allo-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek ἀλλο-.

Etymology: < ancient Greek ἀλλο-, combining form (in e.g. ἀλλόχροος : see allochroous adj.) of ἄλλος other, different < the same Indo-European base as else adv. Compare post-classical Latin and scientific Latin allo- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 19th cent., e.g. allomorphosis allomorphosis n.), French allo- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 18th cent., e.g. allonyme allonym n.), German allo- (formations in which are found from at least the early 19th cent., e.g. allopathisch allopathic adj.).Attested earliest in the Latin loan allophyle n. in the late 16th cent. Before the mid 19th cent., chiefly in loans or adaptations of foreign words; apart from allotheism n. (second half of the 17th cent.), native formations are rare before that date.

1. Forming nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘other, different(ly)’, as allotheism n., allonymous adj., allogenic adj., etc.

2. Chemistry. Prefixed to the name of an organic substance to denote another substance isomeric with it (sometimes with the implication of relative instability, or of a particular structural form), as allocinnamic, allomaleic (acids). Also prefixed to other words, as allo-acid, allo-compound, allo-form.Sometimes printed in italics (often with a hyphen). Cf. iso- comb. form 2.

ΚΠ

1886 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 50 688 It is proposed to use the prefix ‘allo’ for the less stable of two such isomerides: thus fumaric acid might be designated allomaleic acid, or the β-trimethylenecarboxylic acid of Conrad and Guthzeit as alloitaconic acid.

1890 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 58 1417 Both iso- and allo-cinnamic acids are gradually converted into cinnamic acid on exposure to direct sunlight, but the change takes place less rapidly in the case of the allo-acid.

1894 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 66 i. 173 The allo-form of cinnamylacrylic acid.

1912 J. J. Sudborough & T. C. James Pract. Org. Chem. xxxii. 302 Almost invariably one of the two stereoisomers is less stable than the other; this is frequently termed the allo-compound.

1949 S. Miall & L. M. Miall New Dict. Chem. (ed. 2) 21/1 With sterols and related substances the prefix allo- should indicate that rings A and B are in the trans position to each other, but allocholesterol is an exception.

1969 Science 24 Jan. 354/3 Since the configuration at the beta-carbon atom was not involved, not an antipod ( d-isoleucine or d-threonine) was formed but a diastereoisomer ( d-alloisoleucine and d-allothreonine).

2009 W. L. F. Armarego & C. L. L. Chai Purification Lab. Chemicals (ed. 6) iv. 264 When the allo-acid (m 68°) is heated at 20° above its melting point in a sealed capillary for 0.5 hours and allowed to cool slowly, Erlenmyer's iso-cinnamic acid m 42° is formed.

3. Biology. Forming compounds ending in -ploid or -ploidy, relating to possession of sets of chromosomes derived from different species by hybridization, as allopolyploid adj. and n., allotetraploid n. and adj. Contrasted with auto- comb. form¹ 1b.

ΚΠ

1927 [see allopolyploid adj.].

1938 New Phytologist 37 148 It is uncertain whether the plant is an auto- or allotriploid, but the indications point to the latter.

1941 New Phytologist 40 334 A stable hexaploid type, probably allohexaploid, having arisen by duplication of the chromosomes in the triploid, resulting from a cross between a diploid and a tetraploid.

1947 Bot. Rev. 13 333 Additional cytological evidence supporting the hypothesis of allohexaploidy was the reported absence of multivalents at metaphase I.

1960 Bryologist 63 9 The differential behaviour of the two large bivalents may point towards the allodiploid nature of the species.

1966 Nature 15 Oct. 317/2 Triticum aestivum is an allohexaploid species originating from the hybridization of a tetraploid wheat and the diploid species Aegilops squarrosa.

1982 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 69 498 (caption) Analysis of observed and expected number of meiotic configurations in allopentaploid hybrids.

1992 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 79 620/1 Electrophoretic profiles..support the hypothesis that I[soetes] × hickeyi is a sterile hybrid between I. echinospora and I. lacustris and that I. brochonii could be an allododecaploid derivative of I. × hickeyi.

2005 D. L. Hartl & E. W. Jones Genetics (ed. 6) viii. 340 From how many possible pathways of hybridization and polyploidization could the diploid species with genomes AA, BB, CC, and DD yield an allooctaploid with the genome AABBCCDD?

2006 D. A. Johnston in A. G. Maule & N. J. Marks Parasitic Flatworms ii. 51/1 Some authors report that the C-banding patterns of all copies of a particular chromosome are identical, suggesting autotriploidy, whilst others report differences, suggesting allotriploidy as a result of interspecific hybridization.

Categories »

4. In Linguistics, with reference to variation in one particular property among members of a given class, as allograph n.², allomorph n.², allophone n.¹

5. Biology and Medicine. Forming words referring to different, esp. genetically or immunologically dissimilar, individuals of the same species, as allograft n., allogrooming n.

alloantiserum n.

Brit.

/ˌaləʊˈantɪˌsɪərəm/

U.S.

/ˌæloʊˈænˌtaɪˌsɪrəm/

/ˌæloʊˈæn(t)iˌsɪrəm/

an antiserum that reacts with allogeneic antigens.

ΚΠ

1970 Biochem. & Biophysical Res. Communications 38 4 (table) Alloantiserum.

1991 Amer. Zoologist 31 582/1 Alloantisera were used originally in order to identify class I molecules by immunoprecipitation.

2006 Transplant Immunol. 17 41/1 For all experiments a hyperimmune human alloantiserum was used as positive control after confirming it contained MIC and/or HLA antibodies.

allorecognition n.

Brit.

/ˌalə(ʊ)ˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌæloʊˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/

the ability to distinguish between an organism's own cells or components and those of genetically distinct members of the same species; allogeneic recognition.

ΚΠ

1973 Ann. Rep. Basel Inst. Immunol. 2 58 There are many speculations on the role of the molecules detected as major histocompatibility antigens in cellular iso- or allo-recognition processes.

1987 L. W. Buss Evol. Individuality 151 All major colonial metazoan taxa..display genetically based systems of fusion and rejection, whereby fusion is typically restricted solely to close kin. This is allorecognition.

2008 Internat. Jrnl. Developmental Biol. 52 637 Many ascidians..show..preference for cross-fertilization rather than self-fertilization. The molecular mechanisms underlying this allorecognition process are only poorly understood.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	allo-
释义	allo-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek ἀλλο-. Etymology: < ancient Greek ἀλλο-, combining form (in e.g. ἀλλόχροος : see allochroous adj.) of ἄλλος other, different < the same Indo-European base as else adv. Compare post-classical Latin and scientific Latin allo- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 19th cent., e.g. allomorphosis allomorphosis n.), French allo- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 18th cent., e.g. allonyme allonym n.), German allo- (formations in which are found from at least the early 19th cent., e.g. allopathisch allopathic adj.).Attested earliest in the Latin loan allophyle n. in the late 16th cent. Before the mid 19th cent., chiefly in loans or adaptations of foreign words; apart from allotheism n. (second half of the 17th cent.), native formations are rare before that date. 1. Forming nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘other, different(ly)’, as allotheism n., allonymous adj., allogenic adj., etc. 2. Chemistry. Prefixed to the name of an organic substance to denote another substance isomeric with it (sometimes with the implication of relative instability, or of a particular structural form), as allocinnamic, allomaleic (acids). Also prefixed to other words, as allo-acid, allo-compound, allo-form.Sometimes printed in italics (often with a hyphen). Cf. iso- comb. form 2. ΚΠ 1886 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 50 688 It is proposed to use the prefix ‘allo’ for the less stable of two such isomerides: thus fumaric acid might be designated allomaleic acid, or the β-trimethylenecarboxylic acid of Conrad and Guthzeit as alloitaconic acid. 1890 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 58 1417 Both iso- and allo-cinnamic acids are gradually converted into cinnamic acid on exposure to direct sunlight, but the change takes place less rapidly in the case of the allo-acid. 1894 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 66 i. 173 The allo-form of cinnamylacrylic acid. 1912 J. J. Sudborough & T. C. James Pract. Org. Chem. xxxii. 302 Almost invariably one of the two stereoisomers is less stable than the other; this is frequently termed the allo-compound. 1949 S. Miall & L. M. Miall New Dict. Chem. (ed. 2) 21/1 With sterols and related substances the prefix allo- should indicate that rings A and B are in the trans position to each other, but allocholesterol is an exception. 1969 Science 24 Jan. 354/3 Since the configuration at the beta-carbon atom was not involved, not an antipod ( d-isoleucine or d-threonine) was formed but a diastereoisomer ( d-alloisoleucine and d-allothreonine). 2009 W. L. F. Armarego & C. L. L. Chai Purification Lab. Chemicals (ed. 6) iv. 264 When the allo-acid (m 68°) is heated at 20° above its melting point in a sealed capillary for 0.5 hours and allowed to cool slowly, Erlenmyer's iso-cinnamic acid m 42° is formed. 3. Biology. Forming compounds ending in -ploid or -ploidy, relating to possession of sets of chromosomes derived from different species by hybridization, as allopolyploid adj. and n., allotetraploid n. and adj. Contrasted with auto- comb. form¹ 1b. ΚΠ 1927 [see allopolyploid adj.]. 1938 New Phytologist 37 148 It is uncertain whether the plant is an auto- or allotriploid, but the indications point to the latter. 1941 New Phytologist 40 334 A stable hexaploid type, probably allohexaploid, having arisen by duplication of the chromosomes in the triploid, resulting from a cross between a diploid and a tetraploid. 1947 Bot. Rev. 13 333 Additional cytological evidence supporting the hypothesis of allohexaploidy was the reported absence of multivalents at metaphase I. 1960 Bryologist 63 9 The differential behaviour of the two large bivalents may point towards the allodiploid nature of the species. 1966 Nature 15 Oct. 317/2 Triticum aestivum is an allohexaploid species originating from the hybridization of a tetraploid wheat and the diploid species Aegilops squarrosa. 1982 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 69 498 (caption) Analysis of observed and expected number of meiotic configurations in allopentaploid hybrids. 1992 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 79 620/1 Electrophoretic profiles..support the hypothesis that I[soetes] × hickeyi is a sterile hybrid between I. echinospora and I. lacustris and that I. brochonii could be an allododecaploid derivative of I. × hickeyi. 2005 D. L. Hartl & E. W. Jones Genetics (ed. 6) viii. 340 From how many possible pathways of hybridization and polyploidization could the diploid species with genomes AA, BB, CC, and DD yield an allooctaploid with the genome AABBCCDD? 2006 D. A. Johnston in A. G. Maule & N. J. Marks Parasitic Flatworms ii. 51/1 Some authors report that the C-banding patterns of all copies of a particular chromosome are identical, suggesting autotriploidy, whilst others report differences, suggesting allotriploidy as a result of interspecific hybridization. Categories » 4. In Linguistics, with reference to variation in one particular property among members of a given class, as allograph n.², allomorph n.², allophone n.¹ 5. Biology and Medicine. Forming words referring to different, esp. genetically or immunologically dissimilar, individuals of the same species, as allograft n., allogrooming n. alloantiserum n. Brit. /ˌaləʊˈantɪˌsɪərəm/ , U.S. /ˌæloʊˈænˌtaɪˌsɪrəm/ , /ˌæloʊˈæn(t)iˌsɪrəm/ an antiserum that reacts with allogeneic antigens. ΚΠ 1970 Biochem. & Biophysical Res. Communications 38 4 (table) Alloantiserum. 1991 Amer. Zoologist 31 582/1 Alloantisera were used originally in order to identify class I molecules by immunoprecipitation. 2006 Transplant Immunol. 17 41/1 For all experiments a hyperimmune human alloantiserum was used as positive control after confirming it contained MIC and/or HLA antibodies. allorecognition n. Brit. /ˌalə(ʊ)ˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌæloʊˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ the ability to distinguish between an organism's own cells or components and those of genetically distinct members of the same species; allogeneic recognition. ΚΠ 1973 Ann. Rep. Basel Inst. Immunol. 2 58 There are many speculations on the role of the molecules detected as major histocompatibility antigens in cellular iso- or allo-recognition processes. 1987 L. W. Buss Evol. Individuality 151 All major colonial metazoan taxa..display genetically based systems of fusion and rejection, whereby fusion is typically restricted solely to close kin. This is allorecognition. 2008 Internat. Jrnl. Developmental Biol. 52 637 Many ascidians..show..preference for cross-fertilization rather than self-fertilization. The molecular mechanisms underlying this allorecognition process are only poorly understood. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < comb. form1886
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