deprep.

/diː/

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin de; French de.

Etymology: Partly (in branch I.) < classical Latin dē (preposition) from, away from, down from, out of (see de- prefix). Partly (in branch II.) < French de (9th cent. in Old French) < classical Latin dē.

I. A Latin preposition, meaning ‘down from, from, off, concerning’, occurring in some Latin phrases more or less used in English. The chief of these are the following:

1. de bene esse (Law), as of ‘well-being’, as being good, of conditional allowance for the present.‘To take or do any thing De bene esse, is to accept or allow it, as well done for present,..but [on fuller examination] to be allowed or disallowed, according to the Merit or Well-being of the thing in its own nature’ (Blount, Law Dict. 1670). [ < post-classical Latin de bene esse (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources) < classical Latin de de prep. + bene well (see benign adj.) + esse to be (see esse n.).]

ΚΠ

1603 Egerton Papers (Camden) 372 Wherefore, de bene esse, I have provisionally made a warrant redy for his Ma^tyes signature.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) The Court..often orders that Defendant to be examined De bene esse, i. that his depositions are to be allowed or suppressed at the hearing, as the Judge shall see cause.

1885 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 29 290 The Court ultimately determined that it should be read de bene esse.

2. de congruo adv. of congruity n. [ < post-classical Latin de congruo (13th cent.) < classical Latin de de prep. + congruō , neuter ablative singular of congruus (see congrue adj.).]

ΚΠ

a1623 W. Pemble Justification (1629) 33 When they tell vs, that faith merits justification de Congruo they intrap themselues in grosse contradiction; seeing to deserve de Congruo is not to deserve at all.

1841 J. H. Newman Tract xc. §3 To deserve de congruo or of congruity, is to move the divine regard, not from any claim upon it, but from a certain fitness or suitableness: as for instance it might be said that dry wood had a certain disposition of fitness towards heat which green wood had not.

1856 E. H. Browne Expos. Thirty-nine Art. (ed. 3) Art. x It being agreeable to His nature and goodness to bestow grace on those who make such [unassisted] efforts. Endeavours then on the part of man to attain to godliness were by the schoolmen said to deserve grace de congruo, of congruity.

a. de facto adj. and adv. in fact, in reality, in actual existence, force, or possession, as a matter of fact. Very frequently opposed to de jure. Used also as an adj. = ‘actual, actually existing’, and then sometimes so far anglicized as to be prefixed to its noun. [ < classical Latin de factō < de de prep. + factō , ablative of factum fact n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [adverb]

in truthc1330

in faitha1375

in good faitha1393

in casea1398

in effectc1405

indeed1412

effectually1420

actually?a1425

really?a1425

of a truth1494

bottom1531

for a truth?1532

in fact1592

authentically1593

in esse1597

de facto1602

essentially1604

in nature1605

in point of fact1628

positively1649

in point of event1650

effectively1652

honestly1675

entally1691

reely1792

objectively1796

fairlyc1804

in actual fact1824

factually1852

naturally1858

transactionally1866

'smatter of fact1922

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > in fact, actually

in, of feata1400

in effectc1405

effectually1420

really?a1425

literallyc1429

(by) matter in deed1447

indeed1535

in fact1592

merely1596

de facto1602

essentially1604

in point of fact1628

upon1644

in point of event1650

effectively1652

in matter of fact1709

absolutelya1712

substantially1753

actually1762

positively1800

in actual fact1824

factually1852

as matter of fact1871

fair dinkum1891

dinkum1894

'smatter of fact1922

basically1927

1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions iii. 73 That the Pope erred de facto in the reconciliation of the French King.

1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. iii. §30 He may doe it de facto, but de iure he cannot.

1691 J. Norris Pract. Disc. Divine Subj. 29 It will appear, that de facto it is so.

1696 W. Stephens Acct. Growth of Deism in Eng. 12 The Shiboleth of the Church now is King William's de facto Title.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. 371 That temporary allegiance, which was due to him as king de facto.

1870 [see de jure adv. at sense 5].

1891 Law Rep.: Weekly Notes 18 Apr. 70/1 The acts of the de facto directors might..bind the company.

b. Hence † deˈfacto-man n. (also defacto) Obsolete one who recognised William III as king de facto.† deˈfactoship n. Obsolete a de facto standing, position, or title.

ΚΠ

1696 W. Stephens Acct. Growth of Deism in Eng. 15 For these de facto-men, and the Jacobites, were but lately the same sort of People.

1696 W. Stephens Acct. Growth of Deism in Eng. 13 And when the King had better Titles..yet he must be made to pay..Dr. S —— Sixteen Hundred Pounds a Year, for a Defactoship only.

1710 J. St. Leger Manager's Pro & Con 39 The one allows the Defactoship of the Queen.

4. de fide adj. of faith, to be held as an article of faith. [ < classical Latin de fidē < de de prep. + fidē , ablative of fidēs faith (see faith n.).]

ΚΠ

1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. iii. §5 Some [hold] that the Popes indirect Power over Princes in Temporalities is de Fide; Others the contrary.

1865 E. B. Pusey Eirenicon 115 The poorer classes are not, for the most part, even acquainted with the distinction between what is to be believed to be de fide and what is popularly taught them as truth.

1951 Ess. in Crit. 1 4 Modern critics..treat this as self-evident or de fide.

5. de jure adv. of right, by right, according to law. Nearly always opposed to de facto; like that also (though less usually), treated as an adj. = ‘legal’, and placed before the noun. [ < classical Latin de iure < de de prep. + iūre , ablative of iūs law, right (see jure n.).]

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > [adverb]

truly1376

rightfully?a1439

righteously1450

righta1500

fairly1540

de jure1611

1611 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times James I (1848) (modernized text) I. 136 Done de facto, and not de jure.

1638 [see de facto adj. and adv. at sense 3a].

1694 Poet Buffoon'd, etc. 7 Husband or Gallant, either way, De facto or De jure sway.

1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 81 States that are de facto independent, without having anything to do with the question de jure.

1870 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows (1886) 74 It is a de jure, and not a de facto property that we have in it.

6. de novo adv. anew, afresh, over again from the beginning. Rarely as adj. = ‘new, fresh’, and prefixed to a noun. [ < classical Latin de novō < de de prep. + novō , ablative of novus new adj.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > frequency > [adverb] > anew or again

moeOE

of newOE

yetOE

againOE

newlyOE

once morelOE

anewc1305

newa1325

i-gainc1325

againwardc1380

upon new1399

freshlya1413

newlings1440

of the newc1449

afreshc1450

of (also on) fresh1490

for the newc1535

backwardly1552

over againa1568

over1598

de novo1627

all over1811

1627 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) I. 304 It is said they have opened de novo Calais to our English trade.

1817 Peel in Edinb. Rev. 29 121 We cannot make a constitution de novo.

1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 143/2 A de novo development of such texture.

1881 Med. Temp. Jrnl. 49 18 In which it is developed by circumstances de novo.

7. de profundis, the first words of the Latin version of Psalm 130 (129) = ‘Out of the depths (have I cried)’; hence substantively: (a) the name of this psalm; (b) a psalm of penitence; (c) a cry from the depths of sorrow, misery, or degradation. [ < post-classical Latin de profundis out of the depths, the opening words of Psalm 130 (more fully de profundis clamavi out of the depths have I cried) < classical Latin de de prep. + profundīs , ablative plural (used as noun) of profundus profound adj.]

ΚΠ

1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 18 Saying De profundis for me, for my fader and my moder.

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 215 With De profundis fend the, and that failye.

1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. A2^v Let subiects for all their insolence, dedicate a De profundis euerie morning to the preseruation of their Cæsar.

1890 Open Court 10 Apr. 2204/2 The Labor cry, the new De Profundis, the passionate psalm of the workers appealing out of the depths of misery and degradation for more wages and less hours of daily toil.

II. The French preposition, meaning ‘of, from’.

8. The French preposition de, d'

/də/, anglicized

/diː/,

/dɪ/,

/də/, meaning ‘of, from’, occurring in names of places, as Ashby de la Zouch, in territorial titles, as Earl Grey de Wilton, Lord Talbot de Malahide, and in personal surnames, as De Lisle, D'Israeli, De Quincey; also, in French phrases more or less in English use, as coup d'état, coup de main, etc. (see coup n.³); de haut en bas [ < French de haut en bas < de de prep. + haut high (see haut adj.) + en in + bas bottom, ground (see base n.¹)] , from height to lowness, condescendingly as from a lofty position, with an air of conscious superiority or condescension; also attributive and in other combinations; de nouveau [ < French de nouveau (12th cent. in Old French as de novel ) < de de prep. + nouveau (see novel adj.)] , anew, afresh; de rigueur [ < French de rigueur (1783) < de de prep. + rigueur rigour n.] , of strictness, (a matter) strictly or rigorously obligatory, according to strict etiquette; de trop [ < French de trop (1669) < de de prep. + trop < an Old Low Franconian form underlying thorp n.] , too much, (one) too many, in the way.

ΚΠ

1697 J. Vanbrugh Relapse i. 8 Not if you treat him, De haut En bas, As you use to do.

1752 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 11 May (1932) (modernized text) V. 1872 I know no company in which you are likely to be de trop.

1778 H. Walpole Let. 4 July (1904) X. 271 The Congress has ratified the treaty with France, and intend to treat the Commissioners de haut en bas.

1793 E. Gibbon Let. (1956) II. 81 The first Chapter has been composed de nouveau three times.

1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) vi. 49 ‘I should only be de trop,’ said the Captain.

1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. i. 6 All the young men go to Spratt's after their balls. It is de rigueur, my dear.

1868 Good Words Aug. 516/1 A de-haut-en-bas-like drawling gait.

1882 W. R. Greg Misc. Ess. ix. 181 But her de-haut-en-bas judgment of Macaulay is perhaps widest of the mark.

1885 A. Edwardes Girton Girl I. ii. 39 Noble French family who..dropped the ‘de’ from before their name, and settled here [i.e. in Guernsey].

1887 Illustr. London News 5 Mar. 269/3 I am decidedly de trop this morning.

1888 C. M. Yonge Our New Mistress v. 43 The names with a De before them are always the grandest.

1915 Mrs. H. Ward Eltham House vii. 119 Ask an officer to do without his uniforms. My frocks are just as much de rigueur.

1944 A. L. Rowse Eng. Spirit 134 It seems to have been de rigueur to say that the Queen looked twenty.

1965 R. Ferguson Woman with Secret vi. 42 Her father thought he wasn't good enough for somebody with the ‘de’ in her name.

1966 Listener 17 Nov. 747/2 Hopkins has a distinct tendency to talk de haut en bas to his captive audience.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	de
释义	deprep. /diː/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin de; French de. Etymology: Partly (in branch I.) < classical Latin dē (preposition) from, away from, down from, out of (see de- prefix). Partly (in branch II.) < French de (9th cent. in Old French) < classical Latin dē. I. A Latin preposition, meaning ‘down from, from, off, concerning’, occurring in some Latin phrases more or less used in English. The chief of these are the following: 1. de bene esse (Law), as of ‘well-being’, as being good, of conditional allowance for the present.‘To take or do any thing De bene esse, is to accept or allow it, as well done for present,..but [on fuller examination] to be allowed or disallowed, according to the Merit or Well-being of the thing in its own nature’ (Blount, Law Dict. 1670). [ < post-classical Latin de bene esse (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources) < classical Latin de de prep. + bene well (see benign adj.) + esse to be (see esse n.).] ΚΠ 1603 Egerton Papers (Camden) 372 Wherefore, de bene esse, I have provisionally made a warrant redy for his Ma^tyes signature. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) The Court..often orders that Defendant to be examined De bene esse, i. that his depositions are to be allowed or suppressed at the hearing, as the Judge shall see cause. 1885 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 29 290 The Court ultimately determined that it should be read de bene esse. 2. de congruo adv. of congruity n. [ < post-classical Latin de congruo (13th cent.) < classical Latin de de prep. + congruō , neuter ablative singular of congruus (see congrue adj.).] ΚΠ a1623 W. Pemble Justification (1629) 33 When they tell vs, that faith merits justification de Congruo they intrap themselues in grosse contradiction; seeing to deserve de Congruo is not to deserve at all. 1841 J. H. Newman Tract xc. §3 To deserve de congruo or of congruity, is to move the divine regard, not from any claim upon it, but from a certain fitness or suitableness: as for instance it might be said that dry wood had a certain disposition of fitness towards heat which green wood had not. 1856 E. H. Browne Expos. Thirty-nine Art. (ed. 3) Art. x It being agreeable to His nature and goodness to bestow grace on those who make such [unassisted] efforts. Endeavours then on the part of man to attain to godliness were by the schoolmen said to deserve grace de congruo, of congruity. 3. a. de facto adj. and adv. in fact, in reality, in actual existence, force, or possession, as a matter of fact. Very frequently opposed to de jure. Used also as an adj. = ‘actual, actually existing’, and then sometimes so far anglicized as to be prefixed to its noun. [ < classical Latin de factō < de de prep. + factō , ablative of factum fact n.] ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [adverb] in truthc1330 in faitha1375 in good faitha1393 in casea1398 in effectc1405 indeed1412 effectually1420 actually?a1425 really?a1425 of a truth1494 bottom1531 for a truth?1532 in fact1592 authentically1593 in esse1597 de facto1602 essentially1604 in nature1605 in point of fact1628 positively1649 in point of event1650 effectively1652 honestly1675 entally1691 reely1792 objectively1796 fairlyc1804 in actual fact1824 factually1852 naturally1858 transactionally1866 'smatter of fact1922 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > in fact, actually in, of feata1400 in effectc1405 effectually1420 really?a1425 literallyc1429 (by) matter in deed1447 indeed1535 in fact1592 merely1596 de facto1602 essentially1604 in point of fact1628 upon1644 in point of event1650 effectively1652 in matter of fact1709 absolutelya1712 substantially1753 actually1762 positively1800 in actual fact1824 factually1852 as matter of fact1871 fair dinkum1891 dinkum1894 'smatter of fact1922 basically1927 1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions iii. 73 That the Pope erred de facto in the reconciliation of the French King. 1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. iii. §30 He may doe it de facto, but de iure he cannot. 1691 J. Norris Pract. Disc. Divine Subj. 29 It will appear, that de facto it is so. 1696 W. Stephens Acct. Growth of Deism in Eng. 12 The Shiboleth of the Church now is King William's de facto Title. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. 371 That temporary allegiance, which was due to him as king de facto. 1870 [see de jure adv. at sense 5]. 1891 Law Rep.: Weekly Notes 18 Apr. 70/1 The acts of the de facto directors might..bind the company. b. Hence † deˈfacto-man n. (also defacto) Obsolete one who recognised William III as king de facto.† deˈfactoship n. Obsolete a de facto standing, position, or title. ΚΠ 1696 W. Stephens Acct. Growth of Deism in Eng. 15 For these de facto-men, and the Jacobites, were but lately the same sort of People. 1696 W. Stephens Acct. Growth of Deism in Eng. 13 And when the King had better Titles..yet he must be made to pay..Dr. S —— Sixteen Hundred Pounds a Year, for a Defactoship only. 1710 J. St. Leger Manager's Pro & Con 39 The one allows the Defactoship of the Queen. 4. de fide adj. of faith, to be held as an article of faith. [ < classical Latin de fidē < de de prep. + fidē , ablative of fidēs faith (see faith n.).] ΚΠ 1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. iii. §5 Some [hold] that the Popes indirect Power over Princes in Temporalities is de Fide; Others the contrary. 1865 E. B. Pusey Eirenicon 115 The poorer classes are not, for the most part, even acquainted with the distinction between what is to be believed to be de fide and what is popularly taught them as truth. 1951 Ess. in Crit. 1 4 Modern critics..treat this as self-evident or de fide. 5. de jure adv. of right, by right, according to law. Nearly always opposed to de facto; like that also (though less usually), treated as an adj. = ‘legal’, and placed before the noun. [ < classical Latin de iure < de de prep. + iūre , ablative of iūs law, right (see jure n.).] ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > [adverb] truly1376 rightfully?a1439 righteously1450 righta1500 fairly1540 de jure1611 1611 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times James I (1848) (modernized text) I. 136 Done de facto, and not de jure. 1638 [see de facto adj. and adv. at sense 3a]. 1694 Poet Buffoon'd, etc. 7 Husband or Gallant, either way, De facto or De jure sway. 1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 81 States that are de facto independent, without having anything to do with the question de jure. 1870 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows (1886) 74 It is a de jure, and not a de facto property that we have in it. 6. de novo adv. anew, afresh, over again from the beginning. Rarely as adj. = ‘new, fresh’, and prefixed to a noun. [ < classical Latin de novō < de de prep. + novō , ablative of novus new adj.] ΘΚΠ the world > time > frequency > [adverb] > anew or again moeOE of newOE yetOE againOE newlyOE once morelOE anewc1305 newa1325 i-gainc1325 againwardc1380 upon new1399 freshlya1413 newlings1440 of the newc1449 afreshc1450 of (also on) fresh1490 for the newc1535 backwardly1552 over againa1568 over1598 de novo1627 all over1811 1627 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) I. 304 It is said they have opened de novo Calais to our English trade. 1817 Peel in Edinb. Rev. 29 121 We cannot make a constitution de novo. 1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 143/2 A de novo development of such texture. 1881 Med. Temp. Jrnl. 49 18 In which it is developed by circumstances de novo. 7. de profundis, the first words of the Latin version of Psalm 130 (129) = ‘Out of the depths (have I cried)’; hence substantively: (a) the name of this psalm; (b) a psalm of penitence; (c) a cry from the depths of sorrow, misery, or degradation. [ < post-classical Latin de profundis out of the depths, the opening words of Psalm 130 (more fully de profundis clamavi out of the depths have I cried) < classical Latin de de prep. + profundīs , ablative plural (used as noun) of profundus profound adj.] ΚΠ 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 18 Saying De profundis for me, for my fader and my moder. 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 215 With De profundis fend the, and that failye. 1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. A2^v Let subiects for all their insolence, dedicate a De profundis euerie morning to the preseruation of their Cæsar. 1890 Open Court 10 Apr. 2204/2 The Labor cry, the new De Profundis, the passionate psalm of the workers appealing out of the depths of misery and degradation for more wages and less hours of daily toil. II. The French preposition, meaning ‘of, from’. 8. The French preposition de, d' /də/, anglicized /diː/, /dɪ/, /də/, meaning ‘of, from’, occurring in names of places, as Ashby de la Zouch, in territorial titles, as Earl Grey de Wilton, Lord Talbot de Malahide, and in personal surnames, as De Lisle, D'Israeli, De Quincey; also, in French phrases more or less in English use, as coup d'état, coup de main, etc. (see coup n.³); de haut en bas [ < French de haut en bas < de de prep. + haut high (see haut adj.) + en in + bas bottom, ground (see base n.¹)] , from height to lowness, condescendingly as from a lofty position, with an air of conscious superiority or condescension; also attributive and in other combinations; de nouveau [ < French de nouveau (12th cent. in Old French as de novel ) < de de prep. + nouveau (see novel adj.)] , anew, afresh; de rigueur [ < French de rigueur (1783) < de de prep. + rigueur rigour n.] , of strictness, (a matter) strictly or rigorously obligatory, according to strict etiquette; de trop [ < French de trop (1669) < de de prep. + trop < an Old Low Franconian form underlying thorp n.] , too much, (one) too many, in the way. ΚΠ 1697 J. Vanbrugh Relapse i. 8 Not if you treat him, De haut En bas, As you use to do. 1752 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 11 May (1932) (modernized text) V. 1872 I know no company in which you are likely to be de trop. 1778 H. Walpole Let. 4 July (1904) X. 271 The Congress has ratified the treaty with France, and intend to treat the Commissioners de haut en bas. 1793 E. Gibbon Let. (1956) II. 81 The first Chapter has been composed de nouveau three times. 1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) vi. 49 ‘I should only be de trop,’ said the Captain. 1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. i. 6 All the young men go to Spratt's after their balls. It is de rigueur, my dear. 1868 Good Words Aug. 516/1 A de-haut-en-bas-like drawling gait. 1882 W. R. Greg Misc. Ess. ix. 181 But her de-haut-en-bas judgment of Macaulay is perhaps widest of the mark. 1885 A. Edwardes Girton Girl I. ii. 39 Noble French family who..dropped the ‘de’ from before their name, and settled here [i.e. in Guernsey]. 1887 Illustr. London News 5 Mar. 269/3 I am decidedly de trop this morning. 1888 C. M. Yonge Our New Mistress v. 43 The names with a De before them are always the grandest. 1915 Mrs. H. Ward Eltham House vii. 119 Ask an officer to do without his uniforms. My frocks are just as much de rigueur. 1944 A. L. Rowse Eng. Spirit 134 It seems to have been de rigueur to say that the Queen looked twenty. 1965 R. Ferguson Woman with Secret vi. 42 Her father thought he wasn't good enough for somebody with the ‘de’ in her name. 1966 Listener 17 Nov. 747/2 Hopkins has a distinct tendency to talk de haut en bas to his captive audience. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online June 2022). > see also also refers to : de-prefix < prep.1463 see also
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deprep.

> see also