† filstn.

Forms:

α. Old English fullast (rare), Old English fullest (rare).

β. Old English filst (rare), Old English–early Middle English fylst, early Middle English felst (south-east midlands), early Middle English fulht (south-west midlands, see note), early Middle English fulst (south-west midlands), early Middle English vulst (south-west midlands).

γ. (In compounds in a Latin text) Middle English filast-, Middle English filc- (transmission error), Middle English filec- (transmission error).

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian fulleste , fulste , Old Saxon fullēsti , strong masculine or neuter, fullust , strong feminine (Middle Low German vullēst , volleist , vulst ), Old High German folleist , follist , follust (Middle High German volleist , masculine, volleiste , feminine), ultimately < the Germanic base of full adj. + the Germanic base of last v.¹ (see note; with the second element, compare (prefixed) Old English gelāst : see lastful adj.). Compare filst v.Derivation. There is some dispute whether the Germanic noun is derived from the Germanic verb or vice versa; the priority of the verb is often assumed (despite the difficulty of explaining the stress on the intensive prefix, the regular pattern for nouns but not verbs). See discussion at filst v. Inflection in Old English. In Old English apparently usually inflecting as a strong masculine (in the β. forms), but occasionally (in the α. forms) as a strong feminine. Form history. The rare α. forms, attested once in Old English verse and once in a prose text showing Mercian influence, apparently preserve the stem vowel of the second element (ǣ < ā by i-mutation) in a reduced form (compare α. forms at filst v. and discussion at that entry). The β. forms show early loss of the stem vowel of the second element and i-mutation of the stem vowel of the first element (probably the result of inherited inflection as an i -stem, but compare also β. forms at filst v.). The early Middle English form fulht at β. forms shows an inverse spelling reflecting Anglo-Norman scribal practice, based ultimately on the Old French sound change of -st to -ht . In Old English the prefixed form gefylst (compare y- prefix) is also attested. Compounds. With the compound filst-ale, compare filsting n. as first element in compounds with reference to special or supplementary payments. Earlier currency of filst-ale is implied by post-classical Latin filstalis (c1182; < English). Compare also the following example, apparently showing a form of an otherwise unattested genitive compound filsening's ale in the same sense (with the first element a derivative of filsen v.):?a1325 ( in H. T. Riley Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis (1860) II. 351 De parvis ballivis quibuscunque facientibus cervisiam quae vocatur Felesonunshale, quandoque Scotale, ut extorqueant pecuniam a sequentibus Hundredorum et eorum subditis.

Obsolete.

Help, assistance, support; furtherance.In quot. OE¹: (as count noun) a source of assistance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > promotion or help forward > [noun]

filsteOE

promotion1425

furtherancec1440

further1526

speeding1530

forwardness1591

lift1622

push1655

fartherance1785

leg up1871

eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xxiii. 9 We sculon ðeah gita mid Godes fylste..ðinne ingeðonc betan.

OE Exodus 555 Micel is þeos menigeo, mægenwisa trum, fullesta mæst, se ðas fare lædeð.

OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 He nane mihte habban ne mæg to rihte butan godes fylste [a1225 Lamb. fulste].

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 213 Hire forme fulst is sihðe.

a1250 Lofsong Louerde in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 213 Þu hauest binume me fulst of monne.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 875 Þa Corineus of wode com..Brutun to fulste.

Compounds

filst-ale a festivity (see ale n. 2) held by a bailiff, for which a contribution was exacted; = scot-ale n.See discussion in etymology.

ΚΠ

a1300–1400 (a1268) H. Bracton De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae (1922) II. 332 (MED) De ballivis qui faciunt cervisias suas quas quandoque vocant Scotale, quandoque Filastale [v.rr. Filctale, Filecale] ut pecuniam extorqueant ab eis qui sequuntur hundreda sua et ballivas suas [Of the bailiffs who hold their ales, which they sometimes call ‘Scotales’ and sometimes ‘Filst-ales’, in order to exact money from those who owe obedience to their hundred or bailiwick].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† filstv.

Forms:

α. Old English fullæstan, Old English fullæste (past tense, in prefixed forms), Old English fullestan.

β. Old English filstan, Old English filste (past tense), Old English fylst (3rd singular present indicative), Old English fylstan, Old English fylste (past tense), Old English gefylst (past participle), late Old English felst- (Kentish, in derivatives), early Middle English felste, early Middle English filste, early Middle English fulst (3rd singular present indicative), early Middle English fulste, early Middle English fylste (in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English uulste.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Saxon fullēstian (also in prefixed form gifullēstian ; Middle Low German vullēsten , (usually) vulsten ), Old High German folleisten , follisten (Middle High German volleisten ) < the Germanic base of full adj. + the Germanic base of last v.¹Derivation. Development in the individual Germanic languages (especially in Old English), as with filst n., frequently presupposes main stress on the first element, with increasing phonological reduction and semantic opacity of the second element, both for the verb and the noun, indicative of the age of the compound formation. Compare discussion at filst n. Form history. In Old English a weak verb of Class I. The α. forms, attested chiefly in Old English verse (once in Northumbrian prose), apparently preserve the stem vowel of the second element (ǣ < ā by i-mutation); their predominance in verse may suggest that they represent relic forms (rather than re-formations). The β. forms show early loss of the stem vowel of the second element and i-mutation of the stem vowel u of the first element (caused by the j of the verbal suffix). In Old English the prefixed forms gefullǣstan , gefylstan are also attested (compare y- prefix); compare also andfylstan (rare) to help (compare and- prefix).

Obsolete.

transitive. To help, aid; to further. Also reflexive: to give one's help to.In Old English with the person helped in the dative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > aid, help, or assist [verb (transitive)]

helpc897

filsteOE

filsenc1175

gengc1175

succourc1250

ease1330

to do succourc1374

favour1393

underset1398

supply1428

aid1450

behelp1481

adminiculate?1532

subleve1542

to help a (lame) dog over a stile1546

adjuvate1553

to stand at ——1563

assista1578

opitulate1582

stead1582

bestead1591

help out (also through)1600

serve1629

facilitate1640

auxiliate1656

juvate1708

gammon1753

lame duck1963

piggyback1968

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > help someone [verb (reflexive)]

filsteOE

chevisec1400

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iii. xi. 82 Pirrus him for þam swiþost fylste, þa [read þe] he him selfum facade Mæcedonia anweald.

OE Beowulf (2008) 2668 Scealt nu dædum rof, æðeling anhydig, ealle mægene feorh ealgian; ic ðe fullæstu.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) v. 7 Hig bicnodon hyra geferan..þæt hi comun & him fylston [c1200 Hatton felsten].

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 29 Þese two þe ben leihter and lust uulsteð þe þridde þat is þe flesliche lust.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 193 Man..deleð him fro gode and fulsteð him to ðe deuel.

a1275 (?c1200) Prov. Alfred (Trin. Cambr.) (1955) 130 Þe bet sal þe filsten to don al þine wille.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 889 (MED) Þan gode ich fulste to longinge..An þan sunfulle ich helpe alswo.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

单词	filst
释义	† filstn. Forms: α. Old English fullast (rare), Old English fullest (rare). β. Old English filst (rare), Old English–early Middle English fylst, early Middle English felst (south-east midlands), early Middle English fulht (south-west midlands, see note), early Middle English fulst (south-west midlands), early Middle English vulst (south-west midlands). γ. (In compounds in a Latin text) Middle English filast-, Middle English filc- (transmission error), Middle English filec- (transmission error). Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian fulleste , fulste , Old Saxon fullēsti , strong masculine or neuter, fullust , strong feminine (Middle Low German vullēst , volleist , vulst ), Old High German folleist , follist , follust (Middle High German volleist , masculine, volleiste , feminine), ultimately < the Germanic base of full adj. + the Germanic base of last v.¹ (see note; with the second element, compare (prefixed) Old English gelāst : see lastful adj.). Compare filst v.Derivation. There is some dispute whether the Germanic noun is derived from the Germanic verb or vice versa; the priority of the verb is often assumed (despite the difficulty of explaining the stress on the intensive prefix, the regular pattern for nouns but not verbs). See discussion at filst v. Inflection in Old English. In Old English apparently usually inflecting as a strong masculine (in the β. forms), but occasionally (in the α. forms) as a strong feminine. Form history. The rare α. forms, attested once in Old English verse and once in a prose text showing Mercian influence, apparently preserve the stem vowel of the second element (ǣ < ā by i-mutation) in a reduced form (compare α. forms at filst v. and discussion at that entry). The β. forms show early loss of the stem vowel of the second element and i-mutation of the stem vowel of the first element (probably the result of inherited inflection as an i -stem, but compare also β. forms at filst v.). The early Middle English form fulht at β. forms shows an inverse spelling reflecting Anglo-Norman scribal practice, based ultimately on the Old French sound change of -st to -ht . In Old English the prefixed form gefylst (compare y- prefix) is also attested. Compounds. With the compound filst-ale, compare filsting n. as first element in compounds with reference to special or supplementary payments. Earlier currency of filst-ale is implied by post-classical Latin filstalis (c1182; < English). Compare also the following example, apparently showing a form of an otherwise unattested genitive compound filsening's ale in the same sense (with the first element a derivative of filsen v.):?a1325 ( in H. T. Riley Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis (1860) II. 351 De parvis ballivis quibuscunque facientibus cervisiam quae vocatur Felesonunshale, quandoque Scotale, ut extorqueant pecuniam a sequentibus Hundredorum et eorum subditis. Obsolete. Help, assistance, support; furtherance.In quot. OE¹: (as count noun) a source of assistance. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > promotion or help forward > [noun] filsteOE promotion1425 furtherancec1440 further1526 speeding1530 forwardness1591 lift1622 push1655 fartherance1785 leg up1871 eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xxiii. 9 We sculon ðeah gita mid Godes fylste..ðinne ingeðonc betan. OE Exodus 555 Micel is þeos menigeo, mægenwisa trum, fullesta mæst, se ðas fare lædeð. OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 He nane mihte habban ne mæg to rihte butan godes fylste [a1225 Lamb. fulste]. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 213 Hire forme fulst is sihðe. a1250 Lofsong Louerde in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 213 Þu hauest binume me fulst of monne. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 875 Þa Corineus of wode com..Brutun to fulste. Compounds filst-ale a festivity (see ale n. 2) held by a bailiff, for which a contribution was exacted; = scot-ale n.See discussion in etymology. ΚΠ a1300–1400 (a1268) H. Bracton De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae (1922) II. 332 (MED) De ballivis qui faciunt cervisias suas quas quandoque vocant Scotale, quandoque Filastale [v.rr. Filctale, Filecale] ut pecuniam extorqueant ab eis qui sequuntur hundreda sua et ballivas suas [Of the bailiffs who hold their ales, which they sometimes call ‘Scotales’ and sometimes ‘Filst-ales’, in order to exact money from those who owe obedience to their hundred or bailiwick]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † filstv. Forms: α. Old English fullæstan, Old English fullæste (past tense, in prefixed forms), Old English fullestan. β. Old English filstan, Old English filste (past tense), Old English fylst (3rd singular present indicative), Old English fylstan, Old English fylste (past tense), Old English gefylst (past participle), late Old English felst- (Kentish, in derivatives), early Middle English felste, early Middle English filste, early Middle English fulst (3rd singular present indicative), early Middle English fulste, early Middle English fylste (in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English uulste. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Saxon fullēstian (also in prefixed form gifullēstian ; Middle Low German vullēsten , (usually) vulsten ), Old High German folleisten , follisten (Middle High German volleisten ) < the Germanic base of full adj. + the Germanic base of last v.¹Derivation. Development in the individual Germanic languages (especially in Old English), as with filst n., frequently presupposes main stress on the first element, with increasing phonological reduction and semantic opacity of the second element, both for the verb and the noun, indicative of the age of the compound formation. Compare discussion at filst n. Form history. In Old English a weak verb of Class I. The α. forms, attested chiefly in Old English verse (once in Northumbrian prose), apparently preserve the stem vowel of the second element (ǣ < ā by i-mutation); their predominance in verse may suggest that they represent relic forms (rather than re-formations). The β. forms show early loss of the stem vowel of the second element and i-mutation of the stem vowel u of the first element (caused by the j of the verbal suffix). In Old English the prefixed forms gefullǣstan , gefylstan are also attested (compare y- prefix); compare also andfylstan (rare) to help (compare and- prefix). Obsolete. transitive. To help, aid; to further. Also reflexive: to give one's help to.In Old English with the person helped in the dative. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > aid, help, or assist [verb (transitive)] helpc897 filsteOE filsenc1175 gengc1175 succourc1250 ease1330 to do succourc1374 favour1393 underset1398 supply1428 aid1450 behelp1481 adminiculate?1532 subleve1542 to help a (lame) dog over a stile1546 adjuvate1553 to stand at ——1563 assista1578 opitulate1582 stead1582 bestead1591 help out (also through)1600 serve1629 facilitate1640 auxiliate1656 juvate1708 gammon1753 lame duck1963 piggyback1968 the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > help someone [verb (reflexive)] filsteOE chevisec1400 eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iii. xi. 82 Pirrus him for þam swiþost fylste, þa [read þe] he him selfum facade Mæcedonia anweald. OE Beowulf (2008) 2668 Scealt nu dædum rof, æðeling anhydig, ealle mægene feorh ealgian; ic ðe fullæstu. OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) v. 7 Hig bicnodon hyra geferan..þæt hi comun & him fylston [c1200 Hatton felsten]. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 29 Þese two þe ben leihter and lust uulsteð þe þridde þat is þe flesliche lust. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 193 Man..deleð him fro gode and fulsteð him to ðe deuel. a1275 (?c1200) Prov. Alfred (Trin. Cambr.) (1955) 130 Þe bet sal þe filsten to don al þine wille. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 889 (MED) Þan gode ich fulste to longinge..An þan sunfulle ich helpe alswo. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.eOEv.eOE
随便看	crureus muscle crus crusade crusade it crusaded crusader crusaders crusades crusading crusado crusadoes crusados crusal crusard cruse cruseful crusell cruses cruset crusets crush crush a cup of wine crush a pot of ale crush against, into, out of, through cronge