| 释义 |
specification|ˌspɛsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən|
[ad. med.L. specificātiōn-em, n. of action f. specificāre specify, or a. F. spécification (1341 in Godef. Compl.), = It. specificazione, Sp. especificacion, Pg. -ação.]
†1. The action of investing with some specific or determinate quality; conversion to something specific. Obs.
1615Crooke Body of Man 285 All formation and specification (for you must giue vs leaue to vse our Schoole⁓tearmes in these matters of Art) that is, all power to set the seale or figure or difference vpon any thing. 1664Evelyn Sylva (1679) 3 The maturer seeds..freeing themselves from those impediments which hindred their Specification and Nativity. 1701Norris Ideal World i. 261 So then the creatures owe their pure being to the power of God, but the specification of their being to his ideality.
b. Roman and Scots Law. The formation of a new species of property out of material belonging to another by converting it into a different form.
1651G. W. tr. Cowel's Inst. 65 There is also an accession by specification or changing the Species, as if a man create a new Species out of a substance which was anothers, the property shall be in him, that made the Species. 1681Stair Instit. i. xii. 189 Appropriation by Specification. 1736in Bell Comm. Laws Scot (1826) I. 277 It was found, that the specification by malting did not bar the reduction. 1765–8Erskine Inst. Law Scot. ii. i. §16 Under accession may be included specification, by which is understood a person's making a new species or subject, from materials belonging to another. 1826Bell Comm. Laws Scot. I. 276 The famous controversy of the Proculeiani and Sabiniani concerning specification. 1869R. Campbell Austin's Jurispr. (ed. 3) II. liv. 904 There are various cases in which a party acquires a right in a thing belonging to another by labour employed upon it; for instance in the Roman Law by specification, that is by giving it a new form.
†2. A specific character, quality, or nature. Obs.
1628Donne Serm. John xiv. Wks. 1839 I. 534 His specification, his character, his title, Paracletus, the Comforter, passes through all. 1656Jeanes Mixt. Schol. Div. 40 An act ought to be proportioned unto it's object, seeing it takes therefrom it's specification. 1710W. Salmon (title), Botanologia: the English Herbal, or, History of Plants, containing their Names, Species, Descriptions, Qualities, Specifications,..and Uses.
3. Specific definition or description; description by specific or peculiar characters; † a specific name or appellation.
1633J. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. Wks. 1865 X. 408 Therefore this lust hath the specification: lust of uncleanness. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 64 It is..either a spirituall Mercy (common or speciall) or else Mercy in the generall without specification. 1660R. Coke Justice Vind. 41 Men..must alter their Terms as they proceed from one thing to another, and add to them in the specifications of them. 1734Waterland Import. Doctr. Holy Trin. ii. 37 In short, the Specification of our Worship, and the right Direction of it, are nearly concern'd in this Doctrine. 1879Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. i. §218 The second element in the specification of a force is its direction... The third element in the specification of a force is its magnitude. 1879H. Spencer Data Ethics vi. §39. 100 From the biological point of view, ethical science becomes a specification of the conduct of associated men.
b. Logic. (See quots. and determination 5 b.)
1864Bowen Logic iv. 75 The contrary process of descending from higher to lower Concepts through the successive assumption of Marks is called Determination,—more properly Specification, as it expresses the act of becoming a Species. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant ii. iv. 273 An endless process of specification which, beginning with the most general and vague determinations,..goes on to determine the object in all its particular relations. 1884tr. Lotze's Logic 185 We may set down any conception M as equivalent to any other conception N when we have by further specification so changed N that it is equal to M.
c. Assignment to a (new) species. rare—1.
1878Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) III. 160, I should think nearly perfect separation would greatly aid in their ‘specification’, to coin a new word.
4. Specific, explicit, or detailed mention, enumeration, or statement of something.
1642Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 119 No example in all Scripture of any censure inflicted by any meere Presbyters, either upon Clergy or Laity; no specification of any power that they had so to doe. 1658T. Wall Charact. Enemies Ch. 30 The specification of these other beasts in the text prompts my inclination to this sense. 1719F. Hare Ch. Author. Vind. 27 By demanding a Specification of the powers claimed. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) II. 47 note, Besides others for very obscure persons, and without specification of place. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. ii. 380 The allegation of precipitation and unfairness..he..by a specification of circumstances endeavoured to disprove. 1839Hallam Hist. Lit. iv. vii. §60 The specification of some public or private library where they may be seen. 1862Marsh Eng. Lang. iii. 59 The specification of the particular colours which he ascribes to the wings of the archangel.
b. Without const.
1767Gooch Treat. Wounds I. 97 Celsus agrees with Hippocrates, adding some specifications, in respect to the wounded parts. 1794Paley Evid. ii. i. (1825) II. 224 If the prophecies had been composed after the event, there would have been more specification. 1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) II. xix. 179 This illustrious family..is worthy of specification. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. I. i. App. 546 The provisions of the whole fifth section..are in so many State constitutions that no specification is needed for them.
c. spec. A document, drawn up by the applicant for a patent and submitted to the proper authority, giving an explicit description of the nature, details, construction, and use of an invention.
1791Obs. Utility Patents 16 The Patentee being under the necessity of describing in his Specification the nature and form of his invention in all its parts. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 140 We shall now take so much from the specification of the patent..as may explain [etc.]. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 369 The drawings are taken from Mr. Reece's original specification. 1882Engineer 24 Feb. 138/2 After carefully perusing the defendant's specification,..I am led to think [etc.].
d. techn. A detailed description of the particulars of some projected work in building, engineering, or the like, giving the dimensions, materials, quantities, etc., of the work, together with directions to be followed by the builder or constructor; the document containing this.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §233 Particulars, or Specification and Estimate. Ibid., We shall give the specification, for each trade, in a separate paragraph. 1850Denison Clock & Watch-m. 272, I have seen a specification..furnished sometime ago by an eminent architect for an important public clock. 1883M. P. Bale Saw-Mills 67 The author appends a short specification of 30 h.-p. boiler suitable for saw-mill work.
e. A specified article, item, or particular.
1828–32in Webster. Hence in later Dicts. |