fixation, in Alchimye matters. 1594 H. Plat Jewell House 88 For the better fixation of the Mercurie. 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. D4v Two Of our inferiour workes, are at fixation . View more context for this quotation 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. i. 50 The determination of quick-silver is properly fixation . View more context for this quotation 1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing v. 47 Salt dissolved upon fixation returns to its affected cubes. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 85 A Fixation of cold phlegmatic Humours. 1805 R. Chenevix in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 95 104 The fixation of mercury by platina is by many regarded as visionary. 1813 J. Thomson Lect. Inflammation 645 The stiffness of a frost-bitten part..may be owing..to the fixation by cold, of the oil contained in the cellular membrane. 1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. ii. 45 The fixation of oxygene by the combustible body in a solid form. 1872 D. Oliver Lessons Elem. Bot. (new ed.) i. ii. 18 This fixation of the carbon and liberation of the oxygen of carbonic acid has been termed vegetable respiration. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > quality of being incombustible > [noun] fixation1626 incombustibleness1653 fixedness1665 fixity1666 incombustibilitya1691 fixidity1762 uninflammability1826 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §328 Gold hath these Natures: Greatnesse of Weight; Closenesse of Parts; Fixation; [etc.]. a1691 R. Boyle Wks. (1772) IV. 307 Adding fixation to a body, that was before either volatile, or less fixed. 1721 W. Gibson Farriers Dispensatory ii. Introd. 74 Fixation..where the Surfaces of the Particles of Bodies are so small..that they cannot be raised by the Force of Fire. ΚΠ 1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 114 Mercurius Precipitatus Diaphoreticus, which is a fixation or Precipitate. d. The process of fixing nitrogen or another substance as part of a biological or industrial process; see fix v. 4c. Cf. nitrogen fixation n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > fixation > of nitrogen fixation1850 nitrogen fixation1893 1850 Jrnl. Hort. Soc. 5 57 The suspicion that the water evaporated had a more definite quantitative relationship to the fixation of the non-nitrogenous than to that of the nitrogenous constituents of the plants. 1862 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 151 468 The question whether or not the assimilation of free Nitrogen by plants may account for all, or a part, of the otherwise unexplained fixation, is seen to be left in a dilemma almost inexplicable. 1888 Ann. Bot. 1 351 Experiments to determine the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by vegetable substances. 1914 J. Knox Fixation Atmosph. Nitrogen ii. 73 A great advantage of the NH3 synthesis for the fixation of nitrogen is that the amount of energy required for the process is small. 1927 S. A. Waksman Princ. Soil Microbiol. xxii. 558 Fixation of nitrogen in the soil is carried on largely by bacteria. 1930 R. E. Buchanan & E. I. Fulmer Physiol. & Biochem. Bacteria III. xvii. 178 In aerobic nitrogen and oxygen fixation there is a competition between nitrogen and oxygen to act as hydrogen acceptors. 1941 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 139 375 The fermentation of glucose by propionic acid bacteria was accompanied by fixation of C13O2 in the succinate. 1966 New Statesman 2 Dec. 824/3 A celebrated chemical process, on which all food supplies ultimately depend, is the ‘fixation’ of nitrogen from the air to fertilise the soil or the sea. e. The process of fixing biological specimens (cf. fix v. 4d). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > fixation fixation1891 postosmication1933 prefixation1933 postfixation1963 1891 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 287 Sublimate fixation produced excellent results. 1929 C. E. McClung Handbk. Microsc. Technique i. 8 Living protoplasm is a gelatinous or semi-fluid material, and after fixation it becomes a solid. 1969 W. V. Brown & E. M. Bertke Textbk. Cytol. iii. 15/2 The most important single step in the preparation of tissues is fixation. f. Immunology. = complement-fixation n. at complement n. 5i. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [noun] > fixation fixation1905 1905 Centralblatt f. Bakteriol. (Originale) XXXIX. 603 (heading) The fixation of alexines by specific serum precipitates. 1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxii. 12 The activation or fixation of complement..depends upon changes in configuration of immuno~globulin molecules when they are brought into close apposition during reaction with antigen. 3. a. The concentration of the gaze upon some object for a given time with the intention of holding the retinal image upon the area of direct vision. Cf. fixate v. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > a look or glance > [noun] > stare or gaze > fixedness of look steadfastness1567 fixture1850 fixation1889 fixity1895 1889 H. Ellis tr. A. Moll Hypnotism (1890) i. 2 Indian yogis and fakirs..throw themselves into the hypnotic state by means of fixation of the gaze. 1896 G. F. Stout Analyt. Psychol. I. 214 For the most part, however, the fixation of images is not accompanied by overt movement or by any very appreciable muscular strain. 1924 R. M. Ogden tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind iii. §5. 71 In fixation, the eye is turned until the fixated object falls upon the place of clearest vision. 1941 Nature 13 Sept. 321/1 Reading ordinary type an average adult reader traverses a line of print 3½ in. long in about six stages or fixations. 1951 G. Humphrey Thinking ix. 268 Instructions were: to fixate no special point, but if fixation is necessary to direct attention towards the middle of the dividing line, [etc.]. 1971 Sci. Amer. June 35/1 During normal viewing of stationary objects the eyes alternate between fixations, when they are aimed at a fixed point in the visual field, and rapid movements. b. Psychology. In Freudian theory: the arresting of the development of a libidinal component at a pregenital stage, so that psychosexual emotions are ‘fixed’ at that point. Also loosely, an obsession, an idée fixe. Cf. fixate v. 3b. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > theories of Freud > child's desire for parent > [noun] > arrested development fixation1910 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > libido > obsession > [noun] > obsessive idea fixed idea1829 idée fixe1836 fixation1910 the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > [noun] > obsessive fixed idea1829 idée fixe1836 complex1907 fixation1963 the mind > mental capacity > belief > belief, trust, confidence > act of convincing, conviction > [noun] > firm opinion, conviction > dominating possession1728 cheval de bataille1818 fixed idea1829 idée fixe1836 King Charles's head1865 fixation1963 1910 A. A. Brill tr. S. Freud Three Contrib. to Sexual Theory i. 11 A phase of very intense but short-lived fixation on the woman (usually on the mother). 1910 A. A. Brill tr. S. Freud Three Contrib. to Sexual Theory i. 27 We find feelings of inversion in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the same sex. 1919 M. K. Bradby Psycho-anal. 52 There may be what Freud calls a ‘sexual fixation’ at any critical point. 1919 M. K. Bradby Psycho-anal. 226 But emotionally he [sc. Nelson] was childish with a large trace of that infantile fixation to the mother described in an earlier chapter. 1925 A. Strachey & J. Strachey tr. S. Freud Coll. Papers III. iv. 447 In my Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie I have expressed the opinion that each stage in the development of psycho~sexuality affords a possibility for the occurrence of a ‘fixation’ and thus for the laying down of a disposition to illness in later life. 1925 A. Strachey & J. Strachey tr. S. Freud Coll. Papers III. iv. 453 Fixation can be described in this way. One instinct or instinctual component fails to accompany the rest along the anticipated normal path of development. 1946 O. Fenichel Psychoanal. Theory of Neurosis i. v. 65 They represent, rather, pathological cases with special oral-sadistic fixations. 1947 A. Huxley Let. 9 Mar. (1969) 567 Marlow is one of those classical cases, so dear to psychoanalysts, with a fixation on his mother, about which he feels subconsciously guilty, so that he can't associate sex with respectability. 1957 F. G. A. Alexander Psychoanal. & Psychotherapy v. 103 According to this view there is a reciprocal relationship between fixation and regression. 1963 Daily Tel. 15 May 25/8 A young man with a fixation about boats. 1970 Daily Tel. 21 Feb. 8/3 Victorian taste had a fixation with the Gothic. c. Medicine. The immobilization and holding in place of a limb or joint or the parts of a fractured bone; the holding in place of a displaced or floating organ by means of sutures. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > fixation and repair operations > [noun] > fixation fixation1897 the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > treatments uniting or replacing parts > [noun] > setting bones or dislocations algebraa1400 reduction?a1425 bone-setting1587 reposition1588 coaptation1783 reposit1849 fixation1897 1897 W. J. Walsham Surg. (ed. 6) Index 829/1 Fixation of kidney. 1906 W. J. Walsham & W. G. Spencer Surg. (ed. 9) iii. 254 Fixation of a fracture by open operation. 1908 W. Rose & A. Carless Man. Surg. (ed. 7) xix. 476 The fixation of the fracture in a good position is provided for by the application of suitable splints. 1926 Jrnl. Bone & Joint Surg. 8 496 (caption) Vanadium (author's design) steel plate with transfixion of bone, giving maximum fixation and security. 1948 F. W. Holdsworth in Brit. Surg. Pract. IV. 192 Internal fixation is, therefore, advisable by plating the fracture of the radius with a 4-screwed vitallium plate. 1951 W. A. N. Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 22) 566 Internal fixation, the fastening together and fixation of the ends of a fractured bone by means of wires, plates, screws or nails applied directly to the fractured bone. 1957 R. Nissen in Mulholland Current Surg. Managem. 57 (title) Repair of esophageal hiatal hernia by fixation to the abdominal wall. 1966 J. S. Batchelor in R. Furlong Fractures & Dislocations 215 85 fractures treated by early fixation within six days of injury gave a non-union of 23 per cent. 1968 S. Taylor et al. Short Textbk. Surg. (ed. 2) xxv. 379 In the past, fixation of the kidney (nephropexy) was performed for such symptoms as aching in the loins. 1968 S. Taylor et al. Short Textbk. Surg. (ed. 2) xxx. 449 Pathological Fracture... Treatment includes immobilization by internal fixation of the fracture if that is feasible. Compounds fixation abscess n. (see quots.). ΚΠ 1906 W. A. N. Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 4) s.v. Abscess Fixation abscess, an abscess produced artificially (as by the injection of turpentine) for the purpose of attracting and fixing at the site of the abscess the bacteria of an acute infection. 1929 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 5 Jan. 31/1 A streptococcal septicemia, which..localized at the base of the right lung, first imperfectly and later as an empyema (‘fixation abscess’). fixation-point n. the point at which an eye is directed, so that its image falls on the most sensitive part of the retina; also, the most sensitive part of the retina. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > [noun] > horopter or fixation point horopter1704 fixation-point1890 the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > parts of sight organ > [noun] > retina > other parts of retina macula1670 fundus1682 yellow spot1798 macula lutea1818 ora serrata1833 corresponding points1841 identical points1841 blind spot1864 fixation-point1890 cyanolabe1958 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. I Fixation-point.., the point of sight—i.e. the point of which the retinal image is on the centre of clearest vision; the crossing-point in outer space of the lines of regard. 1909 E. B. Titchener Text-bk. Psychol. i. 81 The object first becomes visible as a patch of black;..finally, as it approaches the fixation-point, it appears in its true colour. 1932 S. Duke-Elder Text-bk. Ophthalmol. I. xiii. 580 A position in which the eyes are both directed upon the same fixation point situated straight ahead and infinitely far away. 1950 Sci. News 15 24 Seven different fixation points were discovered, for the following spectral regions. 1971 Nature 11 June 395/1 The subject fixated a central point in the pre-exposure field and after a ‘ready’ signal the stimulus was presented briefly to the left or right of the fixation point. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1393 |
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