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单词 epicene
释义

epiceneadj.n.

Brit. /ˈɛpᵻsiːn/, U.S. /ˈɛpəˌsin/
Forms: late Middle English epcyn, late Middle English episcen, late Middle English epycyn, late Middle English ypsen, late Middle English–1500s epycen, late Middle English–1500s epycene, late Middle English– epicene, 1500s epysyn, 1500s–1700s epicaene, 1500s (1800s– nonstandard) epicine, 1600s epicen, 1600s epicoen, 1600s– epicoene.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin epicoenon, epicoenum, epicoenos.
Etymology: < classical Latin epicoenon, noun (in post-classical Latin also epicoenum (4th century)) (in the system of ancient grammarians) type of noun (which may be morphologically either masculine or feminine) which may be used for either male or female beings (Quintilian), in post-classical Latin also denoting this type of grammatical gender (4th century), also epicoenos, epicoenus (adjective) designating this gender (4th or 5th century in Augustine) < ancient Greek ἐπίκοινος common to many, promiscuous, in Hellenistic Greek also ἐπίκοινον (noun, short for γένος ἐπίκοινον ), denoting a type of grammatical gender < ἐπι- epi- prefix + κοινός common (see koine n.). Compare Middle French epicene, epichene, French épicène, adjective (c1380).Compare the following early use of the Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 19 Sum cyn is gecweden epicenon[other MSS epicena], þæt is on leden promiscva and on englisc gemenged: hic coruus ðes hremn, swa hwæðer swa hit byð, swa he, swa heo; hic miluus ðes glida, ægðer ge he ge heo; haec aquila ðes earn, ægðer ge he ge heo.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 243 Þas ðreo cynn synd on ðysum dæle and na ma, forðan ðe on ðisum dæle ne bið nan commvne dvvm genervm, þæt is gemæne twegra cynna, ne nan epicenon, þæt is gemencged cynn.
A. adj.
1. Grammar. In Latin and ancient Greek grammar: designating a class of nouns which may denote either males or females but which have a fixed grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, etc.); of or relating to such nouns. Hence in modern English and other languages: designating nouns and pronouns which may denote individuals of either sex; of or relating to such nouns. Cf. common adj. 18a.Frequently in epicene gender, although, unlike ‘masculine’, ‘feminine’, etc., this is not an inflectional category.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > gender > [adjective] > denoting either masculine or feminine
epicenec1450
common1650
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 34 Alle these nounes be comyn gendyr of tweyne, out-take pantera et dama wheche ben epycen gendre.
a1500 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 56 Ypsen gendur... How knowyst the epcyn gendur? For vndur oon artycul he comprehendyth bothe male and female.
a1519 J. Colet Æditio (1527) sig. B.ii The epicene gendre is declyned with one artycle, & vnder that one artycle bothe kyndes be betokeneth, as hic passer, a sparowe bothe he and she.
1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 4v Q. Is the Epicene Gender a Gender properly? A. No.
1685 J. Turner Boaz & Ruth 146 I do not speak because..[the word Bacor] is of the masculine gender, for notwithstanding that, its signification might be Epicœne in many cases.
1753 T. Martin Explan. Accidence & Gram. 41 Q. What Nouns are of the Epicene Gender? A. The Names of Birds, Beasts, and Fish.
1865 Sat. Rev. 25 Mar. 348 ‘Boy’ of course is to be understood as an epicene term.
1880 Spelling Reformer Oct. 64/1 I use this word [sc. ‘persons’] not invidiously but as of the Epicene gender.
1900 Mod. Culture Sept. 88/2 Thon, an epicene term approved by eminent philologists.
1963 F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax Eng. Lang. I. i. 75 A pronoun of epicene gender.
1981 Amer. Speech 56 87 Reactions against earlier epicene pronouns often reveal a spirit of antifeminism.
2003 V. Law Hist. Linguistics in Europe iv. 71 There are epicene..nouns, such as passer, ‘sparrow’.
2.
a. Of or relating to people or animals having characteristics of both sexes, or of neither; indeterminate in respect of sex; androgynous; hermaphrodite; spec. (of a man) effeminate, effete. Also figurative: indeterminate, mixed.Frequently in epicene gender.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > sex and gender > [adjective] > having characteristics of both sexes
bisexed1605
hermaphroditical1605
epicene1607
hermaphrodite1607
hermaphroditic1631
promiscuousa1637
androgynal1646
masculo-feminine1646
androgynous1651
ambosexous1656
hermaphroditish1764
androgyne1765
bisexual1793
hermaphrodital1823
heautandrous1837
amphigonic1876
intersexual1916
intersex1920
intersexed1921
harumphroditic1924
man-womanly1929
ambosexual1931
bi-gendered1976
the world > life > sex and gender > female > effeminacy > [adjective]
womanly?c1225
ferbleta1300
effeminatea1393
nicea1393
softc1450
manlessa1529
unmanly1534
cockney1573
effeminated1580
unmanlikea1586
milky1602
enervate1603
womanizing1615
emasculate1622
womanized1624
softly1643
womanlish1647
unmasculine1649
emollid1656
ladylike1656
enervated1660
emasculated1701
petticoated1708
tea-faced1728
effeminized1789
invirile1870
epicene1881
sissyish1889
sissified1898
devirilized1901
cockless1902
camp1909
pansy1929
campy1932
queenly1933
poncy1937
pansyish1941
swishy1941
moffie1954
poofy1956
femme1963
poofed-up1964
minty1965
ponced-up1970
lavender1979
1607 Bp. J. King Serm. Oxon 5 Nov. 25 Mixt, Hermaphroditical, epicæne, half-borne, and half-vnborne propositions.
1609 Bp. W. Barlow Eagle & Body sig. B2 A Prey to the Eagles of the Epicene gender, both Hees, and Shees.
1624 B. Jonson Neptunes Triumph 260 Of the Epicœne gender, Hees, and Shees: Amphibion Archy is the chiefe.
a1637 B. Jonson Under-woods xlix. 8 in Wks. (1640) III And in an Epicæne fury can write newes.
1647 J. Cleveland Poems (new ed.) in Char. London-diurnall (Wing C4663) 8 Her head is Epicœne [1677 Epicene].
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 27. ⁋4 All Inamaratoes, or Persons of the Epicene Gender.
1737 Common Sense 10 Sept. 228 All the reputed Female Heroes of Antiquity were of this Epicene Species.
1823 Monthly Rev. 102 541 The fables concerning this epicene Pope [sc. Pope Joan].
1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters vii. 170 In his code of morality we have no epicene or doubtful virtues.
1876 T. Hardy Hand of Ethelberta I. iii. 43 What had at first appeared as an epicene shape the decreasing space resolved into a cloaked female.
1881 W. Black Sunrise I. v. 68 An epicene creature; a bundle of languid affectations.
1912 N. W. Durham Hist. City Spokane I. iv. 35 The chief of this tribe was described as an extraordinary being, the Indians alleging that he belonged to the epicene gender.
1952 K. Farrer Missing Link (1955) ii. 20 A spasm of hatred and alarm distorted his fair, rather epicene features.
2012 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 6 Feb. 27 Apart from a few epicene fops, the characters are either robustly straight in their sexual tastes, or else too old or drunk to be interested.
2014 J. Q. Davies Romantic Anatomies of Performance ii. 29 What made many listeners queasiest was Velluti's epicene gender.
b. Considered suitable for either males or females; adapted to or used by both sexes; unisex.
ΚΠ
1625 T. Middleton Game at Chæss i. sig. C2 And you a three pound smocke steed of an Abbey, An Epicene Cassible.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Lincs. 154 Founder of those Epicœne, and Hermaphrodite Convents, wherein Monks and Nuns lived together.
1866 W. D. Howells Venetian Life 25 With tatters of epicene linen.
1905 J. Guinan Soggarth Aroon xvii. 228 The epicene garments of childhood developed into a distinctively male attire.
2000 L. Senelick Changing Room vi. 137 Women's garments, fashioned by men's tailors, included the unisex ruff and sleeves,..epicene hat and shoes, and identical textiles, trim and ornament.
B. n.
1. Grammar. An epicene noun or pronoun; (with the) the epicene gender or form. See sense A. 1.
ΚΠ
1495 Accedence (de Worde) sig. Aiiij How many gendres ben there in a nowne .vij. whiche .vij. The masculyne. the feminine. the neutre. the comyn of .ij. the comyn of .iij. the epycene.
1528 Impeachm. Wolsey in F. J. Furnivall Ballads from MSS (1868) I. 356 Wherefor all gendyrs dysconte[nt] be..The dubyum & the epysyn Also.
1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 44 But how shall the Gender be knowne in Epicens?
1753 T. Martin Explan. Accidence & Gram. 41 Q. Why are these Nouns called Epicenes? A. Because they are common to both Sexes.
1758 T. Nugent New Method of learning Lat. Tongue I. i. 56 The Epicene is not a distinct gender from the rest; but only a particular application of the other genders.
1822 T. Haigh Theory & Pract. Lat. Inflection i. 13 An epicene with a neuter ending is generally masculine.
1917 H. W. Wright Sacra Idulia in Ovid's Fasti (Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Pennsylvania) 52 Porca is also used as an epicene interchangeably with porcus.
2001 A. Garnham Mental Models & Interpr. Anaphora vi. 68 Italian epicenes, nouns such as ‘la vittima’ (the victim) which have a fixed syntactic gender..but can refer to both males and females.
2. A person having characteristics of both sexes, or of neither; a person of indeterminate sex; a hermaphrodite, transsexual, or transvestite.In quot. 1616 as the name of the female character Epicœne in Ben Jonson's play of the same name, who is revealed at the play's end to be a man disguised as a woman.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] > state or condition of having characteristics of both sexes > person or animal
scratc1000
androgyneOE
hermaphroditec1400
scarth?a1513
man-woman1587
she-mana1613
epicene1641
will-jill1677
morphoditea1726
bisexual1879
pseudohermaphrodite1881
harumfrodite1896
sex mosaic1903
intersex1916
intersexual1917
1616 B. Jonson (title) Epicœne, or The silent woman.]
1641 Novembris Monstrum 120 Ignatius eldest sonne, an Epicene, Proteus in doctrine; a iust courtier Priest.
1658 T. Bromhall Treat. Specters i. 155 When this Epicæne entered into other houses, and a while after they did kill men; therefore the Hermaphrodite was attached and apprehended.
1739 Ess. & Lett. Var. Subj. 135 I am very apprehensive the Generality of our Epicenes will proceed from one Step to another, 'til they become perfect Men.
1784 Town & Country Mag. June 307/1 These epicenes, who have scarcely any manhood, but what the dress bestows.
1831 H. Neele Romance Hist. I. 227 He has gone to take leave of his Epicene.
1873 E. H. Clarke Sex in Educ. 44 [Arrest of development]..substitutes..a wiry..masculineness..making her an epicene.
1922 Illinois Med. Jrnl. Mar. 167/1 The period of domination by the epicene—in other words, the fat-thighed man and the skinny hipped woman—has been the period in the history of every great nation, just preceding the fall of that nation.
1962 ‘J. Woodford’ Autobiogr. xxiii. 209 The epicene is seldom seen in Chicago. To this day a fag can get beaten up easily there.
2005 P. Hardie in S. Harrison Compan. Lat. Lit. ii. vi. 98 A similar fascination with the epicene is found in the unfinished Achilleid, whose..fragment narrates the boyhood of its hero Achilles and his mother Thetis' attempt to spare him from the Trojan War by dressing him up as a girl.

Derivatives

ˈepicenism n. the condition or quality of having characteristics of both sexes; androgyny.
ΚΠ
1850 Fraser's Mag. 41 331 Even Shakspere sometimes slides into the temptation which this epicenism [sc. the performance of female parts by male actors] presents to unlicensed wit.
1970 Mississippi Q. 23 294 While it would be inaccurate to call Cecily a lesbian, her frequently reiterated epicenism indicates a certain confusion of sexual roles.
1999 W. Graham Henry James's Thwarted Love iii. 127 Underlying James's hostility to Pater is a (dis)identification with epicenism and preciosity.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.c1450
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