| 释义 |
▪ I. chemical, a.|ˈkɛmɪkəl|
Forms: 6–7 chimicall, 7 chimical, chymicall, chemicall, 7–9 chymical, 8– chemical.
[f. as chemic a. + -al1, or perh. f. chemic-us chemic as n. + -al1.]
†1. Of the alchemist, alchemical. Obs.
1594Plat Jewell-ho. i. §99 Distillatorie vessels, furnaces, and other chimicall instrumentes. 1599Thynne Animadv. (1865) 33 The Chimicall philosophers defyne the fermente to bee ‘animam’ the sowle or lyfe of the philosophers stoone. 1638Featly Strict. Lyndom. ii. 9 The fire of Purgatory is rightly termed..chymicall, because by means of this fire, they extract much gold. 1747Johnson Plan Eng. Dict., The jargon of Geber and his chymical followers.
†2. Relating to the Paracelsian theory or practice of medicine, as opposed to the ‘Galenical’. (Cf. chemiatric.) Obs.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. ii. i. iv. i, Paracelsus is so stiff for those chimical medicines..deriding..Hippocrates, Galen, and all their followers. 1741Watts Improv. Mind xvii. §3 (1801) 145 Whether chymical or galenical preparations. 1782Johnson Let. Mrs. Thrale 8 May, I am of the chymical sect, which holds phlebotomy in abhorrence.
3. Relating or belonging to the practice of chemistry; (of substances) obtained by the operations of chemistry. chemical works: manufactories where chemical processes are carried on for commercial purposes, such as alkali works, etc.
1576Baker Jewell of Health Pref., The vertues of medicines by chimicall distillation, are made..of more efficacie. 1605Timme Quersit. i. ix. 37 The chymicall salte. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. 66 The Chymical examination of these Waters. 1711Addison Spect. No. 120 ⁋14 A Chymical Operation. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Ability Wks. (Bohn) II. 42 Stall-feeding..converts the stable to a chemical factory. 1860C. M. Yonge Hopes & Fears II. iii. xxi. 406 Try chemical manures—drain that terrible old marsh. 1875Jevons Money (1878) 36 The microscope and the chemical balance. 1879G. B. Prescott Sp. Telephone i, The chemical telegraph was invented by Coxe. 1905R. Broughton Waif's Progr. xxxi. 348 The face of the very pronounced ‘chemical blonde’ thrust out of the automobile's window.
4. a. Of, pertaining to, or relating to the science of chemistry, or to the substances and phenomena of which it treats. chemical affinity, chemical analysis, chemical attraction, chemical combination, chemical equivalent, chemical formula, etc.: see affinity, analysis, etc.
1791Smeaton Edystone L. (1793) §217 To act on either material, so as to alter their chymical action on one another. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. i. (1814) 10 The chemical composition of plants. 1850Daubeny Atom. The. ii. (ed. 2) 69 The combining proportions..are termed chemical equivalents. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. §2. 240 Beyond the violet end of the spectrum we have obscure rays capable of producing chemical changes. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 76 The discovery of the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
b. In specific collocations: chemical closet, a closet (closet n. 7) in which waste matter is decomposed chemically (see quot. 1940); chemical engineering, a branch of engineering concerned with manufacturing processes involving the theory or practice of chemistry; so chemical engineer; cf. chemico-engineering s.v. chemico-; chemical extinguisher, a fire-extinguisher from which a chemical liquid can be discharged (Cent. Dict. 1889); chemical warfare, that in which chemicals (other than explosives) are used, as gases, smoke, incendiary compounds, etc.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 155/1 Chemical closet, a suitably shaped container for use in conjunction with special deodorising and liquefying chemicals, when running water is not available. 1963Guardian 21 Jan. 5/3 Modern plastic or collapsible chemical closets are compact, hygienic, and easily cleaned.
1904(title) The chemical engineer. 1936Discovery Oct. 308/2 Performing miracles with fancy currencies and their blue prints reminiscent of the chemical engineer.
1901G. E. Davis (title) Handbook of Chemical Engineering. 1957Technology Apr. 56 Chemical Engineering. One of the primary technologies which came into being when continuous process production began to replace the older methods of batch processing.
1898Engineering News 16 June 391/2 In suburban towns, villages, and isolated country properties, a chemical extinguisher..is of greater value than all other apparatus.
1917W. S. Churchill World Crisis 1916–18 (1927) II. 560 Chemical warfare must be one of the..leading features of our campaign of 1918. 1937A. M. Prentiss (title) Chemicals in war: a treatise on chemical warfare.
5. Of persons: Engaged in the practice or study of chemistry; versed in chemistry.
c1615Raleigh Last Speech (1651) 148 A Chimical Frenchman. 1791Smeaton Edystone L. (1793) §192 How to analyze limestones..my chemical friends will be at no loss. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. i. (1814) 10 The experiments of a number of chemical philosophers.
6. a. as n. (Chiefly in pl.) A substance obtained or used in chemical operations.
1747J. Wesley Prim. Physick (1762) Pref. 11 Chymicals such as they neither had Skill nor Fortune nor Time to prepare. 1858Greener Gunnery 30 Chemicals of various kinds were stored in other parts. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 145/1 His chemicals are as the colours of the painter.
b. fine chemicals, those handled in small lots and in a purified state; heavy chemicals, those handled in large lots and in a more or less crude state.
1882Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry Feb. 75 Fine chemicals, alkaloids, essences. 1937Chem. Abstr. XXXI. 8748 The industries discussed include..the Trail industries (both metal and heavy chemicals).
Add:[4.] [b.] chemical weapon, a weapon that depends for its effect on the release of a toxic or noxious substance; usu. in pl.
1920E. S. Farrow Gas Warfare viii. 100 The following types of chemical weapons have been approved for use by infantry: Incendiary grenades, gas grenades, smoke grenades, [etc.]. 1986Armed Forces Aug. 375/1 There was..lack of progress for a chemical weapons convention.
▸ chemical dependency n. addiction to a chemical substance, spec. drug or alcohol addiction; an instance of this.
1953Amer. Jrnl. Med. 15 814/2 An acquired *chemical dependency of nerve cells to the presence of barbituric acid. 1973Fond du Lac (Wisconsin) Reporter 21 Mar. 2/1 Mental health, chemical dependency, genetics and mental retardation and future health planning..will be covered in a one-day symposium. 1989Employee Assistance May 7/2 It takes 25 years for chemical dependency to take its full effect. 2002D. C. Daley & H. B. Moss Dual Disorders (ed. 3) iii. 67 Since chemical dependencies are associated with a range of medical diseases and problems, each client should receive a thorough physical examination.
▪ II. chemical, v.|ˈkɛmɪkəl|
[f. the n.]
trans. = next.
1884Harper's Mag. LXIX. No. 3 (Advt.), Washing compounds and soap..are highly chemicaled. |