distrainv.

/dɪˈstreɪn/

Forms: Middle English–1500s destreyn(e, Middle English–1500s destrayne, distrayne, distreyne, (Middle English distrene, Middle English dystreyne, Middle English dystrayne, 1500s dystreine), Middle English–1700s distrein, 1500s–1600s distraine, 1500s– distrain; ScottishMiddle English–1600s des-, dys-, distrenȝe, distrinȝe.

Etymology: Middle English < Old French destreindre , -aindre ‘to straine, presse, wring, vexe extremely, straiten’ (Cotgrave), present stem destreign- , past participle destreint ; = Italian distrignere , -stringere ‘to distraine, distress, pinch, straiten’ (Florio) < Latin distringĕre to draw asunder, stretch out, detain, occupy, < dī- , dis- prefix 1a + stringĕre to squeeze, draw tight. In medieval Latin and Romanic, the prefix lost its sundering force, being probably confounded with de-, and distringĕre became merely intensive of stringĕre, as in modern Italian.

I. General senses: all Obsolete.

†1.

a. transitive. To press, compress, or grasp tightly; to squeeze; to clasp tightly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > pressing, pressure, or squeezing > press or squeeze [verb (transitive)]

thrutchc888

distrainc1381

thrust1382

pressc1390

compressc1400

thresta1425

bruisec1465

thrumble1513

squize1548

squiss1558

scruze1590

squeeze1601

vice1602

squish1647

birzea1774

squeege1787

appress1789

squidge1881

punch1903

mash1930

c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 337 The gentyl faucoun that with his feet distraynyth The kyngis hand.

c1390 G. Chaucer Proverbes Who so mychel wol embrace, Lytel þer-of he shal destreyne.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 372 b/1 Hit happed on a nyght that she distrayned her self by the throte that she was almost estrangled.

1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xii. xii. 215 The Prince,..gently gan distraine Now him, now her, betweene his friendly armes.

†b. To confine, bind, restrain. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > bind or tie [verb (transitive)]

i-knitc1000

knitc1000

distrainc1374

lye1621

internect1664

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Cambr.) ii. pr. vi. 42 A man..whiche þat visyous lustys holden destreyned with cheynes þat ne mowen nat be vnbownden.

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋195 Oure lord Ihesu crist..after that he hadde be bytraysed of his disciple, and destreyned and bounde.

†c. figurative. To hold captive, or in constraint. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)]

at-hold?c1225

to hold inc1300

withholda1325

distrainc1340

restrain1397

stressa1425

detain1485

to lay fast1560

constrain1590

enstraiten1619

embinda1628

pin1738

coerce1780

deport1909

c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 18 Neuer-þe-lattere in þis maner felynge a saule may be distreynede by vayne glorye.

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde i. 355 Oþere besye nedes hym destrayned.

†2. figurative. To hold in its grasp, as disease, sickness, love; to distress, oppress, afflict. Obsolete.In quots. a1547, a1618 perhaps ‘to strain’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict

overharryeOE

aileOE

swencheOE

besetOE

traya1000

teenOE

to work (also do) (a person) woeOE

derve?c1225

grieve1297

harrya1300

noyc1300

travailc1300

to work (also do) annoyc1300

wrath14..

aggrievea1325

annoya1325

tribula1325

to hold wakenc1330

anguish1340

distrainc1374

wrap1380

strain1382

ermec1386

afflicta1393

cumbera1400

assayc1400

distressc1400

temptc1400

encumber1413

labour1437

infortune?a1439

stressa1450

trouble1489

arraya1500

constraina1500

attempt1525

misease1530

exercise1531

to hold or keep waking1533

try1539

to wring to the worse1542

pinch1548

affligec1550

trounce1551

oppress1555

inflict1566

overharl1570

strait1579

to make a martyr of1599

straiten1611

tribulatea1637

to put through the hoop(s)1919

snooter1923

the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)]

heavyc897

pineeOE

aileOE

sorryeOE

traya1000

sorrowOE

to work (also do) (a person) woeOE

angerc1175

smarta1200

to work, bake, brew balec1200

derve?c1225

grieve?c1225

sitc1225

sweam?c1225

gnawc1230

sughc1230

troublec1230

aggrievea1325

to think sweama1325

unframea1325

anguish1340

teen1340

sowa1352

distrainc1374

to-troublea1382

strain1382

unglad1390

afflicta1393

paina1393

distressa1400

hita1400

sorea1400

assayc1400

remordc1400

temptc1400

to sit (or set) one sorec1420

overthrow?a1425

visit1424

labour1437

passionc1470

arraya1500

constraina1500

misgrievea1500

attempt1525

exagitate1532

to wring to the worse1542

toil1549

lament1580

adolorate1598

rankle1659

try1702

to pass over ——1790

upset1805

to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823

to put (a person) through it1855

bludgeon1888

to get to ——1904

to put through the hoop(s)1919

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 1479 (1528) No word for sorwe she answerede, So sore gan his partyng here destreyne.

c1430 J. Lydgate Compl. Black Knight xx And overmore distrayned with sicknesse Beside all this he was full grevously.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 266 b/1 The man of god..destrayned his body by soo grete trauaill of fastynges and wakynges that he languyssed in contynuel maladye.

a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 1 Ragyng love with extreme payne Most cruelly distrains my hart.

a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 121 Distrained with the wringing fits of his dying flesh.

†3. To control by force, restrain, subdue. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > subjecting or subjugation > subject [verb (transitive)]

wieldOE

i-weldeOE

onwaldOE

overwieldlOE

amaistera1250

underlaya1300

daunt1303

underbringc1320

yoke?c1335

undercasta1340

afaitec1350

faite1362

subjecta1382

to make subjectc1384

distraina1400

underlouta1400

underthewa1400

underset1422

subjectc1460

subjuge?1473

submise?1473

dompt1480

suppedit?1483

to keep under1486

abandon1487

bandon?a1500

suppeditatec1545

to bring under1563

reduce1569

assubject1579

overpower1597

envassal1606

assubjugate1609

vassal1612

subact1619

vassalize1647

vassalate1659

to school down1818

to ride herd on (also over)1895

a1400–50 Alexander 4244 A Kyng with-outen cunnyng, he can noȝt distreyne His subi[e]ctis.

c1530 Spirituall Counsayle H ij Howe by his wysdome on the Crosse he hathe distrayned all the power of the devyll.

†4. To constrain, force, or compel (a person to do something). Obsolete. (Hence the legal sense 7.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > to do something

holdc1275

piltc1275

constraina1340

strength1340

distrainc1374

compelc1380

makec1395

distressa1400

stressa1400

art?1406

putc1450

coerce1475

cohert1475

enforce1509

perforce1509

forcec1540

violent?1551

press1600

necessitate1601

rack1602

restrain1621

reduce1622

oblige1632

necessiate1709

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 596 Distreyne here herte as faste to retorne, As þow dost myn to longen here to se.

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋35 Penitence destreyneth a man to accepte benygnely euery peyne..enioyned.

c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. (1898) 62 Who destreyns þe to swere ofte?

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xii. 338 Thar gret vaward alsua Wes distrenȝeit the bak till ta.

†5. To strain out, express; to extract by pressing or straining. (In quot. 1563, intransitive for reflexive.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > straining > strain [verb (transitive)] > remove by straining

distrainc1400

strain1526

c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. (1898) 85 His properte ys, to make stalworthe þe stomak, & destreyne & purge þe euyl and rotyn humours þat er in þe stomak.

1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. I.vii^v The gryefe so sore, doth growe in euery parte, Distraynyng through the venomed vaines doth so torment the Hart.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 150 Coffa or Coho, a drinke..blacke, thicke and bitter; distrained from Berries of that quality.

†6.

a. To pull or tear off. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Ezek. xvii. 22 Y shal take of the merewȝ of the heeȝ cedre, and I shal putte of the cop of his braunchis; the tendre I shal distreyne, [a1425 L.V. streyne, L. distringam].

b. To rend or tear asunder. [After Latin senses.] Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear apart

to-loukc890

to-braidc893

to-tearc893

to-teec893

to-rendc950

to-breakc1200

to-tugc1220

to-lima1225

rivea1250

to-drawa1250

to-tosea1250

drawa1300

rendc1300

to-rit13..

to-rivec1300

to-tusec1300

rakea1325

renta1325

to-pullc1330

to-tightc1330

tirec1374

halea1398

lacerate?a1425

to-renta1425

yryve1426

raga1450

to pull to (or in) piecesc1450

ravec1450

discerp1483

pluck1526

rip1530

decerp1531

rift1534

dilaniate1535

rochec1540

rack1549

teasea1550

berend1577

distract1585

ream1587

distrain1590

unrive1592

unseam1592

outrive1598

divulse1602

dilacerate1604

harrow1604

tatter1608

mammocka1616

uprentc1620

divell1628

divellicate1638

seam-rend1647

proscind1659

skail1768

screeda1785

spret1832

to tear to shreds1837

ribbon1897

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xii. sig. Bb2 That same net so cunningly was wound, That neither guile, nor force might it distraine.

II. Law. [The earliest use recorded, but etymologically a specific application of 4.]

†7. transitive.

a. To constrain or force (a person) by the seizure and detention of a chattel or thing, to perform some obligation (as to pay money owed by him, to make satisfaction for some wrong done by him or by his beasts, or to perform some other act, e.g. to appear in court); to punish by such seizure and detention for the non-performance of such obligation. (See distress n. II.) Obsolete exc. Historical, or as included in c.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [verb (transitive)] > seize for debt > seize debtor's goods > seize goods of

distrainc1290

strainc1450

stress1521

c1290 Beket 758 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 128 Non Erchebishop of Caunturburi nas neuere i-somoned so, Ne so destreyned of no king [v.r. of nothing].

1292 Britton i. xxvii. [xxvi]. §1 Le viscounte face destreyndre les trespasours par lour avers et par lour chateus.]

1414 Corr. Priory Coldingham (1841) 86 Full power and autorite..the same tenantz and tenantdris til distreyn and hald, till all rerages and dettes..be assethid.

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 19 §9 For none payment therof to destreyn the seid persones so beyng behynde by their goodes and catalles.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 142 To make sommons, and distreyne for lacke of appearaunce, all and euery Tenant of the sayd Abbot.

1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 467 He refused to give leave..to distrein the Bishop of St. Davids in Parliament time.

1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law I. 335 After distraining the tenant by his chattels, the lord may obtain from his seignorial tribunal a judgment authorizing him to distrain the tenant by his land.

1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law II. 574 Observe that [in the 13th c.], when words are correctly used, one does not distrain a thing; one distrains a man by (per) a thing.

b. with infinitive or subordinate clause, expressing the purpose.

ΚΠ

c1290 Beket 748 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 128 Seint thomas londes into is hond his men nome, Ase it were for-to destreynen him þat he to his court come.

c1315 Shoreham 72 Destrayned be he scholde, Be rytte To do hyt ȝyf that he may.

1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem 27 He may be distrenzied in his lands, to come to court.

1629 Vse of Law 25 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Commanding him [sc. the Sheriffe] to distraine them by their Lands to appear at a certaine day.

1641 Art. against Sir H. Davenport in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 335 That he should distrain James Maleverer, Esq; to appear before the Barons of his Majesty's said Court of Exchequer.

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 294 All such as ought to be Knights and are not, shall be distrained to undertake the weapons of Knighthood.

1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 135 The widow shall pay nothing for her marriage, nor shall be distreined to marry afresh.

1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law I. 334 The lord's handiest remedy is that of distraining his tenant to perform the services that are in arrear.

c. In later usage: To levy a distress upon (a person), in order by the sale of the chattels to obtain satisfaction for a debt, particularly for arrears of rent. (But the usual construction in this sense is to distrain upon: see 8b.)

ΚΠ

1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued I. i. 45 When Squire Peremptory distrained his tenant for rent, perhaps he [etc.].

1772 S. Denne & W. Shrubsole Hist. Rochester 46 Who had been distrained for the repair of the head of the bridge.

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) III. 201 A peer could, therefore, never be arrested for debt; the law presuming that he had sufficient lands and tenements in which he might be distrained.

a. absol. or intransitive. To levy a distress. Const. for (a thing). Originally in order to compel the defaulter, by detention of the thing seized, to pay money due or perform an obligation; but in later use including the power to obtain satisfaction by sale of the chattels. See distress n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [verb (intransitive)] > seize goods for debt

distrainc1350

pound1439

poind1495

c1350 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 362 Ȝif eny þo þat nymeþ rente of eny tenement in fraunchyse of þe Citee, and his rente holleche be by-hynde, oþer half oþer more and he ne fynde for to dystreyne.

1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 27 If my wil be nat devly executyd in eche part, they to haue pover to distreyne.

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 11 To distreyne for the same rentes in the seid Maners.

1513 Will of Robert Fabyan in R. Fabyan New Chrons. Eng. & France (1811) Pref. p. ix I geve full power over the said churchwardeyns..to distreyn w^tin any of the foresaid londs and tenements..and the distres so taken to withold & kepe till the said annuytie..be fully contented and paied.

1552 in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. iii. 152 It shalbe laufull for any offycer of the said Cytie..to dystreine for the same [yearly rent].

1649 Articles of Peace with Irish Rebels 27 Any seven or more of them, in case of refractories, or delinquencie may distrain and imprison.

1764 R. Burn Hist. Poor Laws 251 Where power is given to distrain, it seemeth reasonable that power should be given to come at the goods.

1863 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. ii. vii. 237 The landlord had of course a legal right to distrain for the rent.

b. Const. upon, on a person or thing. (With indirect passive to be distrained upon.)

ΚΠ

1605 W. Camden Remaines (1984) 234 I will not lend money to my superiour, upon whom I cannot distrain for the debt.

1689 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) I. 311 He was distreyned upon by Cornelius Empson, for Contrey Rates.

1812 Examiner 7 Sept. 570/2 He was..threatened..to be distrained on for the assessment and surcharge.

1861 C. H. Pearson Early & Middle Ages Eng. xxxiv He or his heirs might distrain on them if this were neglected.

1891 Punch 25 Apr. 195/2 The total failure of my last attempt to distrain on the stock of a neighbouring farmer.

figurative.a1658 J. Cleveland Clievelandi Vindiciæ (1677) 2 The Airy Freebooter distrains First on the Violet of her Veins, Whose Tincture could it be more pure, His ravenous kiss had made it blewer.a1678 A. Marvell in Compl. Poems (1972) 213 When daring Blood his rent to have regained Upon the English diadem distrained [etc.]

9. transitive. To seize (chattels, etc.) by way of distress; to levy a distress upon. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [verb (transitive)] > seize for debt > seize debtor's goods

pound1398

poindc1430

stress?c1430

pind1437

distressc1450

strain1455

strain1503

distrain1530

fence1570

excuss1726

naam1895

1530 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student xxvii. f. lxxvi^v A pounde..to put in beestes that be dystrayned.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 130 My fathers goods are all distrainde and sold.

1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 490 The Laws or reasonable Customs of England will not permit a Horse to be destrained when a Man or Woman is riding upon him.

a1713 T. Ellwood Hist. Life (1714) 66 If you have no Money, you have a good Horse under you; and we can Distrain him for the Charge.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 256 All process whereby the person of any embassador..may be arrested, or his goods distreined or seised, shall be utterly null and void.

1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon 186 All chattels and personal effects, found upon the premises, may be distrained, whether they belong to the tenant or to a stranger.

†10. Extensions or loose uses of the legal senses.

a. To deprive (a person) of (something). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > loss > taking away > take away [verb (transitive)] > deprive (of)

benimc890

to do of ——eOE

bedealc1000

disturbc1230

bereavec1275

reave?a1300

acquitc1300

benemec1300

deprivec1330

privea1382

subvertc1384

oppressc1395

abridgea1400

to bate of, from1399

lessa1400

nakena1400

dischargea1425

privatec1425

to bring outa1450

abatec1450

sever?1507

spulyie?1507

denude1513

disable1529

distrain1530

destituec1540

destitutec1540

defalk1541

to turn out of ——1545

discomfit1548

wipe1549

nude1551

disannul?a1556

bereft1557

diminish1559

benoom1563

joint1573

uncase1583

rid1585

disarm1590

visitc1592

ease1600

dispatch1604

unfurnisha1616

rig1629

retrench1640

unbecomea1641

disentail1641

cashier1690

twin1722

mulct1748

fordo1764

to do out of ——1796

to cut out1815

bate1823

deprivate1832

devoid1878

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 522/1 I distrayne a persone of his lybertye, or plucke some thynge from hym that belongeth him.

†b. To seize, confiscate, annex. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > seizing > seize [verb (transitive)] > by (public) authority

achete?a1439

encheata1464

confisk1474

prizea1500

sequestera1513

confiscatea1533

distraina1616

expropriate1875

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) i. iv. 60 Here's Beauford, that regards nor God nor King, Hath here distrayn'd the Tower to his vse.

1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads xi. 622 I then went his Cattle to destrain, And take amends for those he took of mine.

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. viii. 86 They first built a Sconce..both to secure themselves from sudden Attacks or Surprize, as well as to hold what they might distrain from the poor Peasants.

Derivatives

diˈstrained adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [adjective] > liable to be levied upon for debt > seizing goods for debt > having goods seized

distrained1530

1530–1 Act 22 Hen. VIII c. 12 If any such person..distreined appere not at the day and place conteyned in suche distresse.

diˈstraining n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [noun] > seizing lands or goods > attachment of person or property for debt > seizure of goods

naamlOE

distressc1290

distrainingc1380

stress1443

attachmenta1450

poinding1462

distraina1500

strain1526

distressing1599

excussion1622

multiplepoinding1642

namation1706

distraint1730

distrainment1756

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [adjective] > liable to be levied upon for debt > seizing goods for debt

distraining1887

c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 302 Stelyng of chartris, and distreynyng of ȝonge eiris.

1672–3 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 244 They reckon there would be little got by distraining.

1887 Spectator 4 June 760/1 To give instant warning of the approach of the distraining parties.

1895 Daily News 25 Jan. 5/3 The Judge..has been saying some severe things on the subject of distraining bailiffs.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	distrain
释义	† distrainn. Etymology: < distrain v. Obsolete. 1. = distraint n. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [noun] > seizing lands or goods > attachment of person or property for debt > seizure of goods naamlOE distressc1290 distrainingc1380 stress1443 attachmenta1450 poinding1462 distraina1500 strain1526 distressing1599 excussion1622 multiplepoinding1642 namation1706 distraint1730 distrainment1756 a1500 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 59 No distreyn y^t is made w^t in y^e sayd Burgage. 2. Restraint, control. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > [noun] havingeOE holdc1230 withholdingc1386 restrainingc1390 refraininga1398 repression?a1425 repressing1431 bridlingc1443 restraint1443 restrainc1449 repressurec1487 restingc1503 abstention1521 controlling1523 controlment1525 distrain1531 staying1563 control1564 refrain1568 retention1578 check1579 restrainment1579 refranation1583 cohibition1586 withholdment1640 curbing1661 coercion1827 chastenment1882 detent1907 clamp-down1940 1531 H. Latimer Let. Dec. in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 1323/1 The kyngs highnes..did decree that al admitted of Uniuersities, shoulde preache through out all his Realme, as longe as they preached wel, without distreine of any man. 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Distretta, a destraine, a trouble, an inconvenience. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online September 2021). distrainv. /dɪˈstreɪn/ Forms: Middle English–1500s destreyn(e, Middle English–1500s destrayne, distrayne, distreyne, (Middle English distrene, Middle English dystreyne, Middle English dystrayne, 1500s dystreine), Middle English–1700s distrein, 1500s–1600s distraine, 1500s– distrain; ScottishMiddle English–1600s des-, dys-, distrenȝe, distrinȝe. Etymology: Middle English < Old French destreindre , -aindre ‘to straine, presse, wring, vexe extremely, straiten’ (Cotgrave), present stem destreign- , past participle destreint ; = Italian distrignere , -stringere ‘to distraine, distress, pinch, straiten’ (Florio) < Latin distringĕre to draw asunder, stretch out, detain, occupy, < dī- , dis- prefix 1a + stringĕre to squeeze, draw tight. In medieval Latin and Romanic, the prefix lost its sundering force, being probably confounded with de-, and distringĕre became merely intensive of stringĕre, as in modern Italian. I. General senses: all Obsolete. †1. a. transitive. To press, compress, or grasp tightly; to squeeze; to clasp tightly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > pressing, pressure, or squeezing > press or squeeze [verb (transitive)] thrutchc888 distrainc1381 thrust1382 pressc1390 compressc1400 thresta1425 bruisec1465 thrumble1513 squize1548 squiss1558 scruze1590 squeeze1601 vice1602 squish1647 birzea1774 squeege1787 appress1789 squidge1881 punch1903 mash1930 c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 337 The gentyl faucoun that with his feet distraynyth The kyngis hand. c1390 G. Chaucer Proverbes Who so mychel wol embrace, Lytel þer-of he shal destreyne. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 372 b/1 Hit happed on a nyght that she distrayned her self by the throte that she was almost estrangled. 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xii. xii. 215 The Prince,..gently gan distraine Now him, now her, betweene his friendly armes. †b. To confine, bind, restrain. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > bind or tie [verb (transitive)] i-knitc1000 knitc1000 distrainc1374 lye1621 internect1664 c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Cambr.) ii. pr. vi. 42 A man..whiche þat visyous lustys holden destreyned with cheynes þat ne mowen nat be vnbownden. c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋195 Oure lord Ihesu crist..after that he hadde be bytraysed of his disciple, and destreyned and bounde. †c. figurative. To hold captive, or in constraint. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] at-hold?c1225 to hold inc1300 withholda1325 distrainc1340 restrain1397 stressa1425 detain1485 to lay fast1560 constrain1590 enstraiten1619 embinda1628 pin1738 coerce1780 deport1909 c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 18 Neuer-þe-lattere in þis maner felynge a saule may be distreynede by vayne glorye. c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde i. 355 Oþere besye nedes hym destrayned. †2. figurative. To hold in its grasp, as disease, sickness, love; to distress, oppress, afflict. Obsolete.In quots. a1547, a1618 perhaps ‘to strain’. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict overharryeOE aileOE swencheOE besetOE traya1000 teenOE to work (also do) (a person) woeOE derve?c1225 grieve1297 harrya1300 noyc1300 travailc1300 to work (also do) annoyc1300 wrath14.. aggrievea1325 annoya1325 tribula1325 to hold wakenc1330 anguish1340 distrainc1374 wrap1380 strain1382 ermec1386 afflicta1393 cumbera1400 assayc1400 distressc1400 temptc1400 encumber1413 labour1437 infortune?a1439 stressa1450 trouble1489 arraya1500 constraina1500 attempt1525 misease1530 exercise1531 to hold or keep waking1533 try1539 to wring to the worse1542 pinch1548 affligec1550 trounce1551 oppress1555 inflict1566 overharl1570 strait1579 to make a martyr of1599 straiten1611 tribulatea1637 to put through the hoop(s)1919 snooter1923 the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)] heavyc897 pineeOE aileOE sorryeOE traya1000 sorrowOE to work (also do) (a person) woeOE angerc1175 smarta1200 to work, bake, brew balec1200 derve?c1225 grieve?c1225 sitc1225 sweam?c1225 gnawc1230 sughc1230 troublec1230 aggrievea1325 to think sweama1325 unframea1325 anguish1340 teen1340 sowa1352 distrainc1374 to-troublea1382 strain1382 unglad1390 afflicta1393 paina1393 distressa1400 hita1400 sorea1400 assayc1400 remordc1400 temptc1400 to sit (or set) one sorec1420 overthrow?a1425 visit1424 labour1437 passionc1470 arraya1500 constraina1500 misgrievea1500 attempt1525 exagitate1532 to wring to the worse1542 toil1549 lament1580 adolorate1598 rankle1659 try1702 to pass over ——1790 upset1805 to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823 to put (a person) through it1855 bludgeon1888 to get to ——1904 to put through the hoop(s)1919 c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 1479 (1528) No word for sorwe she answerede, So sore gan his partyng here destreyne. c1430 J. Lydgate Compl. Black Knight xx And overmore distrayned with sicknesse Beside all this he was full grevously. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 266 b/1 The man of god..destrayned his body by soo grete trauaill of fastynges and wakynges that he languyssed in contynuel maladye. a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 1 Ragyng love with extreme payne Most cruelly distrains my hart. a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 121 Distrained with the wringing fits of his dying flesh. †3. To control by force, restrain, subdue. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > subjecting or subjugation > subject [verb (transitive)] wieldOE i-weldeOE onwaldOE overwieldlOE amaistera1250 underlaya1300 daunt1303 underbringc1320 yoke?c1335 undercasta1340 afaitec1350 faite1362 subjecta1382 to make subjectc1384 distraina1400 underlouta1400 underthewa1400 underset1422 subjectc1460 subjuge?1473 submise?1473 dompt1480 suppedit?1483 to keep under1486 abandon1487 bandon?a1500 suppeditatec1545 to bring under1563 reduce1569 assubject1579 overpower1597 envassal1606 assubjugate1609 vassal1612 subact1619 vassalize1647 vassalate1659 to school down1818 to ride herd on (also over)1895 a1400–50 Alexander 4244 A Kyng with-outen cunnyng, he can noȝt distreyne His subi[e]ctis. c1530 Spirituall Counsayle H ij Howe by his wysdome on the Crosse he hathe distrayned all the power of the devyll. †4. To constrain, force, or compel (a person to do something). Obsolete. (Hence the legal sense 7.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > to do something holdc1275 piltc1275 constraina1340 strength1340 distrainc1374 compelc1380 makec1395 distressa1400 stressa1400 art?1406 putc1450 coerce1475 cohert1475 enforce1509 perforce1509 forcec1540 violent?1551 press1600 necessitate1601 rack1602 restrain1621 reduce1622 oblige1632 necessiate1709 c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 596 Distreyne here herte as faste to retorne, As þow dost myn to longen here to se. c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋35 Penitence destreyneth a man to accepte benygnely euery peyne..enioyned. c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. (1898) 62 Who destreyns þe to swere ofte? 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xii. 338 Thar gret vaward alsua Wes distrenȝeit the bak till ta. †5. To strain out, express; to extract by pressing or straining. (In quot. 1563, intransitive for reflexive.) ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > straining > strain [verb (transitive)] > remove by straining distrainc1400 strain1526 c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. (1898) 85 His properte ys, to make stalworthe þe stomak, & destreyne & purge þe euyl and rotyn humours þat er in þe stomak. 1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. I.vii^v The gryefe so sore, doth growe in euery parte, Distraynyng through the venomed vaines doth so torment the Hart. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 150 Coffa or Coho, a drinke..blacke, thicke and bitter; distrained from Berries of that quality. †6. a. To pull or tear off. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Ezek. xvii. 22 Y shal take of the merewȝ of the heeȝ cedre, and I shal putte of the cop of his braunchis; the tendre I shal distreyne, [a1425 L.V. streyne, L. distringam]. b. To rend or tear asunder. [After Latin senses.] Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear apart to-loukc890 to-braidc893 to-tearc893 to-teec893 to-rendc950 to-breakc1200 to-tugc1220 to-lima1225 rivea1250 to-drawa1250 to-tosea1250 drawa1300 rendc1300 to-rit13.. to-rivec1300 to-tusec1300 rakea1325 renta1325 to-pullc1330 to-tightc1330 tirec1374 halea1398 lacerate?a1425 to-renta1425 yryve1426 raga1450 to pull to (or in) piecesc1450 ravec1450 discerp1483 pluck1526 rip1530 decerp1531 rift1534 dilaniate1535 rochec1540 rack1549 teasea1550 berend1577 distract1585 ream1587 distrain1590 unrive1592 unseam1592 outrive1598 divulse1602 dilacerate1604 harrow1604 tatter1608 mammocka1616 uprentc1620 divell1628 divellicate1638 seam-rend1647 proscind1659 skail1768 screeda1785 spret1832 to tear to shreds1837 ribbon1897 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xii. sig. Bb2 That same net so cunningly was wound, That neither guile, nor force might it distraine. II. Law. [The earliest use recorded, but etymologically a specific application of 4.] †7. transitive. a. To constrain or force (a person) by the seizure and detention of a chattel or thing, to perform some obligation (as to pay money owed by him, to make satisfaction for some wrong done by him or by his beasts, or to perform some other act, e.g. to appear in court); to punish by such seizure and detention for the non-performance of such obligation. (See distress n. II.) Obsolete exc. Historical, or as included in c. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [verb (transitive)] > seize for debt > seize debtor's goods > seize goods of distrainc1290 strainc1450 stress1521 c1290 Beket 758 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 128 Non Erchebishop of Caunturburi nas neuere i-somoned so, Ne so destreyned of no king [v.r. of nothing]. 1292 Britton i. xxvii. [xxvi]. §1 Le viscounte face destreyndre les trespasours par lour avers et par lour chateus.] 1414 Corr. Priory Coldingham (1841) 86 Full power and autorite..the same tenantz and tenantdris til distreyn and hald, till all rerages and dettes..be assethid. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 19 §9 For none payment therof to destreyn the seid persones so beyng behynde by their goodes and catalles. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 142 To make sommons, and distreyne for lacke of appearaunce, all and euery Tenant of the sayd Abbot. 1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 467 He refused to give leave..to distrein the Bishop of St. Davids in Parliament time. 1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law I. 335 After distraining the tenant by his chattels, the lord may obtain from his seignorial tribunal a judgment authorizing him to distrain the tenant by his land. 1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law II. 574 Observe that [in the 13th c.], when words are correctly used, one does not distrain a thing; one distrains a man by (per) a thing. b. with infinitive or subordinate clause, expressing the purpose. ΚΠ c1290 Beket 748 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 128 Seint thomas londes into is hond his men nome, Ase it were for-to destreynen him þat he to his court come. c1315 Shoreham 72 Destrayned be he scholde, Be rytte To do hyt ȝyf that he may. 1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem 27 He may be distrenzied in his lands, to come to court. 1629 Vse of Law 25 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Commanding him [sc. the Sheriffe] to distraine them by their Lands to appear at a certaine day. 1641 Art. against Sir H. Davenport in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 335 That he should distrain James Maleverer, Esq; to appear before the Barons of his Majesty's said Court of Exchequer. 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 294 All such as ought to be Knights and are not, shall be distrained to undertake the weapons of Knighthood. 1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 135 The widow shall pay nothing for her marriage, nor shall be distreined to marry afresh. 1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law I. 334 The lord's handiest remedy is that of distraining his tenant to perform the services that are in arrear. c. In later usage: To levy a distress upon (a person), in order by the sale of the chattels to obtain satisfaction for a debt, particularly for arrears of rent. (But the usual construction in this sense is to distrain upon: see 8b.) ΚΠ 1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued I. i. 45 When Squire Peremptory distrained his tenant for rent, perhaps he [etc.]. 1772 S. Denne & W. Shrubsole Hist. Rochester 46 Who had been distrained for the repair of the head of the bridge. 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) III. 201 A peer could, therefore, never be arrested for debt; the law presuming that he had sufficient lands and tenements in which he might be distrained. 8. a. absol. or intransitive. To levy a distress. Const. for (a thing). Originally in order to compel the defaulter, by detention of the thing seized, to pay money due or perform an obligation; but in later use including the power to obtain satisfaction by sale of the chattels. See distress n. 3. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [verb (intransitive)] > seize goods for debt distrainc1350 pound1439 poind1495 c1350 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 362 Ȝif eny þo þat nymeþ rente of eny tenement in fraunchyse of þe Citee, and his rente holleche be by-hynde, oþer half oþer more and he ne fynde for to dystreyne. 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 27 If my wil be nat devly executyd in eche part, they to haue pover to distreyne. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 11 To distreyne for the same rentes in the seid Maners. 1513 Will of Robert Fabyan in R. Fabyan New Chrons. Eng. & France (1811) Pref. p. ix I geve full power over the said churchwardeyns..to distreyn w^tin any of the foresaid londs and tenements..and the distres so taken to withold & kepe till the said annuytie..be fully contented and paied. 1552 in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. iii. 152 It shalbe laufull for any offycer of the said Cytie..to dystreine for the same [yearly rent]. 1649 Articles of Peace with Irish Rebels 27 Any seven or more of them, in case of refractories, or delinquencie may distrain and imprison. 1764 R. Burn Hist. Poor Laws 251 Where power is given to distrain, it seemeth reasonable that power should be given to come at the goods. 1863 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. ii. vii. 237 The landlord had of course a legal right to distrain for the rent. b. Const. upon, on a person or thing. (With indirect passive to be distrained upon.) ΚΠ 1605 W. Camden Remaines (1984) 234 I will not lend money to my superiour, upon whom I cannot distrain for the debt. 1689 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) I. 311 He was distreyned upon by Cornelius Empson, for Contrey Rates. 1812 Examiner 7 Sept. 570/2 He was..threatened..to be distrained on for the assessment and surcharge. 1861 C. H. Pearson Early & Middle Ages Eng. xxxiv He or his heirs might distrain on them if this were neglected. 1891 Punch 25 Apr. 195/2 The total failure of my last attempt to distrain on the stock of a neighbouring farmer. figurative.a1658 J. Cleveland Clievelandi Vindiciæ (1677) 2 The Airy Freebooter distrains First on the Violet of her Veins, Whose Tincture could it be more pure, His ravenous kiss had made it blewer.a1678 A. Marvell in Compl. Poems (1972) 213 When daring Blood his rent to have regained Upon the English diadem distrained [etc.] 9. transitive. To seize (chattels, etc.) by way of distress; to levy a distress upon. archaic. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [verb (transitive)] > seize for debt > seize debtor's goods pound1398 poindc1430 stress?c1430 pind1437 distressc1450 strain1455 strain1503 distrain1530 fence1570 excuss1726 naam1895 1530 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student xxvii. f. lxxvi^v A pounde..to put in beestes that be dystrayned. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 130 My fathers goods are all distrainde and sold. View more context for this quotation 1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 490 The Laws or reasonable Customs of England will not permit a Horse to be destrained when a Man or Woman is riding upon him. a1713 T. Ellwood Hist. Life (1714) 66 If you have no Money, you have a good Horse under you; and we can Distrain him for the Charge. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 256 All process whereby the person of any embassador..may be arrested, or his goods distreined or seised, shall be utterly null and void. 1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon 186 All chattels and personal effects, found upon the premises, may be distrained, whether they belong to the tenant or to a stranger. †10. Extensions or loose uses of the legal senses. a. To deprive (a person) of (something). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > loss > taking away > take away [verb (transitive)] > deprive (of) benimc890 to do of ——eOE bedealc1000 disturbc1230 bereavec1275 reave?a1300 acquitc1300 benemec1300 deprivec1330 privea1382 subvertc1384 oppressc1395 abridgea1400 to bate of, from1399 lessa1400 nakena1400 dischargea1425 privatec1425 to bring outa1450 abatec1450 sever?1507 spulyie?1507 denude1513 disable1529 distrain1530 destituec1540 destitutec1540 defalk1541 to turn out of ——1545 discomfit1548 wipe1549 nude1551 disannul?a1556 bereft1557 diminish1559 benoom1563 joint1573 uncase1583 rid1585 disarm1590 visitc1592 ease1600 dispatch1604 unfurnisha1616 rig1629 retrench1640 unbecomea1641 disentail1641 cashier1690 twin1722 mulct1748 fordo1764 to do out of ——1796 to cut out1815 bate1823 deprivate1832 devoid1878 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 522/1 I distrayne a persone of his lybertye, or plucke some thynge from hym that belongeth him. †b. To seize, confiscate, annex. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > seizing > seize [verb (transitive)] > by (public) authority achete?a1439 encheata1464 confisk1474 prizea1500 sequestera1513 confiscatea1533 distraina1616 expropriate1875 a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) i. iv. 60 Here's Beauford, that regards nor God nor King, Hath here distrayn'd the Tower to his vse. View more context for this quotation 1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads xi. 622 I then went his Cattle to destrain, And take amends for those he took of mine. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. viii. 86 They first built a Sconce..both to secure themselves from sudden Attacks or Surprize, as well as to hold what they might distrain from the poor Peasants. Derivatives diˈstrained adj. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [adjective] > liable to be levied upon for debt > seizing goods for debt > having goods seized distrained1530 1530–1 Act 22 Hen. VIII c. 12 If any such person..distreined appere not at the day and place conteyned in suche distresse. diˈstraining n. and adj. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [noun] > seizing lands or goods > attachment of person or property for debt > seizure of goods naamlOE distressc1290 distrainingc1380 stress1443 attachmenta1450 poinding1462 distraina1500 strain1526 distressing1599 excussion1622 multiplepoinding1642 namation1706 distraint1730 distrainment1756 society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [adjective] > liable to be levied upon for debt > seizing goods for debt distraining1887 c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 302 Stelyng of chartris, and distreynyng of ȝonge eiris. 1672–3 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 244 They reckon there would be little got by distraining. 1887 Spectator 4 June 760/1 To give instant warning of the approach of the distraining parties. 1895 Daily News 25 Jan. 5/3 The Judge..has been saying some severe things on the subject of distraining bailiffs. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.a1500v.c1290
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† distrainn.

distrainv.

Derivatives