| 释义 |
condensation|kɒndɛnˈseɪʃən|
[ad. L. condensātiōn-em, n. of action f. condensāre to condense; also in 14th c. F. (Oresme).]
1. a. The action of making or becoming more dense; increase of density; reduction of volume.
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1337 Condensation and constipation depresseth and driveth it [matter] downward to the middle. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. i. 32 By condensation, he reduc'd the Air into a space..eight times narrower. 1831Lardner Pneumat. v. 308 The condensation of air in the receiver. 1878C. H. H. Parry in Grove Dict. Mus. I. 159 These waves [of sound] consist of alternate condensation and rarefaction.
b. Optics. Concentration (of light): cf. condense v. 1 b, condenser 7.
1832A. Pritchard Microsc. Cabinet 189 A condensation by means of a lens.
2. spec. The conversion of a substance from the state of gas or vapour to the liquid, or (rarely) to the solid, condition.
1614Raleigh Hist. World i. 90 Condensation is a conversion of Ayre into Water. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. ii. (1814) 37 Cold is produced during evaporation and heat during the condensation of steam. 1858Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil., Heat. 333 Names of Gases condensed. Pressure under which Condensation took place. 1878Glen Public Health Act 1875 iii. (ed. 9) 90 An act..for the more effectual condensation of such gas. Mod. The condensation of milk into a viscous mass.
3. a. Condensed condition.
1626Bacon Sylva §77 A notable instance of Condensation and Induration by Burial under Earth. 1833Brewster Nat. Magic viii. 186 In a state of condensation or rarefaction. 1858Greener Gunnery 264 The amazing degree of condensation of the elastic air in the nitre and gun⁓powder.
b. quasi-concr. A condensed mass of anything.
1665Manley Grotius' Low-C. Warres 413 When..a remission of cold loosens these conjoyned condensations, the several fragments..are violently carried into the Sea. 1725N. Robinson Th. Physick 61 Hail is a Condensation of the same Nitrous Particles. 1865Grote Plato I. i. 19 Condensations of vapours exhaled from the Earth.
4. The action of crowding or condition of being crowded closely together; dense aggregation.
1828W. Sewell Oxf. Prize Ess. 45 The condensation of a manufacturing populace.
5. a. fig. The compression of thought or meaning into few words; reduction (of a literary work, etc.) within small or moderate compass by due arrangement, and omission of unessential details.
1794Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 36 The..condensation of thought and expression, which distinguish this poet. 1875Lyell Princ. Geol. I. i. iii. 58 A want of arrangement and condensation in his memoirs. 1879M. Arnold Guide Eng. Lit. Mixed Ess. 199 A little condensation..would abridge it by another page.
b. quasi-concr.
1867Morning Star 5 Aug. 5 Its first leader..is a condensation of sensible thought into clever writing. 1886Morley Ht. Martineau Crit. Misc. III. 204 The condensation of Comte's Positive Philosophy..is said..to be hardly free from some too hasty renderings.
c. Concentration (in fig. sense). rare—1.
1855Milman Lat. Chr. (ed. 3) I. ii. i. 106 The gradual condensation of the supreme Ecclesiastical power in the Supreme Bishop.
6. Org. Chem. A reaction in which two similar or identical organic molecules become joined by a carbon-carbon bond, generally with the elimination of a simple molecule (as of water or an alcohol).
1886E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter's Org. Chem. 155 Such a union of two or more molecules by the linking of carbon atoms..and the formation of complicated carbon chains is ordinarily termed condensation. 1907Haskins & MacLeod Org. Chem. 104 Aldehyde molecules can be made to fuse together, forming a ‘condensation’ product, aldol. Ibid. 212 An aldose isomeric with dextrose and galactose can be made by condensation of two molecules of the triose, glyceric aldehyde. 1938G. H. Richter Textbk. Org. Chem. vii. 109 ‘Mixed’ aldols are produced by the condensation of one aldehyde with another aldehyde. 1958Packer & Vaughan Org. Chem. ix. 222 The complete reaction is a true condensation and is known as the croton condensation, but the first stage is a polymerization and not a true condensation, although it is usually referred to as the aldol condensation.
7. Psychoanalysis. The process by which images characterized by a common affect are grouped so as to form a single composite or a new image.
1913A. A. Brill tr. Freud's Interpr. of Dreams vi. 262 An abundant condensation of psychic material has taken place in the formation of dreams. 1913E. Jones Papers Psycho-Analysis 27 Condensation.—Every element in the manifest content represents the fusion of several in the latent thoughts, and vice versa. 1922J. Riviere tr. Freud's Introd. Lect. Psychoanal. 144 The first achievement of the dream-work is Condensation. 1922E. & C. Paul Baudouin's Stud. Psychoanalysis 10 Now one of the most notable of Baudouin's contributions to analytical science, and a matter upon which he differs from the Freudian school, is his careful study of condensation..in its bearings upon representation by symbols. 1930W. Empson 7 Types Ambig. vii. 245 It is evident that the Freudian terminology, particularly the word ‘condensation’, could be employed with profit for the understanding of poetry. 1942J. G. Miller Unconsciousness ix. 239 These are the major points of this statement: Condensation and distortion occur—we have ample proof that memory is alterative. 1958T. M. French Reintegrative Proc. Psychoanalytic Treatm. III. e. 444 The condensation of the two quarreling figures into the single figure of a protesting lady.
8. Comb. condensation nucleus Meteorol., any minute particle suspended in the air around which atmospheric water vapour condenses; condensation trail, a vapour trail.
1886Proc. R. Soc. Edin. XIII. 78 The necessity for a condensation-nucleus. 1913Sci. Abstr. XVI. 248 (title) Condensation nuclei in the atmosphere. 1926Proc. R. Irish Acad. XXXVII. A. 58 (title) Atmospheric dust and condensation nuclei. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. viii. 549 The calcium sulfate particles, not being hygroscopic, will form a stable aerosol, while the chlorides will act as condensation nuclei.
1942‘B. J. Ellan’ Spitfire! xiv. 74 At 25,000 feet I noticed that we were making condensation trails as well and began to wonder when our quarry would see us. 1957Meteorol. Gloss. (H.M.S.O.) (ed. 3) 51 Condensation trail. 1960Guardian 10 Nov. 2/5 The F-86 aircraft..sighted condensation trails at a distance of 10 to 15 miles. |