festern.

Brit.

/ˈfɛstə/, U.S.

/ˈfɛstər/

Forms: Middle English feestre, Middle English festir, Middle English festour, Middle English festur, Middle English festyr, Middle English festyre, Middle English ffester, Middle English ffeystir, Middle English–1500s festre, Middle English–1500s festure, Middle English– fester, 1600s feaster; also Scottish pre-1700 faister, pre-1700 festur.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Perhaps partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French fester , festre ; fester v.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman fester, festur, feistre, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French festre fistula, ulcer, tumour, sore (12th cent.) < classical Latin fistula (see fistula n.). In sense 3 perhaps independently < fester v.; compare earlier festering n. Compare later fistula n. and the Romance parallels cited at that entry.With the ending of the French word compare Old French chapitre chapter n. (and also chapitle n.), epistre epistle n.

a. Originally: †an abnormal tubular passage between the skin and an organ or cavity within the body, typically draining pus or other matter (cf. fistula n. 3a) (obsolete). In later use: a collection of pus in the skin or subcutaneous tissue; an abscess or boil; (occasionally) the pus itself. Now somewhat rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > fistula

fester?c1225

fistulaa1400

sinus1598

thistolow1674

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > ulcer

cankereOE

rankle?c1190

fester?c1225

gutefestre?c1225

malemorte1341

mormalc1387

red gownc1400

ulcerc1400

fistula?a1425

esthiomene?1541

fret1545

exulceration1551

phagedaena1567

sycosis1580

ulceration1580

run1648

ulcuscle1794

festering1804

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 244 Edmodnesse is ilich þeos cointe harloz, hare gute festre, hare flowinde cweise þet ha putteð eauer forð.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. lix. 418 To oþir postemes þat haueþ worse accidentes and strenger, me schal worche wiþ medicynes as me doþ aȝenst cancre and festre [L. fistulam].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11824 Þe fester thrild his bodi thurgh.

?a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 20 A festur ys þat hat a narwe hol with-oute..a cankere ys euermore with-oute an hole.

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. xviii The pyles or Emerodes, Fystles and Festures.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 648 Sheepes Wooll..mingled with Hony is very medicinable for old sores or festers.

1754 S. Jackson Director 77 It [sc. Flos Unguentorum] heals all Manner of Blotches, Festers, Cankers, or Pain in the Liver, or Spleen, or Vapours.

1874 Lancet 28 Mar. 439/2 During this day and the next the tumefaction and hardness continued to increase, the festers over the original spot opened and were moist with dirty pus.

1916 H. E. Vedder Chiropractic Physiol. xv. 97 Thus we have formed the white fester which is Innate's method of surrounding the foreign matter with a covering to protect the surrounding tissues.

1972 E. Staebler Cape Breton Harbour ix. 85 You be careful when you's swimming that you don't step on a whore's egg, they sea urchins is full o' prickles will give you a fester.

2004 L. Mohr Dead Horses 23 As a kid I was always surrounded by festering, my peers were seldom without a fester.

b. figurative. Something persistently or increasingly harmful or painful; a corroding or corrupting influence.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [noun]

sour gremec1400

atterc1430

festera1500

maraha1500

coloquintida1622

ranklea1632

bitterness-

a1500 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 274 Hitt hath me hurt..My hert..my hed also, Nere I had be baptisyd yn watyr and salt Thatt fervent ffester wold nevyr me fro.

a1693 Z. Boyd Sel. Serm. (1989) vi. 267 It is that miserable moth that eateth vp our loue. It is the feaster of friendship, & the gall of bitternesse in this old & rustic age.

1746 W. Thompson Sickness iii. 119 The festers of the wounded soul, Corrupted, black, to pristine white relume.

1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii II. iv. ii. 213 Thus, in the rankling festers of the mind, our art is..to divert..the pain.

1900 Christian Reg. (Boston) 3 May 480/1 No harm can happen to us so terrible as that we inflict on ourselves by nursing the fester of bitterness, until all turns to hard unbelief.

2000 A. H. Snell Grandmother's Grandchild xi. 182 I am tired of Indian people being viewed as a fester on society.

†2. A scar; a closing of a wound or ulcer. Cf. fester v. 3. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > scar

wama1000

wem1297

arra1300

nirtc1400

scara1425

cicatricec1450

fester?c1475

list1490

stool1601

cicatrix1641

cautery1651

seam1681

cicatricula1783

welt1800

sabre-cutc1820

stigmate1870

scarring1898

whelp1912

Mars bar1971

?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 46^v A ffeystir, cicatrix.

a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 708/14 Hec cicatrix, a festyre.

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Hj^v, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens Yf ye wyl bryng y^e vlcere to a festre or cleuynge.

3. The action or process of causing or behaving as a fester; = festering n. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > action of causing

fester1860

1860 I. Taylor Ultimate Civilization 117 Used to the fester of the chain upon their necks.

2019 J. R. Brown Meaning of Birds (e-book ed.) All the fester and throb of the old grief acts like a deeply buried splinter brought to the surface.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

festerv.

Brit.

/ˈfɛstə/, U.S.

/ˈfɛstər/

Forms: Middle English feester, Middle English feestre, Middle English festery, Middle English fewster, Middle English feyster, Middle English–1500s festur, Middle English–1500s festyr, Middle English–1600s festre, Middle English– fester, 1500s feaster, 1500s feastre, 1500s–1600s festure; also Scottish pre-1700 faister.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: fester n.

Etymology: < fester n. Compare earlier festered adj. and later fistulate v.Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French (rare) festrer , festrir to ulcerate (c1300 as simplex; late 12th cent. in the prefixed form afestrir , 1240 in the prefixed form enfestrir ). In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix).

a. intransitive. To become a fester (fester n. 1a); to suppurate; to become infected. Frequently in figurative contexts.See also to fester into at Phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > suppurate [verb (intransitive)]

whealc1000

rank?a1300

ranklec1330

festera1400

putrefya1400

quittera1400

suppure?a1425

to come to a head1566

undercot1591

suppurate1615

youster1691

digest1722

maturate1726

a1400 [implied in: tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 222 (MED) Kepe wel þe place þat is open fro festrynge. (at festering n.)].

R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Mending of Life 106 Many truly ar not helyd, bot rotis & þer wondys festyr.

a1500 (?c1414) Paraphr. Seven Penitential Psalms 14 My woundes festryn and rotyn with inne.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 548/2 Though this wounde be closed above, yet it feastreth byneth and is full of mater.

1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 305 Draw a skinne onely over the spirituall wound, whereby it festers and rankles underneath more dangerously.

1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick 87 A Prick or Cut that festers.

1840 W. C. Spooner Treat. Foot & Leg of Horse 165 It occasionally happens that corns fester—matter is formed. which..breaks out at the coronet.

1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire V. xliii. 92 The wound festered in silence and concealment.

1890 Harper's Weekly 26 Apr. 319/3 Their lacerated feet festered, and they were unable to march.

1996 National Geographic June 17/1 Spear grass, he said; the tip burrows into hide, the wound festers, the victim dies.

2013 I. Perkins Vanishing Coup iii. 53 If the hand festered, the defendant was deemed guilty.

b. transitive. To cause ulceration, suppuration, or infection of (a part of the body, a wound, etc.). Occasionally also intransitive. In later use chiefly in figurative contexts.Cf. sense 4a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > cause suppuration [verb (transitive)]

whealc897

suppurate?a1425

fester?c1425

ranklec1450

infester1570

?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 308 The quyttre..festreth [L. vlcerat] þe place.

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 8^v All which humors are by somuch the more easier to bee purged, by howe much the lesse they haue festred the sinnewes.

a1592 R. Greene Orpharion (1599) 5 Giuing them one day an incarnatiue to heale, and the next day a contrary medicine to fester.

1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride iii. i. 34 Remorseless Chains..festring thy Limbs With rankling Rust.

1706 R. Estcourt Fair Example v. i. 59 Take heed, lest your ungentle Hand shou'd fester what you mean to heal.

1818 M. W. Shelley Frankenstein I. vi. 139 That will heal, instead of festering the wounds of our minds.

2011 D. H. Powell in P. Cousineau Beyond Forgiveness iv. 62 Holding on to anger and bitterness toward those who have wronged us only festers the wound inside us.

c. intransitive. To act or persist as a source of disease or infection. Frequently in figurative contexts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > suppurate [verb (intransitive)] > cause

ranklec1400

festerc1440

suppurate1563

c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 52 (MED) If it [sc. venemous matere] passe nott owte bi blode latynge, it festres in some place & castes a man in-to an agewe.

1590 R. Harvey Plaine Percevall sig. C^v His owne poison would haue festered in his owne flesh.

1695 R. Blackmore Prince Arthur iii. 80 Th' Almighty's Arrows Fester in their Heart.

1839 T. Carlyle Chartism i. 3 While the virulent humour festers deep within; poisoning the sources of life.

1951 L. Hughes Montage of Dream Deferred 71 What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore—and then run?

1995 E. Blackmar in D. Rosner Hives of Sickness 44 Yellow fever festered, moreover, in the poorly drained yards of these houses.

2011 M. R. Davis Fear Not! 103 Left untreated, the splinter festers, becomes inflamed, and pus engulfs it.

2. intransitive. To putrefy, rot; (of food) to go bad; (of water) to stagnate. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > corruption or putridness > become corrupt or putrid [verb (intransitive)]

forrota900

foulOE

rotOE

rank?a1300

corrumpc1374

to-rota1382

putrefya1400

mourkenc1400

corruptc1405

festerc1475

decay1574

rankle1612

tainta1616

decompose1793

wrox1847

the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > deteriorate in condition [verb (intransitive)] > rot or putrefy

forrota900

foulOE

rotOE

rank?a1300

corrumpc1374

to-rota1382

putrefya1400

mourkenc1400

corruptc1405

festerc1475

rottena1500

decay1574

rankle1612

tainta1616

moth1624

ret1846

wrox1847

c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) ii. B. l. 2271 (MED) The more delicate that thy metis be..And thy careyn cherisshed in suche maner delices, The more it woll festre, corrupte, and stynke.

?1545 R. Taverner Epist. & Gospelles (new ed.) f. cxxxvii The leuen of malice roted & festred in us.

1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets xciv. sig. F4^v Lillies that fester, smell far worse then weeds.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. iii. 28 These fields: where (wretches) their poore bodies Must lye and fester .

1628 W. Prynne Briefe Suruay Mr. Cozens 70 Their sickly Soules fester, rot and pine away.

1735 True Method of treating Light Hazely Ground 21 The Roots of Weeds being so long depressed, and retained in one individual Mold, they fester and then die away.

c1820 S. Rogers Lake Geneva in Italy 33 Ere long to die..And fester with the vilest.

1883 Cent. Mag. June 218/1 The slimy old moat that once festered under the palisade wall.

1967 A. Carter Magic Toyshop (1981) v. 98 Overflowing dustbins festered in areas and neglected front gardens.

2014 Somerset Standard & Guardian (Nexis) 7 Aug. 23 Never leave food festering for a fortnight in your refuse bin to attract flies.

†3. transitive. To close (a wound, ulcer, etc.). Cf. fester n. 2. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > treatments uniting or replacing parts > unite or replace parts [verb (transitive)] > unite fractures, wounds, etc. > heal a wound > cause wound to heal over > by forming cicatrice

festera1500

to bring, to draw, to cure to a scar1532

cicatrize1563

scar1609

a1500 (?c1450) Bone Florence (1976) l. 1943 The leche had helyd hyt ouyr tyte, And hyt was festurd wythowte delyte.

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Fi^v, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens Lykewyse in the vlceres..that y^t is egal to be festred [L. quod æquabile est, cicatrice induci].

4. figurative.

a. transitive. To cause or allow (a negative feeling, such as anger) to grow worse or more intense over time. Also: to corrupt; to affect harmfully or negatively.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > corruption > [verb (transitive)]

forbraidc888

besmiteeOE

awemOE

filec1175

soila1250

envenomc1300

beshrewc1325

shrew1338

corrumpa1340

corrupt1382

subvertc1384

tache1390

poison1395

infect?c1400

intoxicatec1450

deprave1482

corrup1483

rust1493

turkess?1521

vitiate1534

prevary?1541

depravate1548

fester?1548

turkish1560

wry1563

taint1573

disalter1579

prevaricate1595

sophisticate1597

invitiate1598

fashion1600

tack1601

debauch1603

deturpate1623

disaltern1635

ulcer1642

deboise1654

Neronize1673

demoralize1794

bedevil1800

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > bitterness > make bitter [verb (transitive)]

fester?1548

infester1570

embitter1635

rancour1654

verjuice1848

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > cause bitterness of heart to [verb (transitive)] > make bitter

exasperate1548

fester?1548

embittera1677

out-sharpen1864

?1548 T. C. Spirituall Purgation sig. H.iiii^v Christes precious bloudshed for our redemption, & saluacion, y^e only lauacre of our soule by whom it is escoured from syn y^t so hath festered it to deth?

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. i. sig. A3 I..festred rankling malice in my breast.

1800 C. B. Brown Arthur Mervyn II. x It would be imprudent at least to diminish the chances of remission by festering his wrath and provoking his enmity.

1850 E. B. Browning tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound (rev. ed.) in Poems (new ed.) I. 148 A terror strikes through me, And festers my soul.

1984 K. Hulme Bone People ii. iv. 173 You've remembered everything bad about everybody, and kept it and festered it all your life.

2009 F. O. Egwaikhide et al. Federal Presence in Nigeria ii. 20 The de-emphasis on derivation has festered resentment of the disadvantaged, mainly minority groups, of the oil-producing Niger Delta.

b. intransitive. Of a negative feeling, a problem, etc.: to grow worse or more intense, typically as a result of long-term neglect or indifference.See also to fester into at Phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > be or become bitter at heart [verb (intransitive)] > fester (of bitter feeling)

rankle1623

festera1639

rancour1640

a1639 H. Wotton View Life & Death Duke of Buckingham in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 112 There had been ancient quarrels..which might perhaps lye festering in his breast.

1774 Hibernian Mag. Feb. 90/2 The more..men express of their hate and resentment, perhaps the less they retain..but these passions, where they are smothered, will be apt to fester.

1869 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. European Morals II. v. 301 An appalling amount of moral evil is festering uncontrolled.

1933 ‘N. West’ Miss Lonelyhearts 83 It's better to make a clean breast of matters than to let them fester in the depths of one's soul.

2011 R. L. Nelson Paving Road to Success 119 Ignoring a problem can destroy any organization if it's left to fester. The problem never gets smaller and becomes a bigger problem if it's not addressed.

c. intransitive. To be in a state of decline or neglect; spec. (of a person) to deteriorate physically or mentally, esp. as a result of isolation, inactivity, or lack of attention.

ΚΠ

1836 O. A. Brownson New Views Christianity ix. 100 When this is seen and felt, will those children be left to fester in ignorance or to grow up in vice and crime?

1899 J. A. Steuart Wine on Lees iv. ix. 278 We go wiping out frontier tribes and leave the slums to fester.

1986 Times 8 Nov. 21/5 For almost a decade this vast area stood empty and was allowed to fester.

2005 E. Barr Plan B (2006) xxvii. 278 The latter part of the summer I had spent festering in bed.

Phrases

to fester into: to become or turn into as a result of festering (literal and figurative; cf. senses 1a, 4b).

ΚΠ

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) xi. l. 49 But kitte hem [sc. vine roots] not to nygh, lest they..feester into a wounde.

1648 T. Fuller Holy State (ed. 2) v. x. 378 Making the green wound of an errour, fester into the old sore of an Heresie.

1681 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. I iii. 184 Not to suffer our Displeasure to fester into Malice and Rancour.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 212 I must bear with infirmities until they fester into crimes.

1844 G. Ballingall Outl. Mil. Surg. 112 I see persons in whom every scratch festers into a sore, as in scurvy or scrofula.

1932 P. L. Crosby Patriotism 131 A pimple, through the irritation of a contaminated instrument, festers into a carbuncle.

2006 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 27 Aug. 3 One little pimple was allowed to grow and fester into a boil that finally burst at Friday's press conference.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	fester
释义	festern. Brit. /ˈfɛstə/, U.S. /ˈfɛstər/ Forms: Middle English feestre, Middle English festir, Middle English festour, Middle English festur, Middle English festyr, Middle English festyre, Middle English ffester, Middle English ffeystir, Middle English–1500s festre, Middle English–1500s festure, Middle English– fester, 1600s feaster; also Scottish pre-1700 faister, pre-1700 festur. Origin: A borrowing from French. Perhaps partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French fester , festre ; fester v. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman fester, festur, feistre, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French festre fistula, ulcer, tumour, sore (12th cent.) < classical Latin fistula (see fistula n.). In sense 3 perhaps independently < fester v.; compare earlier festering n. Compare later fistula n. and the Romance parallels cited at that entry.With the ending of the French word compare Old French chapitre chapter n. (and also chapitle n.), epistre epistle n. 1. a. Originally: †an abnormal tubular passage between the skin and an organ or cavity within the body, typically draining pus or other matter (cf. fistula n. 3a) (obsolete). In later use: a collection of pus in the skin or subcutaneous tissue; an abscess or boil; (occasionally) the pus itself. Now somewhat rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > fistula fester?c1225 fistulaa1400 sinus1598 thistolow1674 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > ulcer cankereOE rankle?c1190 fester?c1225 gutefestre?c1225 malemorte1341 mormalc1387 red gownc1400 ulcerc1400 fistula?a1425 esthiomene?1541 fret1545 exulceration1551 phagedaena1567 sycosis1580 ulceration1580 run1648 ulcuscle1794 festering1804 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 244 Edmodnesse is ilich þeos cointe harloz, hare gute festre, hare flowinde cweise þet ha putteð eauer forð. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. lix. 418 To oþir postemes þat haueþ worse accidentes and strenger, me schal worche wiþ medicynes as me doþ aȝenst cancre and festre [L. fistulam]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11824 Þe fester thrild his bodi thurgh. ?a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 20 A festur ys þat hat a narwe hol with-oute..a cankere ys euermore with-oute an hole. 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. xviii The pyles or Emerodes, Fystles and Festures. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 648 Sheepes Wooll..mingled with Hony is very medicinable for old sores or festers. 1754 S. Jackson Director 77 It [sc. Flos Unguentorum] heals all Manner of Blotches, Festers, Cankers, or Pain in the Liver, or Spleen, or Vapours. 1874 Lancet 28 Mar. 439/2 During this day and the next the tumefaction and hardness continued to increase, the festers over the original spot opened and were moist with dirty pus. 1916 H. E. Vedder Chiropractic Physiol. xv. 97 Thus we have formed the white fester which is Innate's method of surrounding the foreign matter with a covering to protect the surrounding tissues. 1972 E. Staebler Cape Breton Harbour ix. 85 You be careful when you's swimming that you don't step on a whore's egg, they sea urchins is full o' prickles will give you a fester. 2004 L. Mohr Dead Horses 23 As a kid I was always surrounded by festering, my peers were seldom without a fester. b. figurative. Something persistently or increasingly harmful or painful; a corroding or corrupting influence. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [noun] sour gremec1400 atterc1430 festera1500 maraha1500 coloquintida1622 ranklea1632 bitterness- a1500 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 274 Hitt hath me hurt..My hert..my hed also, Nere I had be baptisyd yn watyr and salt Thatt fervent ffester wold nevyr me fro. a1693 Z. Boyd Sel. Serm. (1989) vi. 267 It is that miserable moth that eateth vp our loue. It is the feaster of friendship, & the gall of bitternesse in this old & rustic age. 1746 W. Thompson Sickness iii. 119 The festers of the wounded soul, Corrupted, black, to pristine white relume. 1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii II. iv. ii. 213 Thus, in the rankling festers of the mind, our art is..to divert..the pain. 1900 Christian Reg. (Boston) 3 May 480/1 No harm can happen to us so terrible as that we inflict on ourselves by nursing the fester of bitterness, until all turns to hard unbelief. 2000 A. H. Snell Grandmother's Grandchild xi. 182 I am tired of Indian people being viewed as a fester on society. †2. A scar; a closing of a wound or ulcer. Cf. fester v. 3. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > scar wama1000 wem1297 arra1300 nirtc1400 scara1425 cicatricec1450 fester?c1475 list1490 stool1601 cicatrix1641 cautery1651 seam1681 cicatricula1783 welt1800 sabre-cutc1820 stigmate1870 scarring1898 whelp1912 Mars bar1971 ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 46^v A ffeystir, cicatrix. a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 708/14 Hec cicatrix, a festyre. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Hj^v, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens Yf ye wyl bryng y^e vlcere to a festre or cleuynge. 3. The action or process of causing or behaving as a fester; = festering n. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > action of causing fester1860 1860 I. Taylor Ultimate Civilization 117 Used to the fester of the chain upon their necks. 2019 J. R. Brown Meaning of Birds (e-book ed.) All the fester and throb of the old grief acts like a deeply buried splinter brought to the surface. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). festerv. Brit. /ˈfɛstə/, U.S. /ˈfɛstər/ Forms: Middle English feester, Middle English feestre, Middle English festery, Middle English fewster, Middle English feyster, Middle English–1500s festur, Middle English–1500s festyr, Middle English–1600s festre, Middle English– fester, 1500s feaster, 1500s feastre, 1500s–1600s festure; also Scottish pre-1700 faister. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: fester n. Etymology: < fester n. Compare earlier festered adj. and later fistulate v.Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French (rare) festrer , festrir to ulcerate (c1300 as simplex; late 12th cent. in the prefixed form afestrir , 1240 in the prefixed form enfestrir ). In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix). 1. a. intransitive. To become a fester (fester n. 1a); to suppurate; to become infected. Frequently in figurative contexts.See also to fester into at Phrases. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > suppurate [verb (intransitive)] whealc1000 rank?a1300 ranklec1330 festera1400 putrefya1400 quittera1400 suppure?a1425 to come to a head1566 undercot1591 suppurate1615 youster1691 digest1722 maturate1726 a1400 [implied in: tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 222 (MED) Kepe wel þe place þat is open fro festrynge. (at festering n.)]. R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Mending of Life 106 Many truly ar not helyd, bot rotis & þer wondys festyr. a1500 (?c1414) Paraphr. Seven Penitential Psalms 14 My woundes festryn and rotyn with inne. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 548/2 Though this wounde be closed above, yet it feastreth byneth and is full of mater. 1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 305 Draw a skinne onely over the spirituall wound, whereby it festers and rankles underneath more dangerously. 1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick 87 A Prick or Cut that festers. 1840 W. C. Spooner Treat. Foot & Leg of Horse 165 It occasionally happens that corns fester—matter is formed. which..breaks out at the coronet. 1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire V. xliii. 92 The wound festered in silence and concealment. 1890 Harper's Weekly 26 Apr. 319/3 Their lacerated feet festered, and they were unable to march. 1996 National Geographic June 17/1 Spear grass, he said; the tip burrows into hide, the wound festers, the victim dies. 2013 I. Perkins Vanishing Coup iii. 53 If the hand festered, the defendant was deemed guilty. b. transitive. To cause ulceration, suppuration, or infection of (a part of the body, a wound, etc.). Occasionally also intransitive. In later use chiefly in figurative contexts.Cf. sense 4a. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > cause suppuration [verb (transitive)] whealc897 suppurate?a1425 fester?c1425 ranklec1450 infester1570 ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 308 The quyttre..festreth [L. vlcerat] þe place. 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 8^v All which humors are by somuch the more easier to bee purged, by howe much the lesse they haue festred the sinnewes. a1592 R. Greene Orpharion (1599) 5 Giuing them one day an incarnatiue to heale, and the next day a contrary medicine to fester. 1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride iii. i. 34 Remorseless Chains..festring thy Limbs With rankling Rust. 1706 R. Estcourt Fair Example v. i. 59 Take heed, lest your ungentle Hand shou'd fester what you mean to heal. 1818 M. W. Shelley Frankenstein I. vi. 139 That will heal, instead of festering the wounds of our minds. 2011 D. H. Powell in P. Cousineau Beyond Forgiveness iv. 62 Holding on to anger and bitterness toward those who have wronged us only festers the wound inside us. c. intransitive. To act or persist as a source of disease or infection. Frequently in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > suppurate [verb (intransitive)] > cause ranklec1400 festerc1440 suppurate1563 c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 52 (MED) If it [sc. venemous matere] passe nott owte bi blode latynge, it festres in some place & castes a man in-to an agewe. 1590 R. Harvey Plaine Percevall sig. C^v His owne poison would haue festered in his owne flesh. 1695 R. Blackmore Prince Arthur iii. 80 Th' Almighty's Arrows Fester in their Heart. 1839 T. Carlyle Chartism i. 3 While the virulent humour festers deep within; poisoning the sources of life. 1951 L. Hughes Montage of Dream Deferred 71 What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore—and then run? 1995 E. Blackmar in D. Rosner Hives of Sickness 44 Yellow fever festered, moreover, in the poorly drained yards of these houses. 2011 M. R. Davis Fear Not! 103 Left untreated, the splinter festers, becomes inflamed, and pus engulfs it. 2. intransitive. To putrefy, rot; (of food) to go bad; (of water) to stagnate. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > corruption or putridness > become corrupt or putrid [verb (intransitive)] forrota900 foulOE rotOE rank?a1300 corrumpc1374 to-rota1382 putrefya1400 mourkenc1400 corruptc1405 festerc1475 decay1574 rankle1612 tainta1616 decompose1793 wrox1847 the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > deteriorate in condition [verb (intransitive)] > rot or putrefy forrota900 foulOE rotOE rank?a1300 corrumpc1374 to-rota1382 putrefya1400 mourkenc1400 corruptc1405 festerc1475 rottena1500 decay1574 rankle1612 tainta1616 moth1624 ret1846 wrox1847 c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) ii. B. l. 2271 (MED) The more delicate that thy metis be..And thy careyn cherisshed in suche maner delices, The more it woll festre, corrupte, and stynke. ?1545 R. Taverner Epist. & Gospelles (new ed.) f. cxxxvii The leuen of malice roted & festred in us. 1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets xciv. sig. F4^v Lillies that fester, smell far worse then weeds. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. iii. 28 These fields: where (wretches) their poore bodies Must lye and fester . View more context for this quotation 1628 W. Prynne Briefe Suruay Mr. Cozens 70 Their sickly Soules fester, rot and pine away. 1735 True Method of treating Light Hazely Ground 21 The Roots of Weeds being so long depressed, and retained in one individual Mold, they fester and then die away. c1820 S. Rogers Lake Geneva in Italy 33 Ere long to die..And fester with the vilest. 1883 Cent. Mag. June 218/1 The slimy old moat that once festered under the palisade wall. 1967 A. Carter Magic Toyshop (1981) v. 98 Overflowing dustbins festered in areas and neglected front gardens. 2014 Somerset Standard & Guardian (Nexis) 7 Aug. 23 Never leave food festering for a fortnight in your refuse bin to attract flies. †3. transitive. To close (a wound, ulcer, etc.). Cf. fester n. 2. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > treatments uniting or replacing parts > unite or replace parts [verb (transitive)] > unite fractures, wounds, etc. > heal a wound > cause wound to heal over > by forming cicatrice festera1500 to bring, to draw, to cure to a scar1532 cicatrize1563 scar1609 a1500 (?c1450) Bone Florence (1976) l. 1943 The leche had helyd hyt ouyr tyte, And hyt was festurd wythowte delyte. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Fi^v, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens Lykewyse in the vlceres..that y^t is egal to be festred [L. quod æquabile est, cicatrice induci]. 4. figurative. a. transitive. To cause or allow (a negative feeling, such as anger) to grow worse or more intense over time. Also: to corrupt; to affect harmfully or negatively. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > corruption > [verb (transitive)] forbraidc888 besmiteeOE awemOE filec1175 soila1250 envenomc1300 beshrewc1325 shrew1338 corrumpa1340 corrupt1382 subvertc1384 tache1390 poison1395 infect?c1400 intoxicatec1450 deprave1482 corrup1483 rust1493 turkess?1521 vitiate1534 prevary?1541 depravate1548 fester?1548 turkish1560 wry1563 taint1573 disalter1579 prevaricate1595 sophisticate1597 invitiate1598 fashion1600 tack1601 debauch1603 deturpate1623 disaltern1635 ulcer1642 deboise1654 Neronize1673 demoralize1794 bedevil1800 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > bitterness > make bitter [verb (transitive)] fester?1548 infester1570 embitter1635 rancour1654 verjuice1848 the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > cause bitterness of heart to [verb (transitive)] > make bitter exasperate1548 fester?1548 embittera1677 out-sharpen1864 ?1548 T. C. Spirituall Purgation sig. H.iiii^v Christes precious bloudshed for our redemption, & saluacion, y^e only lauacre of our soule by whom it is escoured from syn y^t so hath festered it to deth? 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. i. sig. A3 I..festred rankling malice in my breast. 1800 C. B. Brown Arthur Mervyn II. x It would be imprudent at least to diminish the chances of remission by festering his wrath and provoking his enmity. 1850 E. B. Browning tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound (rev. ed.) in Poems (new ed.) I. 148 A terror strikes through me, And festers my soul. 1984 K. Hulme Bone People ii. iv. 173 You've remembered everything bad about everybody, and kept it and festered it all your life. 2009 F. O. Egwaikhide et al. Federal Presence in Nigeria ii. 20 The de-emphasis on derivation has festered resentment of the disadvantaged, mainly minority groups, of the oil-producing Niger Delta. b. intransitive. Of a negative feeling, a problem, etc.: to grow worse or more intense, typically as a result of long-term neglect or indifference.See also to fester into at Phrases. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > be or become bitter at heart [verb (intransitive)] > fester (of bitter feeling) rankle1623 festera1639 rancour1640 a1639 H. Wotton View Life & Death Duke of Buckingham in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 112 There had been ancient quarrels..which might perhaps lye festering in his breast. 1774 Hibernian Mag. Feb. 90/2 The more..men express of their hate and resentment, perhaps the less they retain..but these passions, where they are smothered, will be apt to fester. 1869 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. European Morals II. v. 301 An appalling amount of moral evil is festering uncontrolled. 1933 ‘N. West’ Miss Lonelyhearts 83 It's better to make a clean breast of matters than to let them fester in the depths of one's soul. 2011 R. L. Nelson Paving Road to Success 119 Ignoring a problem can destroy any organization if it's left to fester. The problem never gets smaller and becomes a bigger problem if it's not addressed. c. intransitive. To be in a state of decline or neglect; spec. (of a person) to deteriorate physically or mentally, esp. as a result of isolation, inactivity, or lack of attention. ΚΠ 1836 O. A. Brownson New Views Christianity ix. 100 When this is seen and felt, will those children be left to fester in ignorance or to grow up in vice and crime? 1899 J. A. Steuart Wine on Lees iv. ix. 278 We go wiping out frontier tribes and leave the slums to fester. 1986 Times 8 Nov. 21/5 For almost a decade this vast area stood empty and was allowed to fester. 2005 E. Barr Plan B (2006) xxvii. 278 The latter part of the summer I had spent festering in bed. Phrases to fester into: to become or turn into as a result of festering (literal and figurative; cf. senses 1a, 4b). ΚΠ tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) xi. l. 49 But kitte hem [sc. vine roots] not to nygh, lest they..feester into a wounde. 1648 T. Fuller Holy State (ed. 2) v. x. 378 Making the green wound of an errour, fester into the old sore of an Heresie. 1681 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. I iii. 184 Not to suffer our Displeasure to fester into Malice and Rancour. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 212 I must bear with infirmities until they fester into crimes. View more context for this quotation 1844 G. Ballingall Outl. Mil. Surg. 112 I see persons in whom every scratch festers into a sore, as in scurvy or scrofula. 1932 P. L. Crosby Patriotism 131 A pimple, through the irritation of a contaminated instrument, festers into a carbuncle. 2006 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 27 Aug. 3 One little pimple was allowed to grow and fester into a boil that finally burst at Friday's press conference. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?c1225v.a1400
随便看	θ139562 θ139563 θ139564 θ139565 θ139566 θ139567 θ139568 θ139569 θ13957 θ139570 θ139571 θ139572 θ139573 θ139574 θ139575 θ139576 θ139577 θ139578 θ139579 θ13958 θ137651 θ137652 θ137653 θ137654 θ137655