elfn.¹

Brit.

/ɛlf/, U.S.

/ɛlf/

Forms: Old English ælf, ylf (apparently recorded only in plural ylfe), Middle English alve, Middle English alfe, Middle English–1600s elfe, Middle English– elf. plural elves: Old English ylfe, Middle English alven, 1500s–1600s elfes, Scottish elvis, 1700s elfs, 1500s– elves. See also elven n., aufe n., oaf n.¹

Etymology: Old English ælf strong masculine = Old High German alp (Middle High German, modern German alp nightmare, Old Norse álfr (Danish alf) elf < Old Germanic *alƀo-z; a parallel type *alƀi-z (compare Swedish elf, Danish elv) appears in late West Saxon *ylf (found in plural ylfe < *ięlfe) = Mercian, Kentish *ęlf, Northumbrian *ǣlf, one or other of which is represented in the modern word. (The modern German elf is believed to be adopted < English; Middle High German had elbe a female elf.) Some have compared the Germanic word with the Sanskrit ṛbhu, the name given to the three genii of the seasons in Hindu mythology.

1. Mythology.

a. The name of a class of supernatural beings, in early Teutonic belief supposed to possess formidable magical powers, exercised variously for the benefit or the injury of humankind.They were believed to be of dwarfish form, to produce diseases of various kinds, to act as incubi and succubi, to cause nightmares, and to steal children, substituting changelings in their place. The Teutonic belief in elves is probably the main source of the medieval superstition respecting fairies, which, however, includes elements not of Teutonic origin; in general the Romanic word denotes a being of less terrible and more playful character than the ‘elf’ as originally conceived. In modern literature, elf is a mere synonym of fairy n. and adj., which has to a great extent superseded it even in dialects. Originally elf was masculine, elven n. feminine; but in 13th and 14th centuries the two seem to have been used indifferently of both sexes. In modern use elf chiefly, though not always, denotes a male fairy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > fairy or elf > [noun]

elfOE

elvena1100

spiritc1350

fay1393

fairyc1405

mammeta1425

sprite?1440

lady1538

faerie1579

Robin Goodfellow1588

elfin1590

pigwidgeon1594

pygmy1611

fairess1674

peri1739

spriggan1754

fane1806

glendoveer1810

vila1827

Polong1839

Gandharva1846

elle-maid1850

sheogue1852

hillman1882

elvet1885

pishogue1906

OE Beowulf 112 Þanon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas ond ylfe.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 296 Wið ælfe and wiþ uncuþum fidsan gnið myrran on win.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9608 Sone swa he com an eorðe aluen [c1300 Otho aluene] hine iuengen.

c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 656 The mooder was an elf by aventure.

1426 J. Audelay Poems 77 (Mätz.) Alfe Rofyn be-gon to rug.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 152 He was takyn with an elfe.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. vi. 7 Wyth Nymphis and Favnis apoun euery syde, Quhilk fairfolkis, or than elvis, clepyng we.

1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. June 25 Gloss. For Guelfes and Gibelines, we say Elfes & Goblins.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 33 Ye Elues of hils, brooks, standing lakes & groues.

1635 R. Herrick Descr. King & Queen of Fayries sig. A10 Come follow, follow me You Fairie Elves that be.

1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Wife of Bathe's Tale in Fables 479 The King of elfs..Gamboll'd on heaths.

1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) i. 3 Airy Elves by Moonlight Shadows seen.

1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. xv. 285 You are an elf, a goddess.

1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust II. i. i. 3 Then the craft of elves propitious Hastes to help where help it can.

†b. Sometimes distinguished from a ‘fairy’: (a) as an inferior or subject species; (b) as a more malignant being, an ‘imp’, ‘demon’; also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [noun]

evil angel, spiritc950

ghosteOE

uncleanOE

demonOE

devilOE

devilshineOE

groa1225

debleriea1325

devilnessa1400

devilryc1400

sprat?a1475

nicker1481

fiend of hell1509

imp1526

virtue1584

elf1587

succubus1601

blue devilc1616

black man1656

woolsaw1757

buggane1775

bhut1785

demonic1785

pishachi1807

devil-devil1831

skookum1838

taipo1848

lightning bird1870

demonry1883

pisaca1885

mafufunyanas1963

mare1981

1587 M. Grove Pelops & Hippodamia (1878) 75 To exercise your selfe In feates of armes, thereby to shun of loytring loue the elfe.

a1593 H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 483 Frenzies, furies (wayward elves): What need ye call for whip or scourge?

1623 J. Abbott Force Contrition in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign James I (1848) 353 The raine which this detested elfe must drowne Must from aboue..come downe.

a1628 F. Greville Mustapha iii. Chorus in Certaine Wks. (1633) 126 What means..This finite Elfe of mans vaine acts and errors?

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvii. 387 When the Fairies are displeased with any body, they are said to send their Elves, to pinch them.

1689 Ess. Satyr in Fourth Coll. Poems 33 That we may Angels seem we paint them Elves.

2. transferred.

a. (See quot. 1651.)

ΚΠ

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvii. 386 The Fairies..are said to take young Children..and to change them into Naturall Fools, which Common people do therefore call Elves, and are apt to mischief.

b. A tricksy, mischievous, sometimes a spiteful and malicious creature. to play the elf: to act elfishly, maliciously.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > cunning person

foxc1000

yepea1250

slies1297

wily-man1393

wilyc1400

sneck-drawer1402

piea1425

wily-piec1450

artificera1500

tod?a1513

Sim Subtlea1529

serpentinea1533

prata1542

wily beguile1550

wily-wat?1550

elfa1556

dog fox1609

saccularian1652

sly-cap1681

sly-boots1699

craftsmaster1717

scunge1824

sleeveen1834

chickaleary1869

sneck-draw1886

rusée1889

slypuss1942

a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. E.j Women be all such madde pieuishe elues.

1613 N. Breton Vncasing Machiuils Instr. 25 For never it was Ape but plaide the Elfe.

1740 W. Somervile Hobbinol (1749) iii. 174 This other Elf, in ev'ry Art Of smiling Fraud, in ev'ry treach'rous Leer, The very Hobbinol!

1800 R. Bloomfield Summer in Farmer's Boy 40 Happy the man that foils an envious elf, Using the darts of spleen to serve himself.

1820 W. Scott Abbot I. iv. 89 Stray elf of a page.

3. transferred. A diminutive being.

a. A dwarf, mannikin; hence as adj. (quots. 1725, 1728).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily height > shortness > [noun] > person

dwarfeOE

congeonc1230

go-by-ground?a1300

smalla1300

shrimpc1386

griga1400

gruba1400

murche1440

nirvil1440

mitinga1450

witherling1528

wretchocka1529

elf1530

hop-o'-my-thumb1530

pygmy1533

little person1538

manikin1540

mankin1552

dandiprat1556

yrle1568

grundy1570

Jack Sprat1570

squall1570

manling1573

Tom Thumb1579

pinka1585

squib1586

screaling1594

giant-dwarf1598

twattle1598

agate1600

minimus1600

cock sparrow1602

dapperling1611

modicum1611

scrub1611

sesquipedalian1615

dwarflinga1618

wretchcock1641

homuncio1643

whip-handle1653

homuncule1656

whippersnapper1674

chitterling1675

sprite1684

carliea1689

urling1691

wirling1691

dwarf man1699

poppet1699

durgan1706

short-arse1706

tomtit1706

Lilliputian1726

wallydraigle1736

midge1757

minikin1761

squeeze-crab1785

minimum1796

niff-naff1808

titman1818

teetotum1822

squita1825

cradden1825

nyaff1825

weed1825

pinkeen1850

fingerling1864

Lilliput1867

thumbling1867

midget1869

inch1884

shorty1888

titch1888

skimpling1890

stub1890

scrap1898

pygmoid1922

lofty1933

peewee1935

smidgen1952

pint-size1954

pint-sized1973

munchkin1974

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 216/2 Elfe or dwarf, nain.

1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe Nar, an elfe.

1725 New Canting Dict. Elf, little.

1728 Street-robberies, Consider'd 31 Elf, little.

1742 W. Shenstone School-mistress xxiii He..Wishes, poor starv'ling Elf! his Paper-Kite may fly.

17.. Seven Wise Men in W. Wallace & R. Bell Hist. Eng. (1840) X. vii. 143 (note) The prince..Laughed at the merry elf; Rejoiced to see within his court One shorter than himself.

1842 R. H. Barham Black Mousquetaire in Ingoldsby Legends 2nd Ser. 11 As a muscular Giant would handle an elf.

b. Applied to a child (chiefly with some notion of 2b), to a small animal or insect.

ΚΠ

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 24^v Loke to thy cattle. Serue yonge, poore, elues alone by them selues.

1660 J. M[ilton] in H. Morley King & Commons (1868) So the little wanton elf [a bee] Most gloriously enshrined itself [in amber].

1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 234 Ye tiny elves that guiltless sport.

1824 M. R. Mitford Our Village I. 31 His own pretty little boys, and two or three other four-year-old elves.

1886 G. Allen & M. Cotes Kalee's Shrine xii. 128 Herons..intent on the quick pursuit of the elusive elves in the stream below.

†4. By Spenser applied to the knights of his allegorical ‘faerie land’.

ΚΠ

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5 Which when the valiant Elfe perceiu'd.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. v. sig. E1 Goe caytiue Elfe.

5. In a vague depreciatory sense, ‘a (poor) creature’, ‘a (poor, pious) soul’, ‘a (poor) devil’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction > wretched person

wretchc1000

caitiffc1325

crachouna1400

wretcheda1425

miserable1484

miser1542

afflicted1545

seggon1570

elf1573

devil1593

wreck1795

the mind > emotion > suffering > misery > [noun] > miserable person

armOE

ermingOE

wretchc1000

caitiffc1325

crachouna1400

miserable1484

miser1542

elf1573

angishore1835

the mind > emotion > compassion > quality of exciting pity > [noun] > pitiable person

wretcha1500

foolc1525

elf1573

poor hearta1600

pilgarlic1694

perisher1896

1573 T. Tusser Points Huswifrie (new ed.) f. 28^v, in Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) Like worldly elfe, to moyle and toyle.

1702 D. Defoe Reformation of Manners Misc. 69 Magistrates, like Pious Elves, Let none be Drunk a Sundays but themselves.

1825 H. Smith Gaieties & Gravities I. 138 Still silent incommunicative elf!

Compounds

General attributive.

C1. Appositive.

elf-child n.

ΚΠ

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics (1860) II. 74 When the Elf-children scatter gold-dust on the ground.

elf-girl n.

ΚΠ

1871 D. G. Rossetti Poems 9 Poets' fancies all are there: There the Elf-girls flood with wings Valleys full of plaintive air.

elf-knight n.

ΚΠ

1882 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. i. §4. 23/1 An elf-knight, by blowing his horn, inspires Lady Isabel with love-longing.

elf-lady n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §37. 320/1 The elf-lady's costume and equipment.

elf-woman n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §29. 259/1 Three elf-women had been not less than fifteen years in weaving it.

C2. Attributive.

elf-castle n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §37. 321/2 After some description of the life at the elf-castle.

elf-craft n.

ΚΠ

1919 W. de la Mare Flora 5 Lovely as elf-craft.

elf-dance n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/1 Why are you so pale, as if you had been in an elf-dance?

elf-flame n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/2 Olaf..has to make his way through the elf-flame.

elf-flower n.

ΚΠ

1919 W. de la Mare Crossings 47 A steeple hat bound round with Elf flowers.

elf-folk n.

ΚΠ

1922 W. de la Mare Down-adown-Derry 12 I saw from concealment a company of elf-folk.

elf-friend n.

ΚΠ

1937 J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit iii. 62 The master of the house was an elf-friend.

elf-horn n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §41. 360/1 Lady Isabel..hears an elf-horn.

elf-house n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/1 He rides to the hills and comes to an elf-house.

elf-key n.

ΚΠ

1924 R. Graves Mock Beggar Hall 78 The elf-key at the rainbow's rise.

elf-kingdom n.

ΚΠ

1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring i. xi. 203 A story of the Elf-kingdoms.

elf-land n.

ΚΠ

1483 Cath. Angl. 113 Elfe lande.

1850 Ld. Tennyson Princess (ed. 3) 70 O sweet and far from cliff and scar The horns of Elfland faintly blowing!

elf-light n.

ΚΠ

1913 W. de la Mare Peacock Pie 172 Elf-light, bat-light, Touchwood-light and toad-light.

elf-rod n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §41. 362/2 He strikes her with an elf-rod.

elf-speech n.

ΚΠ

1955 J. R. R. Tolkien Return of King App. F 409 Fragments of Elf-speech.

elf-wing n.

ΚΠ

1929 E. Blunden Near & Far 49 Elf-wings set out on visit and patrol.

elf-like adj.

ΚΠ

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 53 Shee sowns, and after long pausing thus she sayd elflyke.

1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning I. i. vi. 65 His..hair hung elf-like and matted down his cheeks.

C3. Also elf-lock n., elf-shoot v., elf-shot n.

elf-arrow n. a flint arrowhead (see elf-shot n.); also, a belemnite.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] > head of arrow > prehistoric arrow-head

elf-arrow1590

arrowhead?1661

fairy dart1782

fairy stone1791

flint-head1796

projectile point1847

leaf arrowhead1878

fairy arrow1903

1590 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. I. 198 Thow directit George Cuik to twa wemen..for ane elf-arrow-heid.

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. x. 396 These..they there [i.e. at Aberdeen] call Elf-Arrows.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Elf-arrows, flint-stones sharpened and jagged like Arrow-heads, used in War by the ancient Britons.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Elf-arrows, a name given by the people of Scotland, to certain stone weapons which they find, and which had been in use before tools and weapons of iron were used there.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 151 The stones which the country people call elf-arrow heads.

1855 E. Smedley et al. Occult Sci. 31 The triangular flints, Belemnites, so numerous in Scotland..are popularly termed Elf arrows.

elf-bolt n. = elf-arrow n.

ΚΠ

1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 141 The stone heads of arrows... The people call them Elf-bolts.

1883 G. Allen Colin Clout's Cal. xxxix. 223 The neolithic arrows came to be regarded as elf-bolts.

elf-bore n. a hole in a piece of wood, out of which a knot has dropped or been driven.

ΚΠ

1814 Northern Antiq. 404 (Jam.) If you were to look through an elf-bore in wood.

† elf-cake n. Obsolete an enlargement of the spleen attributed to the agency of elves (cf. ague cake n.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > disorders of spleen

elf-cake1579

ague cake1597

splenitis1753

lienitis1845

perisplenitis1881

wandering spleen1897

splenohepatomegaly1900

spleno-megaly1900

hypersplenism1914

hyposplenism1914

splenosis1939

1579 T. Lupton Thousand Notable Things vii. 182 The hardnes of the syde, called the Elfe cake.

1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 2 To heale the elfe cake and hardnesse of the side.

elf-cup n. a small stone perforated by friction at a waterfall.

ΚΠ

1810 A. Cunningham et al. Remains Nithsdale & Galloway Song 290 (Jam.) Elf-cups were placed under stabledoors..as a safeguard against witchcraft.

elf-dart n. = elf-shot n. 1.

elf-dock n. a name of the Elecampane.

ΚΠ

1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) Elf-Dock, the elecampane, from its broad leaves called a dock.

elf-fire n. ignis fatuus, Will o' the wisp.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > light emitted under particular conditions > [noun] > phosphorescence > will-o'-the-wisp

fox-fire1483

foolish fire1563

ignis fatuus1563

fool's fire1583

Kit with the canstick or candlestick1584

going fire1596

will-o'-the-wisp1596

meteor1597

firedrake1607

wisp1618

ambulones1621

Dick-a-Tuesday1636

friar's lantern1645

gillian burnt-tail1654

Jill-burnt-tail1654

Jack-o'-lantern1658

fatuous fire1661

wildfire1663

wandering fire or light1667

Jack-a-Lent1680

fairy light1722

spunkie1727

Jill-o'-the-wisp1750

fen-fire1814

fatuus1820

marsh-light1823

feu follet1832

wisp-lighta1847

hob-lantern1847

ghost light1849

elf-fire1855

Peggy-with-her-lantern1855

fatuous light1857–8

marsh-fire1865

swamp fire1903

Min-Min1950

1855 E. Smedley et al. Occult Sci. 31 The ‘Ignis fatuus’ has been named ‘Elf fire’.

elf-god n. Cupid.

ΚΠ

1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 106 I saw the little elf-god eyeless once In Arthur's arras hall at Camelot.

elf-knot n. = elf-lock n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [noun] > tangled

elf-lock1596

snarl1609

feltering1615

elf-knot1825

tat1887

taut1887

kitchen1964

natty dread1974

1825 R. Heber Jrnl. 31 Jan. in Narr. Journey Upper Provinces India (1828) II. xxii. 13 Ghastly Yogis, with their hair in elf-knots.

elf-queen n. queen of the fairies.

ΚΠ

c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 860 The elf-queen, with hir joly compaignye.

† elf-skin n. Obsolete a man of shrivelled and shrunken form.

ΚΠ

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 248 Zbloud..you elfskin.

elf-stone n. = elf-shot n. 2.

ΚΠ

1777 T. Campbell Philos. Surv. S. Ireland xxix. 281 I have seen one of those elf-stones.

elf-stricken adj. bewitched.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted

forspokena1300

bewitcheda1387

charmedc1440

witched1543

owlblasted1603

maleficiate1622

sparrow-blasteda1652

fated1697

elf-struck1699

hagged1699

starstruck1707

enchanted1710

glamoured1724

spell-bound1799

elf-stricken1825

spelled1838

puckfoisted1890

bespelled1902

1825 W. Scott Betrothed in Tales Crusaders II. 12 He looks as if he were elf-stricken.

elf-struck adj. = elf-stricken adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted

forspokena1300

bewitcheda1387

charmedc1440

witched1543

owlblasted1603

maleficiate1622

sparrow-blasteda1652

fated1697

elf-struck1699

hagged1699

starstruck1707

enchanted1710

glamoured1724

spell-bound1799

elf-stricken1825

spelled1838

puckfoisted1890

bespelled1902

1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 17 Dec. in Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) (1714) 28 99 Some on May Day put them into a Tub of Water, and besprinkle all their Cattle with that Water, to prevent being Elf-struck, bewitch'd, &c.

elf-striking n.

ΚΠ

1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 17 Dec. in Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) (1714) 28 99 As to this Elf-stricking, their Opinion is, that the Fairies..do sometimes carry away Men in the Air.

elf-taken adj. (in quot. elfe y-take) bewitched by elves.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted > by fairies

elf-takena1500

pixie-led1659

gentle1823

a1500 MS. in Promptorium Parvulorum 138 (note) A chylde that ys elfe y-take..may nat broke hys mete.

elf-twisted adj. twisted or gnarled by elves.

ΚΠ

1885 Chambers's Jrnl. 371 Lo—instead of the Hunter in Green, there was only a brown withered twig, so elf-twisted and dry.

elf-wort n. = elf-dock n.

ΚΠ

1878 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names Elfwort, Inula Helenium.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	elf
释义	elfn.¹ Brit. /ɛlf/, U.S. /ɛlf/ Forms: Old English ælf, ylf (apparently recorded only in plural ylfe), Middle English alve, Middle English alfe, Middle English–1600s elfe, Middle English– elf. plural elves: Old English ylfe, Middle English alven, 1500s–1600s elfes, Scottish elvis, 1700s elfs, 1500s– elves. See also elven n., aufe n., oaf n.¹ Etymology: Old English ælf strong masculine = Old High German alp (Middle High German, modern German alp nightmare, Old Norse álfr (Danish alf) elf < Old Germanic alƀo-z; a parallel type alƀi-z (compare Swedish elf, Danish elv) appears in late West Saxon ylf (found in plural ylfe* < ięlfe) = Mercian, Kentish ęlf, Northumbrian ǣlf, one or other of which is represented in the modern word. (The modern German elf* is believed to be adopted < English; Middle High German had elbe a female elf.) Some have compared the Germanic word with the Sanskrit ṛbhu, the name given to the three genii of the seasons in Hindu mythology. 1. Mythology. a. The name of a class of supernatural beings, in early Teutonic belief supposed to possess formidable magical powers, exercised variously for the benefit or the injury of humankind.They were believed to be of dwarfish form, to produce diseases of various kinds, to act as incubi and succubi, to cause nightmares, and to steal children, substituting changelings in their place. The Teutonic belief in elves is probably the main source of the medieval superstition respecting fairies, which, however, includes elements not of Teutonic origin; in general the Romanic word denotes a being of less terrible and more playful character than the ‘elf’ as originally conceived. In modern literature, elf is a mere synonym of fairy n. and adj., which has to a great extent superseded it even in dialects. Originally elf was masculine, elven n. feminine; but in 13th and 14th centuries the two seem to have been used indifferently of both sexes. In modern use elf chiefly, though not always, denotes a male fairy. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > fairy or elf > [noun] elfOE elvena1100 spiritc1350 fay1393 fairyc1405 mammeta1425 sprite?1440 lady1538 faerie1579 Robin Goodfellow1588 elfin1590 pigwidgeon1594 pygmy1611 fairess1674 peri1739 spriggan1754 fane1806 glendoveer1810 vila1827 Polong1839 Gandharva1846 elle-maid1850 sheogue1852 hillman1882 elvet1885 pishogue1906 OE Beowulf 112 Þanon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas ond ylfe. c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 296 Wið ælfe and wiþ uncuþum fidsan gnið myrran on win. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9608 Sone swa he com an eorðe aluen [c1300 Otho aluene] hine iuengen. c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 656 The mooder was an elf by aventure. 1426 J. Audelay Poems 77 (Mätz.) Alfe Rofyn be-gon to rug. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 152 He was takyn with an elfe. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. vi. 7 Wyth Nymphis and Favnis apoun euery syde, Quhilk fairfolkis, or than elvis, clepyng we. 1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. June 25 Gloss. For Guelfes and Gibelines, we say Elfes & Goblins. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 33 Ye Elues of hils, brooks, standing lakes & groues. View more context for this quotation 1635 R. Herrick Descr. King & Queen of Fayries sig. A10 Come follow, follow me You Fairie Elves that be. 1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Wife of Bathe's Tale in Fables 479 The King of elfs..Gamboll'd on heaths. 1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) i. 3 Airy Elves by Moonlight Shadows seen. 1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. xv. 285 You are an elf, a goddess. 1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust II. i. i. 3 Then the craft of elves propitious Hastes to help where help it can. †b. Sometimes distinguished from a ‘fairy’: (a) as an inferior or subject species; (b) as a more malignant being, an ‘imp’, ‘demon’; also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [noun] evil angel, spiritc950 ghosteOE uncleanOE demonOE devilOE devilshineOE groa1225 debleriea1325 devilnessa1400 devilryc1400 sprat?a1475 nicker1481 fiend of hell1509 imp1526 virtue1584 elf1587 succubus1601 blue devilc1616 black man1656 woolsaw1757 buggane1775 bhut1785 demonic1785 pishachi1807 devil-devil1831 skookum1838 taipo1848 lightning bird1870 demonry1883 pisaca1885 mafufunyanas1963 mare1981 1587 M. Grove Pelops & Hippodamia (1878) 75 To exercise your selfe In feates of armes, thereby to shun of loytring loue the elfe. a1593 H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 483 Frenzies, furies (wayward elves): What need ye call for whip or scourge? 1623 J. Abbott Force Contrition in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign James I (1848) 353 The raine which this detested elfe must drowne Must from aboue..come downe. a1628 F. Greville Mustapha iii. Chorus in Certaine Wks. (1633) 126 What means..This finite Elfe of mans vaine acts and errors? 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvii. 387 When the Fairies are displeased with any body, they are said to send their Elves, to pinch them. 1689 Ess. Satyr in Fourth Coll. Poems 33 That we may Angels seem we paint them Elves. 2. transferred. a. (See quot. 1651.) ΚΠ 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvii. 386 The Fairies..are said to take young Children..and to change them into Naturall Fools, which Common people do therefore call Elves, and are apt to mischief. b. A tricksy, mischievous, sometimes a spiteful and malicious creature. to play the elf: to act elfishly, maliciously. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > cunning person foxc1000 yepea1250 slies1297 wily-man1393 wilyc1400 sneck-drawer1402 piea1425 wily-piec1450 artificera1500 tod?a1513 Sim Subtlea1529 serpentinea1533 prata1542 wily beguile1550 wily-wat?1550 elfa1556 dog fox1609 saccularian1652 sly-cap1681 sly-boots1699 craftsmaster1717 scunge1824 sleeveen1834 chickaleary1869 sneck-draw1886 rusée1889 slypuss1942 a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. E.j Women be all such madde pieuishe elues. 1613 N. Breton Vncasing Machiuils Instr. 25 For never it was Ape but plaide the Elfe. 1740 W. Somervile Hobbinol (1749) iii. 174 This other Elf, in ev'ry Art Of smiling Fraud, in ev'ry treach'rous Leer, The very Hobbinol! 1800 R. Bloomfield Summer in Farmer's Boy 40 Happy the man that foils an envious elf, Using the darts of spleen to serve himself. 1820 W. Scott Abbot I. iv. 89 Stray elf of a page. 3. transferred. A diminutive being. a. A dwarf, mannikin; hence as adj. (quots. 1725, 1728). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily height > shortness > [noun] > person dwarfeOE congeonc1230 go-by-ground?a1300 smalla1300 shrimpc1386 griga1400 gruba1400 murche1440 nirvil1440 mitinga1450 witherling1528 wretchocka1529 elf1530 hop-o'-my-thumb1530 pygmy1533 little person1538 manikin1540 mankin1552 dandiprat1556 yrle1568 grundy1570 Jack Sprat1570 squall1570 manling1573 Tom Thumb1579 pinka1585 squib1586 screaling1594 giant-dwarf1598 twattle1598 agate1600 minimus1600 cock sparrow1602 dapperling1611 modicum1611 scrub1611 sesquipedalian1615 dwarflinga1618 wretchcock1641 homuncio1643 whip-handle1653 homuncule1656 whippersnapper1674 chitterling1675 sprite1684 carliea1689 urling1691 wirling1691 dwarf man1699 poppet1699 durgan1706 short-arse1706 tomtit1706 Lilliputian1726 wallydraigle1736 midge1757 minikin1761 squeeze-crab1785 minimum1796 niff-naff1808 titman1818 teetotum1822 squita1825 cradden1825 nyaff1825 weed1825 pinkeen1850 fingerling1864 Lilliput1867 thumbling1867 midget1869 inch1884 shorty1888 titch1888 skimpling1890 stub1890 scrap1898 pygmoid1922 lofty1933 peewee1935 smidgen1952 pint-size1954 pint-sized1973 munchkin1974 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 216/2 Elfe or dwarf, nain. 1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe Nar, an elfe. 1725 New Canting Dict. Elf, little. 1728 Street-robberies, Consider'd 31 Elf, little. 1742 W. Shenstone School-mistress xxiii He..Wishes, poor starv'ling Elf! his Paper-Kite may fly. 17.. Seven Wise Men in W. Wallace & R. Bell Hist. Eng. (1840) X. vii. 143 (note) The prince..Laughed at the merry elf; Rejoiced to see within his court One shorter than himself. 1842 R. H. Barham Black Mousquetaire in Ingoldsby Legends 2nd Ser. 11 As a muscular Giant would handle an elf. b. Applied to a child (chiefly with some notion of 2b), to a small animal or insect. ΚΠ 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 24^v Loke to thy cattle. Serue yonge, poore, elues alone by them selues. 1660 J. M[ilton] in H. Morley King & Commons (1868) So the little wanton elf [a bee] Most gloriously enshrined itself [in amber]. 1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 234 Ye tiny elves that guiltless sport. 1824 M. R. Mitford Our Village I. 31 His own pretty little boys, and two or three other four-year-old elves. 1886 G. Allen & M. Cotes Kalee's Shrine xii. 128 Herons..intent on the quick pursuit of the elusive elves in the stream below. †4. By Spenser applied to the knights of his allegorical ‘faerie land’. ΚΠ 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5 Which when the valiant Elfe perceiu'd. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. v. sig. E1 Goe caytiue Elfe. 5. In a vague depreciatory sense, ‘a (poor) creature’, ‘a (poor, pious) soul’, ‘a (poor) devil’. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction > wretched person wretchc1000 caitiffc1325 crachouna1400 wretcheda1425 miserable1484 miser1542 afflicted1545 seggon1570 elf1573 devil1593 wreck1795 the mind > emotion > suffering > misery > [noun] > miserable person armOE ermingOE wretchc1000 caitiffc1325 crachouna1400 miserable1484 miser1542 elf1573 angishore1835 the mind > emotion > compassion > quality of exciting pity > [noun] > pitiable person wretcha1500 foolc1525 elf1573 poor hearta1600 pilgarlic1694 perisher1896 1573 T. Tusser Points Huswifrie (new ed.) f. 28^v, in Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) Like worldly elfe, to moyle and toyle. 1702 D. Defoe Reformation of Manners Misc. 69 Magistrates, like Pious Elves, Let none be Drunk a Sundays but themselves. 1825 H. Smith Gaieties & Gravities I. 138 Still silent incommunicative elf! Compounds General attributive. C1. Appositive. elf-child n. ΚΠ 1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics (1860) II. 74 When the Elf-children scatter gold-dust on the ground. elf-girl n. ΚΠ 1871 D. G. Rossetti Poems 9 Poets' fancies all are there: There the Elf-girls flood with wings Valleys full of plaintive air. elf-knight n. ΚΠ 1882 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. i. §4. 23/1 An elf-knight, by blowing his horn, inspires Lady Isabel with love-longing. elf-lady n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §37. 320/1 The elf-lady's costume and equipment. elf-woman n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §29. 259/1 Three elf-women had been not less than fifteen years in weaving it. C2. Attributive. a. elf-castle n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §37. 321/2 After some description of the life at the elf-castle. elf-craft n. ΚΠ 1919 W. de la Mare Flora 5 Lovely as elf-craft. elf-dance n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/1 Why are you so pale, as if you had been in an elf-dance? elf-flame n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/2 Olaf..has to make his way through the elf-flame. elf-flower n. ΚΠ 1919 W. de la Mare Crossings 47 A steeple hat bound round with Elf flowers. elf-folk n. ΚΠ 1922 W. de la Mare Down-adown-Derry 12 I saw from concealment a company of elf-folk. elf-friend n. ΚΠ 1937 J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit iii. 62 The master of the house was an elf-friend. elf-horn n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §41. 360/1 Lady Isabel..hears an elf-horn. elf-house n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/1 He rides to the hills and comes to an elf-house. elf-key n. ΚΠ 1924 R. Graves Mock Beggar Hall 78 The elf-key at the rainbow's rise. elf-kingdom n. ΚΠ 1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring i. xi. 203 A story of the Elf-kingdoms. elf-land n. ΚΠ 1483 Cath. Angl. 113 Elfe lande. 1850 Ld. Tennyson Princess (ed. 3) 70 O sweet and far from cliff and scar The horns of Elfland faintly blowing! elf-light n. ΚΠ 1913 W. de la Mare Peacock Pie 172 Elf-light, bat-light, Touchwood-light and toad-light. elf-rod n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §41. 362/2 He strikes her with an elf-rod. elf-speech n. ΚΠ 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien Return of King App. F 409 Fragments of Elf-speech. elf-wing n. ΚΠ 1929 E. Blunden Near & Far 49 Elf-wings set out on visit and patrol. b. elf-like adj. ΚΠ 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 53 Shee sowns, and after long pausing thus she sayd elflyke. 1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning I. i. vi. 65 His..hair hung elf-like and matted down his cheeks. C3. Also elf-lock n., elf-shoot v., elf-shot n. elf-arrow n. a flint arrowhead (see elf-shot n.); also, a belemnite. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] > head of arrow > prehistoric arrow-head elf-arrow1590 arrowhead?1661 fairy dart1782 fairy stone1791 flint-head1796 projectile point1847 leaf arrowhead1878 fairy arrow1903 1590 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. I. 198 Thow directit George Cuik to twa wemen..for ane elf-arrow-heid. 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. x. 396 These..they there [i.e. at Aberdeen] call Elf-Arrows. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Elf-arrows, flint-stones sharpened and jagged like Arrow-heads, used in War by the ancient Britons. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Elf-arrows, a name given by the people of Scotland, to certain stone weapons which they find, and which had been in use before tools and weapons of iron were used there. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 151 The stones which the country people call elf-arrow heads. 1855 E. Smedley et al. Occult Sci. 31 The triangular flints, Belemnites, so numerous in Scotland..are popularly termed Elf arrows. elf-bolt n. = elf-arrow n. ΚΠ 1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 141 The stone heads of arrows... The people call them Elf-bolts. 1883 G. Allen Colin Clout's Cal. xxxix. 223 The neolithic arrows came to be regarded as elf-bolts. elf-bore n. a hole in a piece of wood, out of which a knot has dropped or been driven. ΚΠ 1814 Northern Antiq. 404 (Jam.) If you were to look through an elf-bore in wood. † elf-cake n. Obsolete an enlargement of the spleen attributed to the agency of elves (cf. ague cake n.). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > disorders of spleen elf-cake1579 ague cake1597 splenitis1753 lienitis1845 perisplenitis1881 wandering spleen1897 splenohepatomegaly1900 spleno-megaly1900 hypersplenism1914 hyposplenism1914 splenosis1939 1579 T. Lupton Thousand Notable Things vii. 182 The hardnes of the syde, called the Elfe cake. 1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 2 To heale the elfe cake and hardnesse of the side. elf-cup n. a small stone perforated by friction at a waterfall. ΚΠ 1810 A. Cunningham et al. Remains Nithsdale & Galloway Song 290 (Jam.) Elf-cups were placed under stabledoors..as a safeguard against witchcraft. elf-dart n. = elf-shot n. 1. elf-dock n. a name of the Elecampane. ΚΠ 1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) Elf-Dock, the elecampane, from its broad leaves called a dock. elf-fire n. ignis fatuus, Will o' the wisp. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > light emitted under particular conditions > [noun] > phosphorescence > will-o'-the-wisp fox-fire1483 foolish fire1563 ignis fatuus1563 fool's fire1583 Kit with the canstick or candlestick1584 going fire1596 will-o'-the-wisp1596 meteor1597 firedrake1607 wisp1618 ambulones1621 Dick-a-Tuesday1636 friar's lantern1645 gillian burnt-tail1654 Jill-burnt-tail1654 Jack-o'-lantern1658 fatuous fire1661 wildfire1663 wandering fire or light1667 Jack-a-Lent1680 fairy light1722 spunkie1727 Jill-o'-the-wisp1750 fen-fire1814 fatuus1820 marsh-light1823 feu follet1832 wisp-lighta1847 hob-lantern1847 ghost light1849 elf-fire1855 Peggy-with-her-lantern1855 fatuous light1857–8 marsh-fire1865 swamp fire1903 Min-Min1950 1855 E. Smedley et al. Occult Sci. 31 The ‘Ignis fatuus’ has been named ‘Elf fire’. elf-god n. Cupid. ΚΠ 1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 106 I saw the little elf-god eyeless once In Arthur's arras hall at Camelot. elf-knot n. = elf-lock n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [noun] > tangled elf-lock1596 snarl1609 feltering1615 elf-knot1825 tat1887 taut1887 kitchen1964 natty dread1974 1825 R. Heber Jrnl. 31 Jan. in Narr. Journey Upper Provinces India (1828) II. xxii. 13 Ghastly Yogis, with their hair in elf-knots. elf-queen n. queen of the fairies. ΚΠ c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 860 The elf-queen, with hir joly compaignye. † elf-skin n. Obsolete a man of shrivelled and shrunken form. ΚΠ 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 248 Zbloud..you elfskin. elf-stone n. = elf-shot n. 2. ΚΠ 1777 T. Campbell Philos. Surv. S. Ireland xxix. 281 I have seen one of those elf-stones. elf-stricken adj. bewitched. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted forspokena1300 bewitcheda1387 charmedc1440 witched1543 owlblasted1603 maleficiate1622 sparrow-blasteda1652 fated1697 elf-struck1699 hagged1699 starstruck1707 enchanted1710 glamoured1724 spell-bound1799 elf-stricken1825 spelled1838 puckfoisted1890 bespelled1902 1825 W. Scott Betrothed in Tales Crusaders II. 12 He looks as if he were elf-stricken. elf-struck adj. = elf-stricken adj. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted forspokena1300 bewitcheda1387 charmedc1440 witched1543 owlblasted1603 maleficiate1622 sparrow-blasteda1652 fated1697 elf-struck1699 hagged1699 starstruck1707 enchanted1710 glamoured1724 spell-bound1799 elf-stricken1825 spelled1838 puckfoisted1890 bespelled1902 1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 17 Dec. in Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) (1714) 28 99 Some on May Day put them into a Tub of Water, and besprinkle all their Cattle with that Water, to prevent being Elf-struck, bewitch'd, &c. elf-striking n. ΚΠ 1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 17 Dec. in Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) (1714) 28 99 As to this Elf-stricking, their Opinion is, that the Fairies..do sometimes carry away Men in the Air. elf-taken adj. (in quot. elfe y-take) bewitched by elves. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted > by fairies elf-takena1500 pixie-led1659 gentle1823 a1500 MS. in Promptorium Parvulorum 138 (note) A chylde that ys elfe y-take..may nat broke hys mete. elf-twisted adj. twisted or gnarled by elves. ΚΠ 1885 Chambers's Jrnl. 371 Lo—instead of the Hunter in Green, there was only a brown withered twig, so elf-twisted and dry. elf-wort n. = elf-dock n. ΚΠ 1878 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names Elfwort, Inula Helenium. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022). elfn.² Forms: Also elft. Etymology: Afrikaans, < Dutch elft shad. South African. The spiny-finned sea-fish Pomatomus saltator. ΚΠ 1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb Present State Cape Good-Hope II. 190 In the Table-Bay, and in Bay-Falzo, is caught a Sort of Fish the Dutch call Elft. The Elft is Three Quarters of a Yard long or more; and is scal'd much like a Herring. 1902 Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 11 215 The Elf (Temnodon saltator), which somewhat resembles the Elft (Clupea alosa) of Holland, though the two are by no means scientifically related. 1947 K. H. Barnard Pictorial Guide S. Afr. Fishes iii. 108 The Elf (Pomatomus saltator)..known in Natal as the Shad (quite different, of course, from the true Shad of the Herring family), and in other parts of the world as the Bluefish, Skipjack, Tailer, etc. 1949 Cape Times 22 Nov. 13/6 Three elft..have been landed by..anglers. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online June 2021). † elfv. Etymology: < elf n.¹ Obsolete. rare. transitive. To tangle or twist (hair) as an elf might do. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [verb (transitive)] > tangled foldc1384 felter?a1400 elfa1616 taut1853 intermat1927 a1616 W. Shakespeare King Lear (1623) ii. ii. 173 Ile..elfe [1608 else] all my haires in knots. 1721–1800 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. To Elfe the Hair, to tie it up in Knots or Ringlets. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2021). > as lemmas ELF ELF adj. and n. extra or extremely low frequency; (a) adj. of or relating to a frequency that is substantially lower than a usual or standard frequency; that operates at or deals with low frequencies; (b) n. a frequency of this kind. Π 1956 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 1473 Extremely low-frequency (ELF) radio waves (10—500 cycles) originating in lightning were received over distances in excess of 15 000 km. 1960 Techn. News Bull. (U.S. National Bureau of Standards) May 75/2 These qualities indicate that whistlers sometimes contain appreciable energy at ELF. 1981 M. Cheney Tesla (1989) xiii. 138 The Tesla magnifying transmitter was the first in the world powerful enough to create ELF resonance in the earth-ionosphere wave guide. 2009 New Scientist 10 Oct. 10/2 ELF can reach a sub[marine] travelling at its operating depth but has a very low data rate, about 1 bit per minute. extracted from En.¹ ELF ELF n. Eritrean Liberation Front, a movement formed in 1960 with the aim of achieving independence from Ethiopia; cf. EPLF n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > African politics > [noun] > specific party in Eritrea ELF1965 EPLF1974 1965 Titusville (Pa.) Herald 2 Aug. 2 (headline) Two others released by ELF in Ethiopia. 1968 Current Hist. Feb. 79/1 The fact that E.L.F. elements are receiving financial and other support from several Arab states has heightened Amhara anxieties. 1989 Encycl. Brit. IV. 544/3 The ELF works with the..Marxist Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). 2015 Guardian (Nexis) 28 Aug. The pressure of three decades of war prompted the ELF to splinter. extracted from En.¹ < n.¹OEn.²1731v.a1616 as lemmas
随便看	sausagelike sausagemaker sausagemeat sausagepink sausagepoisoning sausages sausageseller sausageshaped sausageshop sausagestuffer sausagetree sausagey sauserling saussurean saussureanism saussurite saussurite-gabbro saussuritegabbro saussuritic saussuritization saussuritized saut saut basque saut de basque saut de l'ange

elfn.1

Compounds

elfn.2

† elfv.

> as lemmas

elfn.¹

elfn.²