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单词 pyro-
释义

pyro-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.
Forms: 1500s piro-, 1500s– pyro-. Before a vowel or h occasionally pyr-.
Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek πυρο-.
Etymology: < ancient Greek πυρο-, combining form (in e.g. πυροϕοβεῖν to fear fire; compare pyrophobia n. at sense 1) of πῦρ fire < the same Indo-European base as fire n. Compare classical Latin pyro-.Occurring earliest in late Middle English in borrowings or adaptations of words ultimately of Greek origin, via French or Latin, and in formations based on these (as pyromancy n., pyromancer n., pyrope n.). New formations within English are found sparingly from the 17th cent. (apparently earliest in pyrolatry n.), and become more frequent from the 19th cent. Compare French pyro- (formations in which are apparently found from the 17th cent.), German pyro- (formations in which are apparently found from the 18th cent.) Chiefly combining with second elements ultimately of Greek or Latin origin.
1. Of, relating to, performed with, or produced by fire or heat.
pyrocellulose n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿləʊs/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿləʊz/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈsɛljəˌloʊs/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈsɛljəˌloʊz/
a form of nitrocellulose with a relatively low nitrogen content, used in explosives; cf. gun-cotton n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds
nitric ether1796
nitro-compound1852
nitro-substitute1852
nitro-acid1857
nitro-substitution1863
nitrocellulose1868
pyrocellulose1901
1901 J. Bernadou tr. D. Mendeléef in J. Bernadou Smokeless Powder (App. 2) 99 Besides chemical homogeneity, pyrocellulose and the powders prepared therefrom possess a second distinguishing quality, viz., that for a given weight of their substance they develop a maximum volume of evolved gases.
1920 O. W. Willcox in A. Rogers Industr. Chem. (ed. 3) xlvi. 1076 Nitrocellulose of from 12·50 to 12·70 per cent of nitrogen is called pyrocellulose, or simply pyro, and is the material from which smokeless powder for cannon is made.
1951 R. E. Kirk & D. F. Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. VI. 36 Various types or grades of nitrocellulose are characterized by their nitrogen contents..: pyroxylin, 8–12% nitrogen; pyrocellulose, 12·6 ± 0·1% nitrogen; guncotton, 13·3 ± 0·1% nitrogen.
1989 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 280/1 It was..the most important type of smokeless powder used by the Allies in World War I. It was made from a nitrocotton of relatively low nitrogen content, called pyrocellulose.
† pyrocone n. Obsolete rare a cone-shaped flame, as produced by a gas burner.
ΚΠ
1872 W. A. Ross in Proc. Royal Soc. 20 449 The term ‘Pyrocone’ is used instead of that of ‘flame’.
1880 Nature 22 Jan. 275/1 The blue pyrocone produced by the blowpipe from an ordinary gas-burner.
pyro-electrolyte n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrəʊᵻˈlɛktrəlʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊəˈlɛktrəˌlaɪt/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊiˈlɛktrəˌlaɪt/
a substance that conducts electricity only when raised to a certain temperature.
ΚΠ
1903 Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers 1902 19 77 The abnormal radiation efficiency is more or less lost by the necessity of operating at a temperature below the fusion point of the pyro-electrolyte.
1997 Jrnl. Chem. Physics 107 5118/1 Several other model systems have been examined, including annealed heteropolymers, charged pyroelectrolytes and polyampholytes, and polymeric mesogenes.
pyro-engraver n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrəʊᵻnˈɡreɪvə/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊɛnˈɡreɪvə/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊᵻŋˈɡreɪvə/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊɛŋˈɡreɪvə/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊᵻnˈɡreɪvər/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˌɛnˈɡreɪvər/
an artist who engraves objects by using a heated metallic point to burn a design into the surface; a pyrographer.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > pokerwork > [noun] > artist
pyrographist1891
pyro-engraver1897
1897 Daily News 27 Mar. 6/7 Henri Guénard, the eminent draughtsman, painter, aquafortist, pyro-engraver, and engraver in colours.
2004 J. Widess & G. Summit Compl. Bk. Gourd Carving (rev. ed.) 162 Gary Devine is a fine draftsman, art teacher, and gourd pyro-engraver.
pyromachy n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɒməki/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɑməki/
[ < pyro- comb. form + -machy comb. form, after post-classical Latin pyromachia (?1530 in Agrippa); compare Hellenistic Greek πυρομαχεῖν to contend with fire] rare the use of fire in combat; an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 27 I looke for Agrippas dreadfull Pyromachy: for Cardans multiplied matter, that shall delude the force of the Canon.
1856 H. Morley tr. H. C. Agrippa Let. in Life H. C. Agrippa II. vii. 150 I am writing now on Pyromachy [L. pyromachiam], and not so much writing as experienting, and I have now at my house buildings and models of machines of war.
1968 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 21 Feb. 8 (headline) It's a pyromachy victory.
† pyromorphous adj. Mineralogy Obsolete rare (of a mineral) having the property of crystallizing on cooling from the molten state.
ΚΠ
1837 C. U. Shepard Geol. Surv. Connecticut 172 Pyromorphite (pyromorphous lead-baryte).
1847 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Pyromorphous, in mineralogy, having the property of crystallization by fire.
pyronaphtha n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈnafθə/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈnapθə/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪrəˈnæpθə/
,
/ˌpaɪrəˈnæfθə/
now rare a mixture of products of petroleum distillation, similar to kerosene but denser and less flammable, and used in oil lamps and kitchen ranges.Pyronaphtha was produced esp. in Russia and surrounding countries.
ΚΠ
1885 Daily Democratic Times (Lima, Ohio) 19 Aug. 2/1 The new illuminating material known by the name of pyronaphtha..is likely to prove a satisfactory and important substitute for ordinary kerosene.
1890 Cent. Dict. Pyronaphtha, an illuminating agent which has been prepared in Russia from the waste products of the distillation of Baku petroleum.
1919 Geogr. Jrnl. 54 372 The cabins were lighted with pyro-naphtha lamps.
1974 Analyt. Chem. 46 161/2 Indane and indene were also found in the heavy ends of the pyronaphtha.
† pyronomics n. [compare post-classical Latin ars pyronomica divination by fire (1564 in a British source)] Obsolete the branch of science concerned with the phenomena and uses of heat and fire (cf. pyrology n.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > phenomena and laws of heat or fire
pyronomy1601
pyronomics1829
1829 A. Jamieson Dict. Mech. Sci. II. 801/1 Pyronomics, which explores the properties and operations of heat.
1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 39 Pyronomics, hydrostatics, phrenology,..and other crabbed sciences.
1873 Man. Discipline & Instruction (Dept. Public Instr., City of N.Y.) 140 Natural philosophy... Syllabus of Topics... Pyronomics—Heat—known only by its effects.
† pyronomy n. [compare post-classical Latin pyronomia divination by fire (1652 in a British source), French pyronomie (1611 in Cotgrave)] Obsolete rare = pyronomics n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > phenomena and laws of heat or fire
pyronomy1601
pyronomics1829
1601 A. Gil Treat. conc. Trinitie 26 They which vnderstand the rules of Pyronomy, know what I say.
1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1054/1 Pyronomia, term for the doctrine of the nature and use of fire: pyronomy.
pyrophanous adj.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɒfənəs/
,
/pʌɪˈrɒfn̩əs/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɑfənəs/
[compare French pyrophane (1811)] Mineralogy rare (of a mineral) having the property of becoming transparent or translucent when heated (cf. pyrophane n. at sense 2).
ΚΠ
1836 B. H. Smart Walker Remodelled Pyrophanous, rendered transparent by heat.
1907 E. A. Barber Artific. Soft Paste Porcelain 5 When held before a strong artificial light, it [sc. artificial soft paste porcelain] almost invariably shows..pyrophanous or mechanical defects, in the form of translucent discs,..caused by vitreous particles in the paste and imperfect blending of the ingredients.
pyrophile n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)fʌɪl/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌfaɪl/
(a) [after French pyrophile (A. Taquin 1902, in Revue scientifique 18 299/2)] a person who accepts the conventional theory that volcanic eruptions involve the natural heat of the interior of the earth, not (as in A. Taquin's theory) incoming solar energy; (b) = pyromaniac n.Sense (a) apparently represents an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1902 Nature 27 Nov. 91/2 This advice M. Tarquin [sic] holds to have been based on classical but false hypotheses respecting the cause of volcanic activity... The theory of the ‘pyrophiles’ is dangerous to humanity.
1950 Jrnl. Criminal Law & Criminol. 40 724 The action revolves about the pyrophile who relives the scene of each of his fires.
1955 C. Fadiman Party of One 428 I asked my dignified associates to a fireworks party... Within five minutes a dozen middle-aged or elderly scholars had turned into lunatic pyrophiles.
2000 C. Tyerman Hist. Harrow School x. 230 Pyrophile that he was, the conflagration had afforded him great excitement.
pyrophobia n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪrəˈfoʊbiə/
[compare ancient Greek πυροϕοβεῖν to fear fire] extreme fear of fire.
ΚΠ
1858 M. Dods Early Lett. (1910) 110 Fear of fire is their hobby, a kind of pyrophobia.
1886 C. L. Dana in A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. III. 51/1 I myself have met with well-marked cases of..what might be called pyrophobia, or fear of fire.
1925 S. Lewis Arrowsmith xxviii. 317 He made a checking list of the favorite neurasthenic fears: agoraphobia, claustrophobia, pyrophobia, anthropophobia, and the rest.
1991 D. R. Koontz Cold Fire ii. ii. 258 Holly tried to suppress her pyrophobia. Nevertheless, even after they had passed the charred land and could no longer smell the scorched brush, Holly had an image in her mind of the huge valley at night, aflame from end to end.
pyrophobic adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪrəˈfoʊbɪk/
(a) adj. (of a plant) susceptible to damage by fire; (also, of a person) suffering from pyrophobia; (b) n. a person suffering from pyrophobia.
ΚΠ
1918 R. M. Harper in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 45 33 Certain fire-sensitive (or pyrophobic, if one may coin a new term) plants..are characteristic of such places.
1988 Jrnl. Biogeogr. 15 619/2 The rainforests are pyrophobic: the forests have a low flammability and most tree species are damaged or killed by fire.
1990 Times 24 Nov. (Saturday Review) 32/1 Her tyrannical father..was a pyrophobic who lived on a diet of watery porridge.
1994 Guardian 9 July (Weekend Suppl.) 44/4 Pyrophobic poet Thomas Gray fixed still-visible bracket to wall outside his room to lower himself in any emergency.
pyrophone n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)fəʊn/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌfoʊn/
[after French pyrophone (G. F. Kastner: see Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. (1873) 76 700)] any of various pieces of apparatus designed to produce musical sounds using flames or explosions; esp. a musical instrument (invented by G. F. Kastner in 1869) resembling a small pipe organ, bearing a series of glass tubes, each containing two gas flames burning close together, and producing a resonant sound when the flames are separated by pressing down a key.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > types of organ > [noun] > other types of organ
great organ1605
bird organ1745
serinette1772
euharmonic organ1811
physharmonica1838
harmoniphon1839
seraphine1839
pyrophone1873
string organ1876
orguinette1881
orchestrelle1897
1873 Galaxy July 133/1 M. Fr. Kastner, inventor of a novel musical instrument, called by him the pyrophone.
1882 Nature 27 July 304/1 This phenomenon, which Kastner called the interference of flames, was the..starting-point of Kastner's Pyrophone or Flame-Organ, which he patented in 1873.
1988 Economist 13 Feb. 92/2 Pyrophones—gas blowlamps played through old fluorescent tubes—add mournful, organ-like sounds.
2002 Northern News (Brisbane) (Nexis) 4 Apr. Pyrophone player Anna Shyman said her group..had taken the idea of a normal air-powered organ and substituted fire to create an instrument that changed its tune nearly every time it was played.
pyropuncture n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˌpʌŋ(k)tʃə/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈpʌŋ(k)tʃə/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪroʊˌpəŋ(k)(t)ʃər/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈpəŋ(k)(t)ʃər/
Veterinary Medicine rare (now disused) puncture with a heated needle, as a method of treating a damaged tendon or ligament in a horse.
ΚΠ
1872 W. Williams Princ. & Pract. Vet. Surg. viii. 146 It may be found necessary to fire the part, the method by pyro-puncture being preferable, as leaving but little blemish.
1916 E. W. Hoare Vet. Therapeutics (ed. 3) 841 For pyropuncture, points of various degrees of thickness are supplied with the instrument.
pyroscope n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)skəʊp/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌskoʊp/
rare any of several instruments for measuring or estimating the temperature of a heat source; a pyrometer.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > measurement of heat > instrument > for measuring radiant heat
pyroscope1825
1825 Lancet 12 Mar. 295/2 Pyro-scope... An instrument to indicate the heat of a fire.
1904 Engineering 6 May 655/3 (caption) Brongniart's iron bar pyroscope.
1977 Nucl. Instruments & Methods 145 362/1 Temperature was monitored by an optical pyroscope.
† pyrosilver n. Obsolete metal that has been electroplated with silver and then heated, so that the silver sinks into minute cracks and pits in the metal and adheres more strongly; articles made of this material.
ΚΠ
1881 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 357/2 ‘Pyrosilver’ goods are prepared by heating the silvered steel whereby the silver sinks, as it were, into the metal; successive coatings are then applied and ‘burnt in’, until the sinkage ceases.
1883 Great Internat. Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 78 Neal's Patent Pyro-Silver Cutlery.
1885 Daily Gaz. (Fort Wayne, Indiana) 1 Dec. 7/2 A new material for table cutlery has come into vogue in England. It is called pyrosilver, looks like silver, and does not stain or retain flavours.
pyrosphere n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)sfɪə/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌsfɪ(ə)r/
[compare French pyrosphère (dated 1859 in Robert Dict. alphabétique et analogique (1986))] Geology (now rare) = barysphere n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > [noun] > geosphere > barysphere
pyrosphere1887
barysphere1901
1887 M. C. Martins in W. J. Cassidy Age of Creation iii. 39 The most violent convulsions of the solid and liquid elements appear to have been themselves only the effects due to a cause much more powerful than the mere expansion of the pyrosphere.
1900 Geogr. Jrnl. 15 88 A coloured diagram showing an ideal section of the Earth on the hypothesis that within the solid lithosphere lies a pyrosphere of intensely high temperature.
1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation i. 1 Glyptogenesis is the process of sculpturing of the lithosphere through the agency of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and pyrosphere.
1995 R. J. Huggett Geoecology i. 6 The inner portion of the solid Earth was thus distinguished from the lithosphere and variously styled the centrosphere, barysphere, and bathysphere.., or even pyrosphere and magmosphere.
pyrostat n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)stat/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌstæt/
rare (a) a thermostat, esp. one operating at high temperatures; (originally) spec. a device for automatically regulating the draught through a chimney; (b) any of various automatic devices for detecting a fire and triggering an alarm, sprinkler system, etc.
ΚΠ
1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) II. 845 Fig. 1455 represents a chimney, furnished with a pyrostat.
1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. (ed. 2) Pyrostat, any of various kinds of automatic devices which, when exposed to heat, light, smoke, or some other manifestation of an accidental fire, actuate a mechanism for giving a warning or for setting in operation a means of extinguishing such a fire.
2002 R. W. Burgess Real Estate Home Inspection (ed. 5) viii. 301/1 After a burner is shut down for weeks or months, pyrostat contacts may fall out of step, which prevents the burner from starting.
† pyrostereotypy n. Obsolete rare a process in which an intaglio is burned into a wooden block with a heated metal blade, and a printing plate cast from this, used mainly for printing music and maps.
ΚΠ
1869 F. A. P. Barnard Machinery & Processes Industr. Arts in Rep. U.S. Commissioners Paris Univ. Exposition 1867 III. 456 Others [sc. plates for printing a geological map of France] are produced by a process called ‘pyrostereotypy’, which consist in preparing a matrix by a peculiar proces of burning it into wood, and then taking a cast of it in an easily fusible metal.
a1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. II. 1839/1 Pyrostereotype, a process in which a block of wood is prepared as a matrix for a fusible metal by burning away portions of its surface. The burning tool is a delicate blade heated by a jet of flame.]
pyro-theology n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)θɪˈɒlədʒi/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊθiˈɑlədʒi/
[after German Pyrotheologie (1732 in the title of a work by Fabricius)] rare (now historical) that part of natural theology which is based on the properties and phenomena of fire.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > theology > systems of theology > [noun] > Natural > founded by laws and phenomena of fire
pyro-theology1755
1755 A. Berthelson tr. E. Pontoppidan Nat. Hist. Norway i. Pref. p. vii That circumstantial examination..which hath been undertaken and executed by Fabricius, in his pyro- and hydro-theology.
1910 R. M. Wenley Kant & his Philos. Rev. 138 Hydro-theology, Pyro-theology, Litho-theology, Astro-theology, and a dozen others, with their thoroughly external approach to nature, afford no sufficient reason for the existence of God.
1973 J. K. Savacool tr. H. Desroche Jacob & Angel viii. 131 We have seen how Feuerbach waxed ironic over the pseudo-sciences engendered by theologians in their efforts to sublimate their doctrines into ‘astro-theology’,..‘arido-theology’ and ‘pyro-theology’.
† pyrothonide n. [ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek ὀθόνη linen, in Hellenistic Greek also sailcloth, probably a loanword + -ide suffix] Obsolete rare a brown, oily liquid obtained by burning paper or rag, sometimes used as a gargle or topical antiseptic.
ΚΠ
1846 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 6) 637/1 Pyrothonide, a kind of pyrogenous or empyreumatic oil produced by the combustion of textures of hemp, linen, or cotton in a copper vessel... Its medical properties probably resemble those of creasote.
1856 W. Beasley Med. Formulary 228 Oleum chartæ,..Paper or rag oil. Pyrothonide.
2. Mineralogy and Geology. Forming names of minerals and rocks, usually indicating some property exhibited or alteration produced by the action of fire or heat, or sometimes denoting a fiery red or yellow colour.
† pyrantimonite n. [after German Pyrantimonit ( E. F. Glocker Handb. der Mineralogie (1831) 392)] Mineralogy Obsolete rare = kermesite n.
ΚΠ
1850 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 3) 417 Red Antimony. Pyrantimonite, Br.
pyrargillite n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɑːdʒᵻlʌɪt/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɑrdʒəˌlaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek ἄργιλλος argil n. + -ite suffix1, after German Pyrargillit (N. von Nordenskiöld 1833, Jahresber. über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissensch. 7 174), so called on account of its clayey smell when heated] Mineralogy (now rare) an aluminosilicate mineral of uncertain composition containing ferrous iron, magnesium, and alkali metals, produced by alteration of cordierite.
ΚΠ
1834 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 26 387 Pyrargillite.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 153/1 Pyrargillite occurs in four-sided prisms, with bevelled edges and massive.
1922 E. S. Dana & W. A. Ford Textbk. Mineral. (ed. 3) 498 The mineral [sc. Iolite] in this altered condition has many names:..pyrargillite from Helsingfors; esmarkite and praseolite from near Brevik, Norway [etc.].
pyrauxite n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɔːksʌɪt/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɔkˌsaɪt/
,
/paɪˈrɑkˌsaɪt/
[after German Pyrauxit ( A. Breithaupt Vollständiges Handb. der Mineral. (1841) II. 397); so called because it swells when heated] Mineralogy rare = pyrophyllite n.
ΚΠ
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) Index 821 Pyrauxite.
1955 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 6 326/1 Pyrophyllite found in other parts of the world is referred to by a variety of names such as pencil stone, agalmatolite and pyrauxite.
pyroaurite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɔːrʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈɔˌraɪt/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈɑˌraɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + classical Latin aurum gold (see auro- comb. form) + -ite suffix1, after Swedish pyroaurit (L. J. Igelström 1865, in Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. förhandlingar 22 608), so called because it turns golden-yellow on moderate heating] Mineralogy a rare mineral occurring mainly in serpentinites and hydrothermal vein deposits as yellowish or greenish tabular or platy crystals; (also attributive) designating a group of minerals having a similar crystal structure.Pyroaurite is a hydroxide and carbonate of magnesium and ferric iron, Mg6Fe2CO3(OH)16·4H2O, dimorphous with sjögrenite and grouped with hydrotalcite. Crystal system: trigonal.
ΚΠ
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 179 Pyroaurite... Perfectly soluble in muriatic acid.
1939 Univ. Toronto Stud., Geol. Ser. 33 (title) Transparent green pyroaurite from Ontario.
1976 Nature 23 Sept. 353/1 For reasons which are not entirely clear, the pyroaurite structure type seems to form very readily when CO32− ions are available.
1996 Clay Minerals 31 53 Stichtite is the layered Mg-Cr(III) hydroxide carbonate of the pyroaurite group.
pyrobelonite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈbɛlənʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈbɛləˌnaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek βελόνη needle (see Belone n.) + -ite suffix1, after German Pyrobelonit (G. Flink 1919, in Geol. föreningens i Stockholm förhandl. 41 436)] Mineralogy a rare vanadium-containing mineral occurring as small, red, transparent, needle-shaped crystals.Pyrobelonite is a hydroxide and vanadate of manganese and lead, MnPb(VO4)(OH). Crystal system: orthorhombic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > vanadates > [noun] > others
volborthite1844
vanadinite1855
pyrobelonite1920
kolovratite1925
tangeite1927
steigerite1935
1920 Chem. Abstr. 14 1097 (heading) Pyrobelonite, a new lead-manganese vanadate from Långbanshyttan.
1969 Canad. Mineralogist 10 117 The pyrobelonite occurs as very fine grains with a few small crystals (commonly < 100 μ in largest dimension) primarily in the hausmannite.
1996 Amer. Mineralogist 81 1271 The ores are crossed by several generations of centimeter-wide veinlets with mineral assemblages that depend on the embedding rock. Within the medaite-rich rocks these veinlets contain..several rare V minerals..[including] pyrobelonite.
† pyrochrotite n. [origin uncertain; attributed to A. Breithaupt in A. Frenzel Mineralogisches Lexicon f. das Königreich Sachsen (1874) 252] Mineralogy Obsolete rare = pyrostilpnite n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1896 A. H. Chester Dict. Names Minerals 223 Pyrochrotite.
pyroclasite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkleɪzʌɪt/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkleɪsʌɪt/
,
/pʌɪˈrɒkləsʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈkleɪˌsaɪt/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkleɪˌzaɪt/
,
/paɪˈrɑkləˌsaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek κλάσις fracture (see -clase comb. form) + -ite suffix1, so called because it fractures violently when heated] Mineralogy (now historical and rare) a phosphate material occurring in hard guano, composed of fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite.
ΚΠ
1856 C. U. Shepard in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 22 97 The altered guano is composed..of two mineral species, which I have called pyroclasite and glaubapatite.
1882 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 123 400 The substance..is undoubtedly identical with that from Monk's Island..named pyroclasite, from its very striking property of decrepitation when heated.
1943 Amer. Mineralogist 28 226 The physical properties and chemical composition of the original pyroclasite from Los Monges leave little doubt but that this mineral is a member of the apatite series.
† pyroguanite n. [ < pyro- comb. form + guano n. + -ite suffix1] Mineralogy Obsolete rare hard guano, formerly thought to have been hardened by the action of heat.
ΚΠ
1856 C. U. Shepard in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 22 96 Pyro-guanite minerals. The three following species occur at Monk's Island.
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 535 Shepard's Pyroclasite..is nothing but the hard guano from Monk's Island, Caribbean sea, the mass of which he named Pyroguanite, under the wrong idea of its having undergone the action of heat.
pyromelane n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɒməleɪn/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɑməˌleɪn/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek μέλας black (see melano- comb. form) + -ane suffix2, so called because it turns black when heated] Mineralogy (now disused) = brookite n.
ΚΠ
1856 C. U. Shepard in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 22 96 Pyromelane. Found in crystalline grains of the size of kernels of Indian corn.
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) Suppl. 803 Pyromelane... Perhaps a variety of titanite.
1930 Amer. Mineralogist 15 204 Since the..properties attributed to pyromelane are identical with those of brookite, this mineral should be referred to as brookite and the name pyromelane dropped.
† pyromeline n. [ < pyro- comb. form + Hellenistic Greek μήλινος quince-yellow (see melinite n.1), after German Pyromelin (F. von Kobell 1852, in Gelehrte Anzeigen Königl. Bayerischen Akad. der Wissensch. München 35 216), so called because it turns yellow when heated] Mineralogy Obsolete = morenosite n.
ΚΠ
1854 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 4) I. 386 Pyromeline... A hydrated sulphate of nickel.
1875 G. J. Brush Man. Determinative Mineral. (ed. 2) 102 Pyromeline = Morenosite.
pyromeride n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɒmərʌɪd/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɑməˌraɪd/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek μέρος part (see mero- comb. form1) + -ide suffix, after French pyroméride (in pyroméride globaire, attributed to R. J. Haüy in Jrnl. des Mines (1814) 35 359, describing an orbicular diorite), so called because it is partially fusible when heated (the feldspar being fusible, the quartz infusible)] Geology (now rare) a devitrified form of rhyolite having a spherulitic texture and nodular appearance; (also) a mass of this rock.
ΚΠ
1854 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 4) I. 246 Pyromeride is a granitoid rock containing spherules thickly disseminated.
1898 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 54 102 The easternmost point of the Bay at which the igneous rock is found, is interesting..from the presence of large pyromerides with exceptionally big cavities.
1923 A. Harker Petrol. for Students (ed. 6) xii. 156 These old nodular rhyolites have been termed ‘pyromerides’.
pyrophane n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)feɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌfeɪn/
[ < pyro- comb. form + -phane comb. form] Mineralogy (now rare) a mineral said to become translucent or to show colour when warmed, esp. a form of opal with this property, made by impregnating hydrophane with wax; (also, partly by confusion) any of several other varieties of opal.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > opal > [noun] > varieties of
girasol1588
oculus mundi1661
eye of the world1730
hydrophane1784
cacholong1791
pitchstone1794
pyrophane1794
semi-opal1794
fire opal1811
sun opal1818
isopyre1827
alumocalcite1832
jasper-opal1843
opal jasper1848
resin opal1850
pitch opal1861
jasp-opal1868
opal-agate1868
harlequin1873
harlequin opal1887
wax-opal1896
potch1897
pinfire1902
moss opal1904
nobby1919
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > amorphous quartz or opal > others
girasol1588
oculus mundi1661
hydrophane1784
cacholong1791
pitchstone1794
pyrophane1794
semi-opal1794
wood-stone1794
fire opal1811
wood-opal1816
sun opal1818
isopyre1827
jasper-opal1843
opal jasper1848
resin opal1850
natural glass1853
pitch opal1861
vitrite1866
jasp-opal1868
opal-agate1868
pearl opal1872
harlequin1873
harlequin opal1887
wax-opal1896
potch1897
moss opal1904
nobby1919
1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 291 It is said that some pyrophanes are found in Armenia, which are transparent while exposed to the sun, and opake at night.
1892 E. S. Dana J. D. Dana's Syst. Mineral. (ed. 6) 195 Pyrophane is a name..given to a kind [of opal] which by the absorption of melted wax is made translucent when hot, but becomes opaque again on cooling. The name has also been used for Fire-opal.
1997 A. W. Eckert World of Opals vi. 180 Pyrophane. A type of precious opal in which the POC [= play of colour] appears to wander about haphazardly and appear at random... The name pyrophane is also at times incorrectly applied to both girasol opal and hydrophane opal.
pyrophysalite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈfɪsəlʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈfɪsəˌlaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + Hellenistic Greek ϕυσαλλίς bladder, bubble (see Physalis n.) + -ite suffix1, after Swedish pyrophysalit (W. Hisinger and J. J. Berzelius 1806, in Afhandlingar i fysik, kemi och mineralogi 1 111)] Mineralogy a coarse, nearly opaque variety of topaz, occurring as large yellowish crystals which swell up when heated.
ΚΠ
1808 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. Jan. 33 Mineralogical Description..of a Stone, called Pyrophysalite.
1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 408/2 Pyrophysalite is a massive opaque cleavable variety [of topaz] from Falun.
2000 Geol. Today 16 198/1 Pyrophysalite occurs in large yellowish-white crystals from Finbo in Sweden. It has the property of intumescing when heated.
pyropissite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈpɪsʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈpɪˌsaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek πίσσα pitch (see pissasphalt n.) + -ite suffix1, after German Pyropissit ( A. Kenngott Uebersicht der Resultate mineralogischer Forschungen 1850–51 (1853) 148)] Geology a greyish-brown earthy substance consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of vegetable origin, occurring in some peat and brown coal deposits and when heated melting into a mass resembling pitch.
ΚΠ
1854 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 4) I. 470 Pyropissite... Like an earthy brown coal in appearance.
1883 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1882–3 20 116 A substance resembling Dopplerite in the peat of Hägnetswyll..is regarded by Kenngott as having characters more nearly approaching those of Pyropissite or Melanchyme.
1916 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 55 140 A mineral, termed pyropissite, occurs at numerous places within Sachsen, sometimes pure but often mingled with ordinary brown coal to form the Schwelkohle.
1994 Fuel 73 1723 Chemical analyses showed distinct differences in the H and O content of xylitic lignite and pyropissite: the former is particularly rich in O and poor in H, whereas the reverse is true for the latter.
pyrorthite n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɔːθʌɪt/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɔrˌθaɪt/
[after Swedish pyrorthit (J. J. Afzelius et al. 1818, in Afhandlingar i fisik, kemi och mineralogie 5 49)] Mineralogy (now rare) a black variety of allanite containing organic impurities, which burns when strongly heated.
ΚΠ
1820 R. Jameson Syst. Mineral. (ed. 3) III. 561 A variety of orthite was discovered in another mine near Fahlun, and which possesses the property of taking fire before the blowpipe, and of continuing to burn for some moments. It is named Pyrorthite.
1875 T. S. Hunt Chem. & Geol. Ess. 177 The name of pyrorthite, given by Berzelius to a substance which appears to be a mixture of orthite with a combustible hydrocarbonaceous matter.
1912 E. Cahen & W. O. Wootton Min. Rarer Metals 32 Pyrorthite. Occurs in long prisms of loose texture, containing over 30 per cent. of carbonaceous matter.
pyroschist n.
Brit. /ˈpʌɪrə(ʊ)ʃɪst/
,
U.S. /ˈpaɪrəˌʃɪst/
Geology (now rare) a schist or shale with a high carbon content, which burns or yields volatile hydrocarbons or flammable gas when heated.
ΚΠ
1861 T. S. Hunt in Canad. Naturalist & Geologist 6 242 These inflammable or lignitic shales, which may be conveniently distinguished by the name of pyroschists, (the brandschiefer of the Germans) are to be carefully distinguished from rocks containing ready-formed bitumen.
1920 A. W. Grabau Textbk. Geol. xviii. 580 Shales... When extremely rich in carbonaceous material they are called pyroschists.
† pyrosclerite n. [ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek σκληρός hard (see sclero- comb. form) + -ite suffix1, after German Pyrosklerit (F. von Kobell 1834, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. 2 54), so called because it becomes very hard when heated] Mineralogy Obsolete a silicate mineral later identified as penninite pseudomorphous after pyroxene.
ΚΠ
1844 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 2) 530 Pyrosclerite... A rhombic prism with one perfect cleavage, and another at right angles with this, imperfect... Color green.
1873 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 106 23 It will be seen by a comparison of this formula with that of pyrosclerite..that it differs from the latter by one molecule of water only.
pyrosmalite n.
Brit. /pʌɪˈrɒzməlʌɪt/
,
U.S. /paɪˈrɑzməˌlaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek (Attic) ὀσμή smell (see osmo- comb. form1) + -ite suffix1, after German Pyrosmalith ( D. L. G. Karsten Mineralogische Tabellen (ed. 2, 1808) 103/1), alteration, after ancient Greek (Attic) ὀσμή smell, of Pirodmalit (J. F. L. Hausmann 1808, in K. E. von Moll Jahrbücher der Berg- u. Hüttenkunde: Efemeriden 4 390) < piro- pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek ὀδμαλέος strong-smelling, stinking ( < (non-Attic) ὀδμή smell (see odmyl n.) + -αλέος , suffix forming adjectives) + German -it -ite suffix1] Mineralogy a silicate mineral containing varying amounts of ferrous iron and manganese, occurring as dark green or brown crystals which give off a strong odour of chlorine when heated.Pyrosmalite is a hydroxide, chloride, and silicate of iron and manganese, (Fe,Mn)8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10. Crystal system: hexagonal.
ΚΠ
1816 R. Jameson Syst. Mineral. (ed. 2) III. 311 Pyrosmalite or native Muriate of Iron.
1852 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. (ed. 3) 160 Pyrosmalite..heated in a tube yields water.
1957 Mineral. Mag. 31 371 Pyrosmalite is a widespread, though very limited, constituent of the Broken Hill lode, and is formed by the hydration and chlorination of the manganese–iron silicates.
1993 Canad. Mineralogist 31 695 Textural characteristics and element partitioning indicate that pyrosmalite crystallized during both regional metamorphism and late-stage hydrothermal activity.
pyrostibite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈstɪbʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈstɪˌbaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + classical Latin stibium stibium n. + -ite suffix1, after German Pyrostibit ( E. F. Glocker Generum et specierum mineralium secundem ordines naturales digestorum. Synopsis (1847) 16); compare pyrantimonite n.] Mineralogy (now rare) = kermesite n.
ΚΠ
1854 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 4) I. 141 Kermesite. Red Antimony... Pyrantimonite, Br. Pyrostibite, Gl.
1872 T. Egleston Lect. Mineral. 160 Kermesite... Syn. Pyrostibite, Antimonblende, [etc.].
1905 W. H. Weed tr. R. Beck Nature of Ore Deposits 307 Antimonial Gold-Quartz Veins... Besides quartz as the principal gangue, they carry some calcite..; also antimony, ochre and pyrostibite.
pyrostilpnite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈstɪlpnʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈstɪlpˌnaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek στιλπνός shining (see stilpnomelane n.) + -ite suffix1] Mineralogy a mineral which is a sulphide of silver and antimony, occurring as orange-red tabular or needle-like crystals; also called fire-blende.Formula Ag3SbS3; dimorphous with pyrargyrite. Crystal system: monoclinic.
ΚΠ
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 93 Pyrostilpnite... Fireblende... Lustre pearly-adamantine. Color hyacinth-red.
1873 T. B. Brooks Iron-bearing Rocks II. 190 It [sc. galenite] is..associated with Sphalerite, Pyrite, and Chalcopyrite, (and, it was reported at the Holyoke mine, Pyrostilpnite).
1996 Mineral. Rec. 27 437/2 Pyrostilpnite is not common but occurs in small quantities in several stopes of the Silvana mine.
pyrotechnite n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈtɛknʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈtɛkˌnaɪt/
[ < pyro- comb. form + ancient Greek τεκνον child (see tecno- comb. form) + -ite suffix1, after Italian pirotecnite ( A. Scacchi Memoria sullo Incendio Vesuviano (1855) v. 187)] Mineralogy rare = thenardite n.
ΚΠ
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 615 Thenardite... Pyrotechnite Scacchi.
1920 A. W. Grabau Geol. Non-metallic Mineral Deposits I. ii. 40 Thenardite—(San Sebastian Salt, Pyrotechnite, Makite).
3. Chemistry. Forming the names of compounds produced by distillation or other action of heat on a substance indicated by the second element, and hence the names of chemical derivatives of such compounds.Names of this type first appeared in French in L. B. Guyton de Morveau et al. Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique (1787). Many of the compounds have subsequently received other names.
a. Prefixed to adjectives denoting the names of acids.
† pyroalizaric adj. Obsolete rare pyroalizaric acid = phthalic anhydride n. at phthalic adj. 1a.
ΚΠ
1859 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XIII. 14 Anhydrous phthalic acid, pyroalizaric acid.
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 756 Pyroalizaric acid.
pyroarsenic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɑːs(ə)nɪk/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɑːsn̩ɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈɑrs(ə)nɪk/
pyroarsenic acid an acid produced by the action of heat on arsenic acid.Formula: (HO)2AsO·O·AsO(OH)2.
ΚΠ
1874 T. E. Thorpe Man. Inorg. Chem. xiii. 393 Pyroarsenic acid, H4As2O7 is formed by heating the crystallized acid to 160°.
1954 Analyt. Chem. 26 86/2 The reaction of thorium nitrate to form gels with pyroarsenic acid.
† pyrocamphretic adj. [after German Pyrocamphresinsäure (H. Schwanert 1863, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 128 85)] Obsolete rare pyrocamphretic acid an acidic substance obtained by heating the compound resulting from the reaction of camphor with nitric acid (not identified).
ΚΠ
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. 757 Pyrocamphretic acid is a pale yellow viscid oil..having an aromatic odour, and a slightly sour, burning, aromatic taste.
pyrocatechuic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)katᵻˈ(t)ʃuːɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˌkædəˈtʃuɪk/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˌkædəˈkjuɪk/
pyrocatechuic acid (a) = pyrocatechol n. at sense 3b(b); (b) a crystalline organic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, C6H3(OH)2COOH.
ΚΠ
1859 E. Parrish Introd. Pract. Pharmacy (ed. 2) iii. vii. 380 Astringent and allied acids... Oxyphenic, Pyromoric, Pyrocatechuic Acid.
1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 91/2 The methylated gallic ether or pyrocatechuic acid.
1936 S. A. Waksman Humus iii. 40 Pyrogallol, pyrocatechuic acid, pyrocatechin, quinone, and other aromatic compounds also give dark colored substances as a result of oxidation.
1995 Phytochemistry 40 257/1 Pyrocatechuic acid..has been identified as a potentially useful iron-chelating drug.
pyrocitric adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈsɪtrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈsɪtrɪk/
[after French pyro-citrique (in acide pyro-citrique, J.-L. Lassaigne 1822, in Ann. de chimie et de physique 21 101)] now historical and rare = citraconic adj..
ΚΠ
1823 W. Henry Elements Exper. Chem. (ed. 9) II. Add. 216 Pyro-citric Acid. M. Lassaigne has given this name to an acid, produced by the destructive distillation of citric acid.
1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 338 Of pyrocitric and pyrotartaric ethers.
1962 M. P. Crosland Hist. Stud. Lang. Chem. v. i. 292 By heating gallic acid, citric acid or mucic acid etc. under suitable conditions, chemists obtained new acids which they called ‘pyrogallic acid’, ‘pyrocitric acid’ and ‘pyromucic acid’.
pyrocomenic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)kəˈmɛnɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈkoʊˌmɛnɪk/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkoʊˌminɪk/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊkəˈmɛnɪk/
now historical and rare pyrocomenic acid = pyromeconic acid n. at pyromeconic adj.Quot. 1852 perhaps represents a typographical error for pyromeconic, which appears twice in the same work.
ΚΠ
1852 T. F. Betton tr. V. Regnault Elements Chem. II. 611 Comenic [Fr. coménique] and pyrocomenic [Fr. pyroméconique] acids turn sesquisalts of iron of a red colour.]
1856 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hoffman Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 6) 514 Pyrocomenic acid is a weak acid.
1905 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 27 964 Liebig's discovery in 1833 of the true relationship between meconic, comenic and pyrocomenic (synonymous with pyromeconic) acids.
† pyrofellic adj. Obsolete rare pyrofellic acid = pyrolithofellic acid.
ΚΠ
1873 C. H. Ralfe Outl. Physiol. Chem. 59 Submitted to dry distillation, lithofellic acid loses 1 atom of water and is converted into pyrofellic acid.
† pyroglucic adj. Obsolete rare pyroglucic acid = pyrodextrin n. at sense 3b(b).
ΚΠ
1909 N.E.D. at Pyro- Pyroglucic acid.
† pyroguaiacic adj. [after French pyrogaïque (A. Sobrero 1843, in Jrnl. de pharm. et de chim. 4 381)] Obsolete pyroguaiacic acid = guaiacol n.
ΚΠ
1843 Chem. Gaz. 1 Dec. 725 Pyroguaiacic Acid obtained by the distillation of Guaiacum Resin.
1866 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XVII. 252 (heading) Guaiacol or Pyroguaiacic acid.
† pyrokinic adj. [ < pyro- comb. form + kinic, variant of quinic adj., after French pyro-kinique (J. Pelletier & J. B. Caventou 1820, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 15 341)] Obsolete pyrokinic acid = quinide n.
ΚΠ
1831 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 7) II. 110 Pyrokinic acid crystallizes in tufts composed of diverging needles.
1891 H. E. Roscoe & C. Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. (ed. 2) III. iii. 165 Caventou and Pelletier obtained a crystalline body, which they..named pyroquinic acid. Wöhler, however, gave it the name of hydroquinone, because it is readily formed by the combination of hydrogen and quinone.
† pyroleic adj. [ < pyro- comb. form + oleic adj., after German Brenzölsäure (1850)] Obsolete pyroleic acid= sebacic acid n. at sebacic adj.
ΚΠ
1851 G. E. Day tr. K. G. Lehmann Physiol. Chem. I. 273 When submitted to dry distillation it [sc. cetylate of oxide of cetyl] yields no pyroleic acid.
† pyrolithofellic adj. [after French pyrolithofélique (F. J. Malaguti & Sarzeau 1842, in Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 15 518)] Obsolete rare pyrolithofellic acid an acidic oil obtained from the destructive distillation of lithofellic acid (not identified).
ΚΠ
1866 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XVII. 376 Lithofellic acid boils when heated..yielding a distillate... The distillate forms with potash a soap... By the dry distillation of the soap, pyrolithofellic acid, C40H34O6, is obtained.
† pyrolivilic adj. [ < pyro- comb. form + olivil n. + -ic suffix, after German Pyrolivilsäure (A. Sobrero 1845, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 54 87)] Obsolete rare pyrolivilic acid, a colourless, acidic oil obtained from the destructive distillation of olivil (not identified).
ΚΠ
1860 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XIV. 207 Pyrolivilic acid..has an agreeable odour, and tastes and smells just like eugenic acid.
pyromalic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈmeɪlɪk/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈmalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈmælɪk/
[after French pyro-malique (J.-L. Lassaigne 1819, in Ann. de chimie et de physique 11 96)] now historical pyromalic acid = maleic acid n. at maleic adj. 1.
ΚΠ
1819 T. Thomson in Ann. Philos. 13 p. li The sublimed crystals possess characters somewhat different from those of malic acid before it has been exposed to heat. The acid, thus altered, has been called pyro-malic acid.
1865–8 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 784 Maleic Acid. (Pyromalic acid, Pyrosorbic acid.)
1962 M. P. Crosland Hist. Stud. Lang. Chem. v. iii. 328 Pelouze suggested calling pyro-malic acid ‘para-malic acid’ (now called ‘maleic acid’).
† pyromaric adj. Obsolete pyromaric acid an acid (perhaps abietic acid) obtained from the destructive distillation of pimaric acid.
ΚΠ
1842 T. Graham Elements Chem. iii. iv. 891 When distilled in vacuo, pimaric acid is converted into another resin, pyromaric acid.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 502 The distillate is found to consist principally of another isomeric resin, termed pyromaric acid, distinguished by forming with lead a salt which crystallizes in delicate needles.
pyromellic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈmɛlɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈmɛlɪk/
rare pyromellic acid = pyromellitic acid.
ΚΠ
1882 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 42 851 Pyromellic acid.
1984 Jrnl. Chromatogr. A 299 141 The PAA [polyamide acid] used was prepared by polycondensation of pyromellic acid dianhydride and 4, 4′-diaminodiphenyl ether.
pyromellitic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)mᵻˈlɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊməˈlɪdɪk/
pyromellitic acid a crystalline acid produced by heating mellitic acid.Systematic name: benzene-1,2,4,5-carboxylic acid; C6H2(COOH)4.
ΚΠ
1831 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 7) II. ii. i. 63 Mellitic acid... When sublimed..a crystalline fusible matter is obtained, which possesses peculiar properties, and has obtained the name of pyromellitic acid.
1938 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 310/2 On heating with an excess of strong sulphuric acid at 280°–300°C, charcoal yields mellitic acid..and the anhydride of pyromellitic acid.
1992 Biophysical Jrnl. 61 189 A pyromellitic acid residue has been esterified to the ethanolamine —OH group.
pyropectic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈpɛktɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈpɛktɪk/
[after French pyropectique (in acide pyropectique, E. Frémy 1848, in Ann. de chimie et de physique 3rd. Ser. 24 39)] now rare pyropectic acid a black, acidic substance produced by heating pectin (not identified).
ΚΠ
1853 D. Breed tr. C. Löwig Princ. Org. & Physiol. Chem. 446 Pyropectic Acid: C14H9O9, is formed with carbonic acid and water, if pectin or metapectin be exposed to a temperature of 200°.
1924 L. W. Tarr in R. H. Bogue Theory & Applic. Colloidal Behavior II. xxvi. 607 And, finally, by heating pectic acid to 200°C., pyropectic acid was formed.
pyrophosphamic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)fɒsˈfamɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˌfɑsˈfæmɪk/
[after French pyrophosphamique (in acide pyrophosphamique, A. Laurent 1850, in Comptes rendus des travaux de chimie 387)] now rare or disused pyrophosphamic acid an acid supposedly related to pyrophosphoric acid by substitution of an amino group for hydroxyl, later identified as imidodiphosphoric acid, (HO)2PO—NH—PO(OH)2; each of a group of analogous acids.
ΚΠ
1855 W. Odling tr. A. Laurent Chem. Method iii. iii. 237 We will designate the diameracids by these names:..Pyrophosphamic..Pyrophosphodiamic..Pyrophosphotriamic.
1858 T. Graham Elem. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 2) 1478 Azophosphoric acid, which appears to be a product of the decomposition of deutazophosphoric acid, is most probably pyrophosphamic acid,..the tribasic amidogen acid of quadribasic pyrophosphoric acid.
1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) 478 Pyrophosphamic Acids.—Three of these compounds are known, which may be regarded as pyrophosphoric acid, in which 1, 2, and 3 of the (HO) groups have been replaced respectively by the group (NH2), thus..Pyrophosphamic acid..P2O3(HO)3(NH2). Pyrophosphodiamic acid [etc.].
pyroracemic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)rəˈsiːmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˌreɪˈsimɪk/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊrəˈsimɪk/
now rare pyroracemic acid = pyruvic acid n. at pyruvic adj. 1.
ΚΠ
1835 J. Murray Tables & Diagrams Chem. & Pharmacy 66 (table) Pyrotartaric and pyroracemic acids.
1866–8 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 770 Pyroracemic acid is a liquid having a faint yellowish colour, smelling like acetic acid.
1950 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 339/1 Pyruvic acid, pyroracemic acid..is formed by the distillation of glyceric acid, of cream of tartar, and of tartaric acid.
1997 Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29 337 The biosynthesis of glucose oxidase and catalase was promoted by MnCO3, thioglycolic acid, pyroracemic acid and gluconic acid.
† pyrosorbic adj. Obsolete rare pyrosorbic acid = maleic acid n. at maleic adj. 1.
ΚΠ
1832 M. Donovan Treat. Chem. ii. ii. 279 When citric, sorbic,..acids are distilled at a high temperature,..new acids are obtained. Their names remain the same, with the word pyro as a prefix... Thus, we have pyrocitric, pyrosorbic,..acids.
1865–8 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 784 Maleic Acid. (Pyromalic acid, Pyrosorbic acid.)
pyroterebic adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)təˈrɛbɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊtəˈrɛbɪk/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊtəˈribɪk/
[compare French pyro-térébilique (S.-M. Rabourdin 1844, in Jrnl. de pharm. et de chim. 6 196)] pyroterebic acid an unsaturated, oily carboxylic acid, prepared by distilling terebic acid.Systematic name: 4-methyl-3-pentene-1-carboxylic acid; (CH3)2C=CHCH2COOH.
ΚΠ
1845 Chem. Gaz. 3 287 Pyroterebilic acid.—Terebilic acid is decomposed at 392° into carbonic acid gas and an oily distillate.]
1852 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. VII. 62 (table) Pyroterebic acid, C12H10 + O4.
1880 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 38 378 Pyroterebic acid..is the first representative of its class in the lactic series.
1989 Jrnl. Organometallic Chem. 378 457 Hydrocarboxylation of isoprene catalyzed by iodocarbonylrhodium derivatives is described. Either 4-methyl-3-pentenoic (pyroterebic) acid or its lactone derivative..can be selectively produced.
pyro-uric adj.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈjʊərɪk/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈjɔːrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈjʊrɪk/
now historical = cyanuric adj. at cyan- comb. form 2.
ΚΠ
1823 W. Henry Elements Exper. Chem. (ed. 9) II. xii. 387 Pyro-uric acid..has been fully investigated by Chevallier and Lassaigne.
1845 Lancet 1 Feb. 108/1 Cyanuric acid..was in former times designated and described as pyro-uric acid.
1962 M. P. Crosland Hist. Stud. Lang. Chem. v. i. 285 In 1829 it was found that the acids known as ‘pyro-uric’ and ‘cyanuric’ were identical and Wöhler humorously wrote to Liebig that Gmelin's reaction to the news would be ‘Thank God that there is one acid less’.
b. Prefixed to a noun.
(a) Forming the name of salts and esters of acids mentioned at sense 3a.
pyroarsenate n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɑːs(ᵻ)neɪt/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɑːsn̩eɪt/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɑːs(ᵻ)nᵻt/
,
/ˌpʌɪrəʊˈɑːsn̩ᵻt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈɑrs(ə)nət/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈɑrs(ə)ˌneɪt/
ΚΠ
1874 T. E. Thorpe Man. Inorg. Chem. xiii. 394 Ammonium–magnesium arsenate,..which on heating is resolved into magnesium pyroarsenate, Mg2As2O7.
1961 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 83 4405/2 There is a rapid interconversion between arsenate and pyroarsenate in aqueous solution.
1995 Jrnl. Solid State Chem. 118 280 (title) Synthesis and structure of a new copper (II) pyroarsenate.
† pyrocitrate n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1831 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 7) II. ii. i. 75 With the different bases it [sc. pyrocitric acid] forms salts, which have received the name of pyrocitrates.
1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 62 Dumas subjected the pyrocitric acid in pyrocitrate of lead to an ultimate analysis by means of oxide of copper.
† pyrokinate n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Pyrokinate,..a combination of pyrokinic acid with a salifiable base.
† pyromalate n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1821 A. Ure Dict. Chem. at Acid (Pyromalic) The pyromalate of barytes may be obtained in silvery plates... Pyromalate of potash may be obtained in feather formed crystals... Pyromalate of lead forms first a white flocculent precipitate.
† pyromellate n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1882 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 42 850 Crystals of ammonium pyromellate.
† pyrophosphamate n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1866 Proc. Royal Soc. 15 513 One molecule of HO is apt to be replaced by one molecule of NH2..giving the pyrophosphamate.
pyroterebate n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈtɛrᵻbeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈtɛrəˌbeɪt/
ΚΠ
1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 776 Pyroterebate of silver, C6H9AgO2, crystallises with difficulty, and blackens on exposure to light.
1971 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93 5519/1 Methyl pyroterebate.
(b)
† pyrobenzoline n. Obsolete rare = lophine n.Systematic name: 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole; (C6H5)3C3HN2.
ΚΠ
1845 G. Fownes in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 135 264 A crystalline solid matter condenses in the neck of the retort. This latter substance..has been but partially examined. It is described below under the name pyrobenzoline.
1869 R. Bridges Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 750 Pyrobenzoline or lophine..appears to be a feebly basic substance, insoluble in water, soluble in boiling alcohol.
pyrocatechin n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkatᵻtʃɪn/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkatᵻkɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌkɪn/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌtʃɪn/
now rare = pyrocatechol n.
ΚΠ
1851 Chem. Gaz. 9 243 On comparing the properties and composition of pyromoritannic acid with those of pyrocatechine discovered by Zwenger, it is found that the two substances are identical.
1902 G. B. Shaw Let. 28 Nov. (1972) II. 289 If I develop with pyrocatechin,..I develop for ten times the period between the pouring on of the developer and the appearance of the sky on the plate.
1991 Acta Microbiologica Polonica 40 177 Activated sludge synthesized from strains resistant to phenol, cresol and pyrocatechin was tolerant to high concentrations of these compounds.
pyrocatechol n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkatᵻtʃɒl/
,
/ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkatᵻkɒl/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌkɔl/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌkɑl/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌkoʊl/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌtʃɔl/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌtʃɑl/
,
/ˌpaɪroʊˈkædəˌtʃoʊl/
= catechol n.Systematic name: benzene-1,2-diol; C6H4(OH)2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > catechol
catechol1880
pyrocatechol1881
1881 H. Watts Dict. Chem.: 3rd Suppl.: Pt. II 1707 Pyrocatechol or catechol, C6H4(OH)2.
1890 Proc. Chem. Soc. 6 90 The very high price of pyrocatechol renders it desirable to discover improved methods of preparing it.
1932 I. D. Garard Introd. Org. Chem. xiv. 199 Pyrocatechol is used as a photographic developer.
1993 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1179 277 Pyrocatechol and pyrogallol, which have two and three phenolic hydroxyl groups,..inhibited platelet function by a different mechanism.
pyrodextrin n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈdɛkstrɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈdɛkstrən/
[after French pyrodextrine (A. Gélis 1857, in Ann. de chimie et de physique 3rd Ser. 52 392)] a brown, friable solid obtained by heating starch; (also) any of various modified forms of starch which are components of this.
ΚΠ
1858 Chem. Gaz. 1 May 178 Pyrodextrine..is precipitated by baryta.
1958 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80 6619/1 The presence of 1,6-anhydro-β- d-glucopyranose among the hydrolytic products of pyrodextrin would support this mechanism.
1961 Jrnl. Org. Chem. 26 4617/1 Reactions taking place during the roasting of starch to produce pyrodextrins.
2003 B. Srilakshmi Food Sci. (ed. 3) ii. 55 Dry dextrins known as pyrodextrins are formed in the crust of baked flour mixtures.
† pyroglycide n. [after French pyroglycide (A. Lourenço 1861, in Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 52 361)] Obsolete rare an organic compound obtained from the distillation of glycerol, and thought to be an anhydride of pyroglycerin (pyroglycerin n. 2).
ΚΠ
1861 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 32 109 The author [sc. Lourenço] terms it meta-glycerine or pyroglycide and compares it with Maddrell's insoluble metaphosphate.
1864 H. Watts Dict. Chem. II. 894 The hypothetical body glycide, C3H6O2..is the alcohol of the glycidic ethers, and is related to glycerin in the same manner as pyroglycide to pyroglycerin.
pyroguaiacin n.
Brit. /ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈɡwʌɪəsɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpaɪroʊˈɡwaɪəs(ə)n/
[after German Pyroguajacin (E. Ebermayer 1854, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. 62 291)] a crystalline, bicyclic organic compound obtained by the destructive distillation of guaiacum resin.Pyroguaiacin is a lignan, 2,3-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-7-methoxynaphthalene; C13H14O2.
ΚΠ
1854 Chem. Gaz. 12 386 It is probably the same substance obtained by Ebermayer, and called by him pyroguaiacine.
1858 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XII. 350 Caustic ammonia colours pyroguaiacin yellow.
1913 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 2) IV. 565/2 Pyroguaiacin condenses towards the close of the distillation in pearly crystals.
1955 Chem. Rev. 55 963 The structure of pyroguaiacin was proposed from analytical data, from its conversion to guaia[c]ene by distillation with zinc dust, and from its oxidation to the corresponding naphthoquinone.
† pyroquinol n. Obsolete rare = hydroquinone n.
ΚΠ
1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 213 Colourless Hydroquinone (Pyroquinole), C6H6O2..is the chief product of the dry distillation of quinic, carbohydroquinonic and oxysalicylic acids.
1889 E. J. Wall Dict. Photogr. 86 Hydroquinone... Synonyms: Hydrokinone, Hydrochinone, Pyroquinole.
† pyrostearin n. Obsolete a substance obtained, as the fraction with the higher melting point, from the distillation of empyreumatic oils with water (not identified).
ΚΠ
1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 771 Pyrostearin, the name applied by Berzelius to the less fusible portion of the distillate obtained by distilling empyreumatic oils with water.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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