| 释义 |
pyro-|paɪərəʊ, pɪrəʊ|
before a vowel or h sometimes pyr- (but more freq. pyro-), repr. Gr. πυρο-, combining form of πῦρ fire, forming the first element in many terms belonging to various arts and sciences. (The second element is properly of Greek, but sometimes of Latin or English origin.)
1. In various terms, chiefly scientific or technical, in the sense Of, relating to, done with, caused or produced by fire.
pyroˈcellulose, a form of nitrocellulose containing slightly less nitrogen than gun-cotton (see quots.); ˈpyroclast Geol., a pyroclastic rock fragment; pyroˈclastic a. Geol. [Gr. κλαστός broken: cf. clastic], consisting of fragments broken through the action of volcanic fire, or comminuted in the process of eruption; also as n., a pyroclastic rock or rock fragment; ˈpyrocone, a cone of flame, as in the blow-pipe flame; ˌpyro-enˈgraver, an artist who practises pyrogravure or poker-work; pyrognomic |-ˈgnɒmɪk, ˈgnəʊmɪk| a. [Gr. γνώµη means of knowing, mark, token]: see quot.; pyrognostic |-ˈgnɒstɪk| a. Min. [Gr. γνωστικός pertaining to knowledge: after diagnostic, prognostic, etc.], applied to, or relating to, those characters of a mineral that are ascertained by means of the flame of a blow-pipe or of a Bunsen burner; so pyroˈgnostics n. pl., pyrognostic characters, or the branch of mineralogy that deals with them; † pyˈromachy, Obs. nonce-wd. [cf. Gr. πυροµαχεῖν to contend with fire], fighting with fire; pyromagˈnetic a., applied to a dynamo invented by Edison, the working of which depends on the diminution of the magnetization of iron with increase of temperature; more widely, pertaining to or exhibiting pyromagnetism; pyroˈmagnetism [ad. G. pyromagnetismus (W. Voigt 1901, in Nachrichten v.d. K. Ges. d. Wissensch. zu Göttingen (Math.-phys. Klasse) I. 1)], magnetism that is dependent on the temperature of the material; pyroˈmania, insanity characterized by an impulse to set things on fire, incendiary mania; so pyroˈmaniac n., one affected with pyromania; adj., pertaining to or affected with pyromania; also pyromaˈniacal a.; pyroˈmanic a., of or relating to pyromania; pyroˈmetallurgy, metallurgy in which high temperatures are employed for the extraction of metals; hence ˌpyrometaˈllurgical a., pyroˈmetallurgist; ˌpyrometaˈmorphism Geol., metamorphism resulting from the action of heat; so ˌpyrometaˈmorphic a., of, pertaining to, or characterized by pyrometamorphism; pyroˈmorphous a. Min. [Gr. µορϕή form], having the property of crystallizing after fusion by heat (cf. pyromorphite in 2); pyroˈnaphtha, an illuminant made from the waste products of the distillation of Baku petroleum; † pyronomics |-ˈnɒmɪks|, † pyˈronomy |-ˈrɒnəmɪ| [? after economics, economy], the phenomena and laws of the action of fire or heat; pyrophanous |paɪˈrɒfənəs| a. Min. [Gr. -ϕανης appearing; cf. diaphanous], having the property of becoming transparent or translucent when heated (cf. pyrophane in 2); ‖ pyroˈphobia Path. [see -phobia], ‘morbid dread of fire’ (Billings Nat. Med. Dict. 1890); ˈpyrophone |-fəʊn| [Gr. ϕωνή voice, sound], a musical instrument devised by Kastner, having a series of glass tubes each containing two hydrogen flames burning close together, which by pressing down a key are caused to separate, and then produce a sound; pyroˈpuncture Surg., ‘puncturing with red-hot needles’ (Billings); a puncture so made; ˈpyroscope [see -scope], an instrument invented by Leslie, c 1825, for measuring the intensity of radiant heat, consisting of a differential thermometer having one bulb covered with silver; pyroˈsilver, a trade name for electro-plated goods in which the silver is ‘burnt in’, i.e. fixed more firmly by means of heat; pyrosophy |-ˈrɒsəfɪ| [Gr. σοϕία wisdom], ‘the knowledge of the nature and properties of fire or heat’ (Mayne Expos. Lex.); ˈpyrosphere Geol. = barysphere; ˈpyrostat [Gr. στατός standing: cf. heliostat, thermostat], ‘an automatic draft-regulator for chimneys, smoke-pipes, and smokestacks’ (Cent. Dict.); pyroˈstereotype, a printing plate in relief cast from an intaglio burnt in a wooden block by means of a blade, or of steel plugs, heated by a gas-flame; used esp. for printing music; also, short for pyrostereotype process (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875–84); pyroˈsynthesis, synthesis by the action of heat; hence pyrosynˈthetic a.; † pyrotheˈology, the part of natural theology which is founded on the laws and phenomena of fire; pyrothonide |-ˈrɒθəʊnaɪd| [Gr. ὀθόνη linen, sail-cloth], an empyreumatic oil, formerly used in medicine, obtained by burning linen, hemp, or cotton in a closed vessel.
1906E. M. Weaver Notes Military Explosives iv. 123 *Pyrocellulose, a soluble nitrocellulose of so called definite percentage of N(12·4), corresponding to the molecular formula, C30H38(NO2)12O25, claimed to have been produced by Mendeléef; it possesses just sufficient content of O to burn all of the C to CO, the H to H2O. 1920O. W. Willcox in A. Rogers Industr. Chem. (ed. 3) xlvi. 1076 Nitrocellulose of from 12·50 to 12·70 per cent of nitrogen is called pyrocellulose, or simply pyro, and is the material from which smokeless powder for cannon is made. 1951Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. VI. 36 Various types or grades of nitrocellulose are characterized by their nitrogen contents and the following names are used: pyroxylin, 8–12% nitrogen; pyrocellulose, 12·6 {pm} 0·1% nitrogen; guncotton, 13·3 {pm} 0·1% nitrogen. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 87/1 It was..the most important type of smokeless powder used by the Allies in World War I. It was made from a nitrocotton of relatively low nitrogen content, called pyrocellulose, because that type is quite soluble in ether-alcohol.
1920A. Holmes Nomencl. Petrol. 193 *Pyroclasts, a general term for fragmental deposits of volcanic ejectamenta. 1934Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XVIII. 1573 The bentonite beds in the basal McLure shale represent purer beds of originally vitric pyroclasts. 1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xx. 443 The great clouds of gases, vapours, and pyroclasts that are the most conspicuous feature of explosive eruptions may be luminous or dark. 1972Nature 21 Jan. 157/1 This eruption was extremely violent: an estimated 1·4 km3 of pyroclast flow and fall was emitted.
1887J. J. H. Teall in Geol. Mag. Decade III. IV. 493, I venture to suggest that..we should distinguish between the three types of clastic rocks at present recognized by using the terms epiclastic, cataclastic, and *pyroclastic... Pyroclastic—Fragmental rocks of volcanic origin. The same terms may be applied to the structures which characterize the rocks in question. 1888Rutley Rock-Forming Min. 124 Breccias and tuffs, whether of pyroclastic origin or not. 1897Geikie Anc. Volcanoes Gt. Brit. I. 14 All kinds of pyroclastic detritus discharged from volcanic vents. 1903Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 213. 73 The gravels of Slate Creek contain..a certain proportion of material derived from the older quartzites, pyroclastics, and granite intrusives occurring on the south side of its lower valley. 1939W. H. Twenhofel Princ. Sedimentation viii. 291 The coarse-grained pyroclastics fall near the places of expulsion. 1976P. Francis Volcanoes iv. 127 All volcanic rocks..may turn up either as lavas or pyroclastics. Ibid. v. 158 Pumice is the best-known of all pyroclastic..rocks.
1880W. A. Ross in Nature XXI. 275/1 The blue *pyrocone produced by the blowpipe from an ordinary gas-burner.
1897Daily News 27 Mar. 6/7 Henri Guénard, the eminent draughtsman, painter, aquafortist, *pyro-engraver, and engraver in colours.
1882Ogilvie (Annandale), *Pyrognomic, applied to certain minerals which, when heated to a certain degree, exhibit a glow of incandescence, probably arising from a new disposition of their molecules.
1849Dana Geol. iii. (1850) 207 note, *Pyrognostic Characters.—In an open tube gives off a small quantity of water. 1851Richardson Geol. v. 76 Bromel, a French mineralogist,..being the first who classified mineral substances according to their pyrognostic qualities.
1593G. Harvey Pierces Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 66, I looke for Agrippas dreadfull *Pyromachy: for Cardans multiplied matter, that shall delude the force of the Canon.
1887Times 9 Sept. 14/5 The *pyro-magnetic dynamo will allow of the waste heat being utilized for other purposes. 1901Pyromagnetic [see piezomagnetic adj. s.v. piezo-]. 1931S. R. Williams Magn. Phenomena v. 164 A pyromagnetic crystal must show a magnetic moment at room temperature. 1975Jrnl. Appl. Physics XLVI. 2250/1 The low-frequency pyromagnetic effect has been used to study the behavior of a ferromagnetic material both in the low-temperature region as well as near its Curie temperature.
1901*Pyromagnetism [see piezomagnetism s.v. piezo-]. 1956Soviet Physics: JETP III. 436/2 Recently the opinion has been expressed that pyromagnetism, piezomagnetism, etc., are impossible. 1973Jrnl. Appl. Physics XLIV. 424/1 Another interesting application of pyromagnetism revealed by the present study is the possibility of verifying, or determining, the relationships between crystalline anisotropy constants and the magnetization near the critical point.
1842Dunglison Med. Dict., *Pyromania. 1847tr. von Feuchtersleben's Med. Psychol. (Syd. Soc.) 293 An irresistible impulse to incendiarism (pyromania). 1867H. Maudsley Physiol. Mind 273 Instances of..homicidal monomania, kleptomania, pyromania, and suicidal monomania. 1895Pyromania [see onomatomania b]. 1937Times 7 Oct. 11/2 Mr. A. Lawson-Walton..said that there was no evidence of spite.., and it seemed that the accused had a kind of pyromania and delighted in making fires.
1887Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. I. 191 *Pyromaniacs rarely incriminate themselves. 1897Westm. Gaz. 2 Apr. 7/2 A dangerous pyromaniac has been discovered in Brooklyn..[who] has set over twenty tenements on fire..simply for the pleasure of seeing them burn. 1929W. S. Sadler Mind at Mischief x. 141 We have the same condition in the case of certain types of pyromaniacs. 1967Listener 6 Apr. 466/2 Jeanne Moreau lends to the role..more credibility than was apparent in her full-length portrayal of the pyromaniac school-mistress. 1972G. W. Kisker Disorganized Personality (ed. 2) viii. 260/1 The defiance is usually aimed at the police in their role of father image. Pyromaniacs of this type go about setting fires indiscriminately.
1873G. H. Lewes Probl. Life & Mind 1st Ser. I. 234 Phases which manifest homicidal, kleptomaniacal, and *pyromaniacal instincts.
1926J. I. Suttie tr. Ferenczi's Further Contrib. Theory & Technique Psycho-Anal. xxxi. 258 There were quite a number [of cases] in which incendiaries set fire to their beds, as though to indicate the..enuristic primitive source of their *pyromanic character trait. 1968G. Jones Hist. Vikings i. ii. 52 According to Ynglinga Saga, this pyromanic imbecility cost the Ynglings their realm of Uppsala.
1917E. Oberg Machinery's Encycl. II. 204/2 There are three methods by means of which copper may be obtained from its ores: 1. By the *pyro-metallurgical or dry method. 1971Daily Tel. 29 Apr. 25 (Advt.), Applicants should have..a strong pyrometallurgical background and a minimum of 3 years' smelting or related development experience.
1960Times 6 Apr. 3/1 (Advt.), Applications are invited..for appointment to the posts of *Pyrometallurgist, [etc.]. 1974Daily Tel. 2 May 23 (Advt.), The Pyrometallurgist will work in the Smelter, which has an annual production capacity of approximately 84,000 tonnes of copper.
1909Webster, *Pyrometallurgy. 1957New Scientist 26 Sept. 20/1 Pyrometallurgy, the study of metals in the molten state, may find an application in the treatment of metals which are ‘hot’ in the sense of being highly radioactive. 1973R. D. Pehlke Unit Processes of Extractive Metallurgy i. 5 Following the mining and concentration of minerals, their extraction is accomplished by application of chemical metallurgy in one of the three areas of extractive metallurgy: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, or electrometallurgy.
1879Rutley Stud. Rocks xii. 208 Commonly called metamorphic action, but which might more properly be designated *pyro⁓metamorphic action.
Ibid., *Pyro-metamorphism, by which rocks originally stratified..come to be subsequently acted on by heat, and so transformed into what are commonly called the metamorphic rocks.
1847Webster, *Pyromorphous, in mineralogy, having the property of crystallization by fire.
1834Tait's Mag. I. 39 *Pyronomics, hydrostatics, phrenology,..and other crabbed sciences.
1601Gill Treat. Trinitie Wks. (1635) 220 They which understand the rules of *Pyronomie, know what I say. 1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Pyronomia, term for the doctrine of the nature and use of fire: pyronomy.
1836Smart, *Pyrophanous, rendered transparent by heat.
1882Nature XXVI. 304/1 This phenomenon, which Kastner called the interference of flames, was the..starting-point of Kastner's *Pyrophone or Flame-Organ, which he patented in 1873.
1828Webster, *Pyroscope. 1832Nat. Philos. II. Therm. & Pyrom. iv. 44 (U.K.S.) When one ball of the differential thermometer is smoothly covered with thick silver leaf, or inclosed in a polished sphere of silver, and the other ball is naked, it forms the pyroscope.
1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 78 Neal's Patent *Pyro-Silver Cutlery.
1832L. Hunt Sir R. Esher (1850) 244, I would willingly elude the experiment, and take the wings of the ancient *pyrosophy. 1846J. C. Brown tr. Arbousset's Narr. xxi. (1852) 309 Who can tell all the ingredients which may enter into the product of a pyrosophy so new?
1900Geogr. Jrnl. XV. 88 A coloured diagram showing an ideal section of the Earth on the hypothesis that within the solid lithosphere lies a *pyrosphere of intensely high temperature. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation i. 1 Glyptogenesis is the process of sculpturing of the lithosphere through the agency of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and pyrosphere.
1947Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LVIII. 1232 (heading) *Pyrosyntheses of telluride minerals. 1955Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXVII. 1048/2 (heading) Pyrosynthesis of aspartic acid and alanine from citric acid cycle intermediates. 1961Amer. Mineralogist XLVI. 823 Differential thermal pyrosynthesis may be considered a modification of differential thermal analysis which allows investigation under closed system conditions. A record is obtained of thermal reactions which occur during synthesis by heating elemental constituents to the fusion point.
1956Amer. Scientist XLIV. 357 *Pyrosynthetic experiments.
1755tr. Pontoppidan's Nat. Hist. Pref. 7 That circumstantial examination..which hath been undertaken and executed by Fabricius, in his *pyro- and hydro-theology.
1857Dunglison Med. Lex., *Pyrothonide.
2. In names of minerals and rocks, usually indicating some property exhibited or alteration produced by the action of fire or heat; sometimes denoting a fiery red or yellow colour.
pyrallolite |-ˈræləʊlaɪt| [Gr. ἄλλος other; Nordenskiöld 1820, in Ger.: see -lite], an altered form of pyroxene, usually of a whitish or green colour, which changes colour when heated; † pyˈrantimonite, obs. synonym of kermesite; pyrargillite |-ˈrɑːdʒɪlaɪt| [Gr. ἄργιλλος clay; Nordenskiöld 1833, in Ger.], an alteration product of iolite, which has a clayey smell when heated; pyrargyrite |-ˈrɑːdʒɪraɪt| [Gr. ἄργυρον silver; Glöcker 1831, in Ger.], a dark red silver ore, a native sulphide of silver and antimony; † pyˈrauxite, obs. synonym of pyrophyllite; pyroaurite |-ˈrɔːraɪt| [L. aurum gold; Igelström 1865, in Sw.], hydrate of magnesium and iron, which has a golden-yellow colour when heated; pyroˈbelonite Min. [ad. G. pyrobelonit (G. Flink 1919, in Geol. Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandl. XLI. 436), f. Gr. βελόνη needle], a basic vanadate of manganese and lead, MnPb(VO4)(OH), occurring as red, transparent, needle-shaped crystals; pyroˈbitumen, any of a class of native hydrocarbons that differ from the bitumens proper in being relatively hard, infusible, and insoluble in organic solvents; hence ˌpyrobiˈtuminous a.; ˈpyrochlore |-klɔə(r)| [Gr. χλωρός greenish-yellow; Wöhler 1826, in Ger.], a niobo-titanate of calcium, cerium, and other bases, occurring in octahedral crystals of a brown colour, becoming greenish-yellow when strongly heated; also, any of a group of minerals that includes pyrochlore, microlite, betafite, and obruchevite, the members of which have the general formula A2B2O6(O,OH,F), where A may be sodium, potassium, calcium, cerium, or certain other elements, and B may be niobium, tantalum, titanium, or certain other elements; freq. attrib. in pyrochlore group; pyrochroite |-ˈkrəʊaɪt| [Gr. χροιά colour; Igelström 1864, in Ger.], a pearly-white foliated hydrate of manganese, which becomes coloured when heated; † pyroˈchrotite, obs. synonym of pyrostilpnite; pyˈroclasite [Gr. κλάσις fracture], pyroˈguanite [guano], names given to hard guano; ˈpyrolite [-lite], † (a) an artificial rock (see quot. 1848) (obs.); (b) a mixture proposed as the primitive material of the earth's upper mantle (see quots. 1962, 1975); pyˈromelane [Gr. µέλας black; C. U. Shepard 1856, ‘because it turns black when heated’, Chester Names Min.], a reddish mineral (prob. titanite), found in the gold sands of N. Carolina; pyroˈmeline [Gr. µήλινος yellow; Kobell 1852, in Ger.], hydrous sulphate of nickel, pale yellow or greenish white; pyˈromeride [Gr. µέρ-ος part], a granitoid rock containing felspathic spherules thickly disseminated (Watts Dict. Chem.); pyroˈmorphite [Gr. µορϕή form; Hausmann 1813, in Ger.], chlorophosphate of lead, occurring in green, yellow, or brown crystals; so called because the globule produced by melting assumes a crystalline form on cooling; † ˈpyrophane |-feɪn| [Gr. -ϕανης appearing], a variety of opal which absorbs melted wax, and consequently becomes translucent when heated (cf. hydrophane); also sometimes = fire-opal; pyˈrophanite [Gr. ϕανός bright; A. Hamberg 1890], titanate of manganese found in brilliant red crystals and scales; pyrophillite, var. pyrophyllite; pyrophyllite |-ˈfɪlaɪt| [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf; R. Hermann 1829, in Ger.], a hydrous silicate of aluminium, occurring in foliated masses which exfoliate when heated; pyrophysalite |-ˈfɪsəlaɪt| [Gr. ϕυσαλλίς bubble; Berzelius 1806, in Sw.], a coarse, nearly opaque variety of topaz, which swells up when heated; pyroˈpissite [Gr. πίσσα pitch; Kenngott 1853, in Ger.] , a greyish-brown earthy friable substance, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons, which when heated melts into a mass resembling pitch; pyroˈretin [Gr. ῥητίνη resin; Reuss 1854], a resin occurring in masses in brown coal, in the vicinity of basaltic dykes, in Bohemia; hence pyroˈretinite, ‘the part of pyroretin which dissolves in hot alcohol and deposits in cooling’ (Chester Names Min.); pyˈrorthite [orthite; Berzelius 1818] an impure mineral resembling orthite, but containing carbonaceous matter, and hence burning when strongly heated; ˈpyroschist |-ʃɪst|, a highly bituminous schist or shale, which burns or yields inflammable gas when heated; pyrosclerite |-ˈsklɪəraɪt| [Gr. σκληρός hard; Kobell 1834, in Ger.], a green mineral allied to the chlorites, forming seams in serpentine: so called ‘because a fragment becomes very hard when heated before the blow-pipe’ (Chester Names Min.); pyrosiderite: see pyrrhosiderite; pyrosmalite |-ˈrɒzməlaɪt| [orig. (in Ger.) pirodmalit (Hausmann 1808), f. Gr. ὀδµαλέος stinking; altered by Karsten 1808, after Gr. ὀσµή smell], a chlorosilicate of iron and manganese, occurring in dark green or brown crystals, which when heated give off an odour of chlorine; † pyroˈstibite, obs. synonym of kermesite; pyroˈstilpnite [Gr. στιλπνός shining; Dana 1868], a sulphantimonide of silver, occurring in minute bright red crystals; also called fire-blende; † pyroˈtechnite, obs. synonym of thenardite.
1822Cleaveland Min. (ed. 2) I. 426 *Pyrallolite, this new mineral occurs both massive, and in crystals... This mineral..has received its name..in allusion to its changes of color from white to dark, and from dark to white, before the blowpipe. 1837Dana Min. 256 Pyrallolite. Tersilicate of Magnesia. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 753 Pyrallolite, name of a series of decomposition-products of augite and occasionally of hornblende, consisting mainly of magnesian hydrosilicates. They blacken when heated, then burn white if in contact with the air.
1834Amer. Jrnl. Sc. July 387 *Pyrargillite. 1841Penny Cycl. XIX. 153/1 Pyrargillite occurs in four-sided prisms, with bevelled edges and massive.
1849Nicol Min. 500 Dark *pyrargyrite or antimonial silver-blende. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 753 Pyrargyrite. Dark-red silver ore. Ruby silver..occurring in rhombohedral crystals.
1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 179 *Pyroaurite... Perfectly soluble in muriatic acid.
1920Chem. Abstr. XIV. 1097 (heading) *Pyrobelonite, a new lead-manganese vanadate from Långbanshyttan. 1969Canad. Mineralogist X. 117 The specimen..was Harvard 94831 from the type locality, Långban, Sweden. It consists largely of massive to well-crystallized hausmannite in contact with, and cut by, calcite. The pyrobelonite occurs as very fine grains with a few small crystals (commonly
1903C. Richardson in Science 13 Mar. 420/1 The evidence thus obtained has been carefully analyzed, and the following classification of the native bitumens deduced: Gas... Petroleum... Maltha. Solid Bitumens... *Pyrobitumens: Practically insoluble in chloroform or heavy petroleum hydrocarbons. 1951K. K. Landes Petroleum Geol. iv. 127 The solid hydrocarbons may be subdivided into four main groups: petroleum bitumens, pyrobitumens, disseminated bitumens, and oxygen-bearing bitumens. 1965Pyrobitumen [see impsonite].
1918H. Abraham Asphalts & Allied Substances xi. 149 They [sc. pyrobitumens] are grouped into five classes, viz.: elaterite, wurtzilite, albertite, impsonite, and asphaltic *pyrobituminous shales. 1937Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XXI. 122 Regardless of the possible economic value of the Brazilian algal deposits and other pyrobituminous sediments, those now forming in fresh-water ponds and the related geologically young deposits have great scientific interest.
1830Amer. Jrnl. Sc. XVIII. 392 *Pyrochlore from Norway in zircon syenite. 1866Lawrence tr. Cotta's Rocks Class. (1878) 39 Pyrochlore occurs as an accessory in granite and syenite. 1906J. P. Iddings Rock Minerals ii. 464 Pyrochlore group. Pyrochlore, RNb2O6.R(Ti,Th)O3.NaF. Koppite, R2Nb2O7.2/5NaF. Microlite, Ca2Ta2O7.pt. 1941Amer. Mineralogist XXVI. 504 A study of the available analyses of pyrochlore shows that both cerium and titanium are invariably present in appreciable amounts and must therefore be regarded as essential constituents. Ibid. 505 Koppite... Winchell (1933) describes this mineral as ‘a pyrochlore containing K’ while Brandenberger (1931) states that koppite should be regarded as an iron-columbium pyrochlore. 1959[see pandaite]. 1977Amer. Mineralogist LXII. 404/1 The pyrochlore group comprises those multiple cubic oxides having the following characteristics: (a) essential amounts of niobium, tantalum, and titanium, either individually or in combination (b) the space group Fd3m, (c) the pyrochlore structure as defined by Gaertner (1930) and Brandenberger (1931), and (d) the general formula A2-mB2O6(O,OH,F)1-npH2O... The recommended subgroups are: Pyrochlore Subgroup in which Nb + Ta > 2 Ti and Nb > Ta. [Etc.]
1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 177 *Pyrochroite... Occurs in veins, 1 to 2 lines broad.
1856C. U. Shepard in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Ser. ii. XXII. 97 The altered guano is composed..of two mineral species, which I have called *pyroclasite and glaubapatite.
Ibid. 96 *Pyro-guanite minerals. The three following species occur at Mong's Island.
1848Mining Jrnl. 4 Nov. 521/1 Mr. Twining's object is to form, by chemical means, a comprehensive series of petreous substances which he proposes to designate..*pyrolite or artificial lava, as..being of igneous origin. 1962A. E. Ringwood in Jrnl. Geophysical Res. LXVII. 860/1 Immediately below the M discontinuity, the mantle consists dominantly of dunite and peridotite... This zone passes downward..into the primitive ‘pyrolite’. [Note] Peridotite is an unsatisfactory name for the hypothetical primitive mantle material, chemically equivalent to 1 part basalt plus 4 parts of dunite. Since a rock of this composition would crystallize dominantly as a mixture of olivine and pyroxene, the name ‘pyrolite’ is suggested. 1975Sci. Amer. Mar. 56/1 Assigning an appropriate chemistry to the residual peridotite, one arrives at the hypothetical composition of the upper mantle. Pyrolite (pyroxene-olivine rock) is the name given to one of these hypothetical peridotites.
1856C. U. Shepard in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Ser. ii. XXII. 96 *Pyromelane. Found in crystalline grains of the size of kernels of Indian corn.
1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 762 *Pyromeline.
1866Lawrence tr. Cotta's Rocks Class. 218 *Pyromeride..in addition to the usual quartz crystals, contains balls of felsite.
1814Allan Min. Nomencl. 29 Brown and green lead ore..*pyromorphit. 1842Brande Dict. Sci., etc., Pyromorphite, native phosphate of lead.
1794Kirwan Min. (ed. 2) I. 291 It is said that some *pyrophanes are found in Armenia which are transparent while exposed to the sun, and opake at night.
1946J. R. Partington Gen. & Inorganic Chem. xviii. 506 Montmorillonite shows the same X-ray pattern as *pyrophillite, which occurs crystalline in slates. 1975Tindall & Thornhill Blandford Rock & Mineral Guide ii. 96 This structure can extend indefinitely in a two-dimensional network or ‘sheet’; it is found, for example, in the mineral pyrophillite, Al2Si4O10(OH)2.
1830Edin. Philos. Jrnl. VIII. 183 The name *pyrophyllite is given to it on account of its exfoliation on exposure to heat. 1862Dana Man. Geol. §67. 62 Pyrophyllite, a mineral resembling talc in appearance and soapy feel.
1808Nicholson's Jrnl. XIX. 33 Mineralogical Description..of a Stone, called *Pyrophysalite.
1866Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc., s.v. Mineralogy 531/2 *Pyropissite.
1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 344 *Pyroretinite, part of *Pyroretin of Reuss. 1881Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XL. 359 Four resins belonging to the retinite group., viz., Pyroretin, Reussinite, Leucopetrite, and Euosinite.
1828Webster s.v., *Pyrorthite is in black plates, thin and almost parallel.
1866Lawrence tr. Cotta's Rocks Class. (1878) 330 *Pyroschist is..very bituminous and..dark-brown or black-coloured argillaceous shale.
1862Dana Man. Geol. §8. 82 They [nickel and chrome] occur also in the *pyrosclerite and Williamsite of Chester Co. Pa. 1896Chester Dict. Names Min., Pyrosclerite,..a micaceous mineral, one of the uncertain alteration products classed with vermiculite.
1816R. Jameson Syst. Min. (ed. 2) III. 311 *Pyrosmalite or native Muriate of Iron. 1852Shepard Min. (ed. 3) 160 Pyrosmalite..heated in a tube yields water.
1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 93 *Pyrostilpnite... Fireblende... Lustre pearly-adamantine. Color hyacinth-red.
3. In Chemistry, pyro- is prefixed to the name of a substance or to an adjective forming part thereof, in order to name a new substance formed by destructive distillation or other application of heat.
Names thus formed appeared first in the Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique of De Morveau, Lavoisier, etc. 1787. Many of the substances originally so called have subsequently received other names.
a. Prefixed to the adj. denominating an acid († sometimes an ether or spirit), to form the name of a new acid, etc. The substances properly so denominated were themselves mostly acids, but sometimes anhydrides or other derivatives. † pyro-aˈcetic acid = pyroligneous acid s.v. pyroligneous a.; † pyro-acetic ether or spirit, early name of acetone. pyro-aliˈzaric acid, C8H4O3 = phthalic anhydride s.v. phthalic a. pyro-arˈsenic acid, H4As2O7, an acid produced by the action of heat on arsenic acid expelling H2O. pyrocamˈphretic acid, C10H14O4. pyrocateˈchuic acid = pyrocatechin: see b. † pyroˈcitric = citraconic. † pyrocoˈmenic = pyromeconic. pyroˈfellic = pyrolithofellic. † pyroˈglucic acid = pyrodextrin: see b. † pyroguaiˈacic acid = guaiacol. † pyroˈkinic acid = quinide. † pyroˈleic = sebacic. † pyroˈlithic = pyro-uric, cyanuric. pyrolithoˈfellic acid, C20H34O3: see quot. pyroliˈvilic acid [olivil], C20H26O5. † pyroˈmalic = maleic. pyroˈmaric acid: see quot. 1866–8. pyromeˈllitic acid, C10H6O8. pyroˈpectic acid: see quot. pyrophosˈphamic acid, P2NH5O6. pyroˈphosphate, a salt or ester, or the anion, of pyrophosphoric acid; a group or linkage formed from two condensed phosphate groups. pyrophosˈphoric acid, H4P2O7, a tetrabasic acid, produced as a glass-like solid, by the action of heat on phosphoric acid. pyroraˈcemic acid = pyruvic acid. † pyroˈsorbic = pyromalic, maleic. pyrosulˈphuric acid, H2S2O7 = (HSO3)2 + O: see quots. pyroteˈrebic acid, C6H10O2; also called hexenoic acid. pyro-ˈuric = cyanuric. Also in the names of salts of these acids, as pyroarsenate, -citrate, -phosphamate, -sulphate, etc. See also pyrogallic, pyromeconic, pyromucic, pyrotartaric, pyruvic.
1815Henry Elem. Chem. (ed. 7) II. 281 The peculiar fluid, which Derosne has termed *pyro-acetic ether, but to which Mr. Chenevix is of opinion, the less definite name of pyro-acetic spirit will be better adapted. 1859Fownes Man. Chem. (ed. 7) 396 Acetone: pyroacetic spirit... A peculiar inflammable volatile liquid, designated by the above names. 1868Nat. Encycl. I. 115 A..volatile inflammable fluid called pyro-acetic spirit.
1876Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 296 *Pyroarsenate of soda, isomorphous with the pyrophosphate of that base.
1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 91/2 The methylated gallic ether or *pyrocatechuic acid.
1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 62 Dumas subjected the pyrocitric acid in *pyrocitrate of lead to an ultimate analysis by means of oxide of copper.
1810–26Henry Elem. Chem. II. 216 *Pyro-citric Acid. M. Lassaigne has given this name to an acid, produced by the destructive distillation of citric acid. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 338 Of pyrocitric and pyrotartaric ethers. 1863–8Watts Dict. Chem. I. 992 Citraconic acid (Pyrocitric acid), C5H6O4. (Lassaigne, 1882.)
1873Watts Fownes' Chem. 739 *Pyrocomenic acid is a weak acid.
1873C. H. Ralfe Phys. Chem. 59 Submitted to dry distillation, lithofellic acid loses 1 atom of water and is converted into *pyrofellic acid.
1843Chem. Gaz. 1 Dec. 725 *Pyroguaiacic Acid obtained by the Distillation of Guaiacum Resin.
1858Mayne Expos. Lex., *Pyrokinate,..a combination of pyrokinic acid with a salifiable base.
1832Encycl. Brit. VI. 430/1 *Pyrokinic acid is formed when kinic acid is distilled in a retort.
1836Smart, *Pyrolithic, an epithet applied to an acid obtained from uric acid. 1897Syd. Soc. Lex., Pyrolithic acid, the same as Pyro-uric acid.
1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 760 *Pyrolithofellic acid,..an acid oil produced by the dry distillation of lithofellic acid, the chief constituent of some kinds of oriental bezoar.
1847Webster, *Pyromalate [citing Ure].
1810–26Henry Elem. Chem. II. 225 When malic acid is heated out of the contact of air, it sublimes, and the sublimed crystals possess characters differing from those of the original acid. When thus altered, it has been called *pyromalic acid. 1865–8Watts Dict. Chem. III. 784 Maleic Acid. (Pyromalic acid, Pyrosorbic acid.)
1857Miller Elem. Chem. III. 501 *Pyromaric acid. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 760 Pyromaric acid..obtained by subjecting pimaric acid to dry distillation.
1882Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLII. 850 Crystals of ammonium *pyromellate.
Ibid. 851 *Pyromellic acid.
1851Chem. Gaz. 15 Sept. 341 A new acid, to which he [Erdmann] has given the name of *pyromellitic acid.
1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 369 When pectin..is heated to 200°, water and carbonic anhydride are evolved, and *pyropectic acid remains in the form of a black substance, insoluble in water, but soluble in alkaline liquids... Frémy deduces the formula C14H18O9.
Ibid. 766 *Pyrophosphamate of Ammonium is obtained as a gummy mass.
1864Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XVII. 237 It seems preferable to adopt the names given by Laurent... These are *pyrophosphamic and pyrophosphodiamic acids. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 766 Laurent (1850) suggested that these acids were amic acids derived from pyrophosphoric acid, the first being pyrophosphamic acid, P2NH5O6, and the second pyrophosphodiamic acid, P2N2H6O5, and these formulæ have been confirmed by the more recent analyses.
1836–41Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 492 Phosphoric acid, after it has been exposed for some time to heat, yields, when saturated with bases, salts possessed of certain peculiarities, which have hence been termed *pyrophosphates. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 537 Intermediate between ortho- and meta-phosphates there are at least three distinct classes of salts, the most important of which are pyrophosphates or paraphosphates. 1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 159 If common sodium phosphate be heated to redness, water is driven off, sodium pyrophosphate remains. 1912E. Feilmann tr. Molinari's Inorg. Chem. 348 The pyrophosphates..give a precipitate with copper salts, which is soluble in excess of pyrophosphate. 1950N. V. Sidgwick Chem. Elements I. 746 Ethyl pyrophosphate Et4P2O7 can be made from the silver salt and ethyl iodide. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xii. 728 Though pyrophosphate plays an important role inside the organism, it is easily hydrolyzed and only orthophosphate is likely to be of importance in the environment. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. vii. 248 There is another type of reaction, catalysed by enzymes known as phosphorylases, in which a sugar phosphate reacts with another sugar to form a disaccharide and inorganic pyrophosphate.
1832Encycl. Brit. VI. 380/1 Mr. Clarke..called the newly modified acid *pyrophosphoric acid. 1850Daubeny Atom. The. x. 334. 1866–8 Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 539 Pyrophosphoric acid is converted into metaphosphoric acid when heated to redness, and into orthophosphoric acid when boiled with water.
1837R. D. Thomson in Brit. Ann. 339 *Pyroracemic acid. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 770 Pyroracemic acid is a liquid having a faint yellowish colour, smelling like acetic acid. 1894Muir & Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. IV. 363 Pyroracemic or Pyruvic acid, C3H4O3 = CH3.CO.CO2H.
1865–8*Pyrosorbic: see pyromalic.
1894Muir & Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. IV. 582 Potassium *pyrosulphate, K2S2O7, is formed by heating K2SO4 with half its weight of H2SO4 till acid ceases to come off at an incipient red heat.
1872Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXV. 669 Proofs that sulphuric and *pyrosulphuric acids are really distinct compounds. 1875Watts Dict. Chem. VII. 1140 Disulphuric, Pyrosulphuric, or Anhydrosulphuric Acid; Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid.
1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 776 *Pyroterebic Acid..belonging to the acrylic series..is a liquid boiling at 210°, and smelling of butyric acid.
Ibid., *Pyroterebrate of silver, C6H9AgO2, crystallises with difficulty, and blackens on exposure to light.
1810–26Henry Elem. Chem. II. 413 The liquid, when filtered and evaporated, yielded small white needles which were pure *pyro-uric acid. 1836–41Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 564 Cyanuric Acid... Scheele first described this acid under the name of pyrouric acid.
b. Prefixed to a n. (Now often superseded by other names.)
† pyroˈbenzoline = lophine, C21H16N2. pyrocatechin |paɪrəʊˈkætɪtʃɪn|, also called catechol, pyro-catechuic acid, and oxyphenic acid, C6H6O2, produced by the dry distillation of catechu, kino, and other substances, forming broad white strongly shining laminæ, and rhombic or small rectangular prisms. pyroˈcatechol = catechol, pyrocatechin s.v. pyro- 3 b. ˈpyrocoll [Gr. κόλλα glue]: see quot. pyroˈdextrin, a product of the action of a high temperature upon starch. pyroˈglycerin, diglycerin = C3H5(OH)2.O.C3H5(OH)2. pyroˈglycide, diglycide, C3H5(OH).O2.C3H5(OH). pyroˈguaiacin, a crystalline substance, C18H18O3, produced by the dry distillation of gum guaiacum. † pyroˈquinol = hydroquinone . † pyroˈstearin: see quot. See also pyroxanthin, -xanthogen, and pyroxylin.
1857Miller Elem. Chem. III. 263 *Pyrobenzoline (lophine).
Ibid. 349 Catechin..yields a crystallizable substance termed *pyrocatechin, or oxyphenic acid. 1878Kingzett Anim. Chem. 236 Pyrocatechin was discovered in human urine by Müller and Ebstein. 1897Allbutts' Syst. Med. IV. 555 Mühlmann has put forward the view that the symptoms of Addison's disease are due to chronic poisoning with pyrocatechin.
1890Proc. Chem. Soc. VI. 90 The very high price of *pyrocatechol renders it desirable to discover improved methods of preparing it. 1932I. D. Garard Introd. Org. Chem. xiv. 199 Pyrocatechol is used as a photographic developer. 1956Nature 28 Jan. 184/2 Copper cyanide, though it accelerates considerably the rate of autoxidation of pyrocatechol.., is not very superior to cupric ions alone as regards catalytic activity on pigment formation from pyrocatechol.
1881Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XL. 295 The authors propose to call it *pyrocoll, because of its mode of formation from gelatin. 1894Muir & Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. IV. 359 Pyrocoll, C10H6N2O2, a product of the distillation of gelatin when free from fat but containing albumen, casein or gluten.
1858Chem. Gaz. 1 May 178 *Pyrodextrine..is precipitated by baryta. 1866–8Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 758 Pyrodextrin is a solid, brown, friable mass, shining and tough when moist. Inodorous and tasteless... [It] dissolves readily in water, forming a brown adhesive gum.
1861Chem. News III. 111/2 *Pyroglycerine oxidises phosphorus, potassium, and copper.
1864–72Watts Dict. Chem. II. 894 The hypothetical body glycide, C3H6O2..is the alcohol of the glycidic ethers, and is related to glycerin in the same manner as *pyroglycide to pyroglycerin.
1866–8Ibid. IV. 771 *Pyrostearin, the name applied by Berzelius to the less fusible portion of the distillate obtained by distilling empyreumatic oils with water.
c. Also in the derivative names of certain hydrocarbon compounds and groups: ˈpyrazine [azo- + -ine], a ring-group; ˈpyrazole [azo- + L. oleum oil], a compound; hence pyrazoleblue, a dye substance (C20H16N4O2).
1895Muir & Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. III. 349. |