| 释义 |
roughen, v.|ˈrʌf(ə)n|
[f. rough a. + -en5.]
1. trans. To render or make rough; to bring into a rough state. Also with up.
1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 79 Whilst..seas, with north blast and wynter frostye, be roughned. 1720A. Hill Wks. (1753) I. 16 That no harsh technical terms should be introduc'd to roughen poetry with the dryness of philosophy. 1755Connoisseur No. 83 ⁋8 To roughen the verse and make it roar again with reiteration of the letter R. 1820Shelley Prometh. Unb. ii. i. 128 Its rude hair Roughens the wind that lifts it. 1844G. Dodd Textile Manuf. iii. 105 The nap of the cloth is roughened up by a brush. 1873Spon Workshop Rec. Ser. i. 2/2 The surface of the paper is roughened by using the erasing knife.
refl.1855Dickens Dorrit i. xvi, There are times when that girl's whole nature seemed to roughen itself against seeing us so bound up in Pet.
b. To ‘rough’ (a horse).
1864Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 238, I had him roughened the first day of the frost.
c. fig. To irritate, ruffle.
1859Dickens T. Two Cities ii. v, What has roughened your temper? 1896Mrs. H. Ward Sir G. Tressady 190 The creditor's temper had been roughened.
2. To grind down roughly.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 955 Pointing, is executed on two iron or steel grindstones, by two workmen, one of whom roughens down, and the other finishes.
3. intr. To become rough, in various senses.
1730–46Thomson Autumn 577 The cap, the whip, the masculine attire, In which they roughen to the sense. 1794Mrs. Piozzi Synon. II. 327 The wild scenery roughens at every step. 1813Eustace Class. Tour (1821) I. viii. 309 The river roughening into a torrent. 1865Thirlwall Lett. (1881) II. 37 The wind was rising and the sea roughening.
fig.1821Shelley Hellas 282 Latmos, and Mycale, roughen With horrent arms.
b. To have a rough feel. rare—1.
1829Landor Imag. Conv., Penn & Ld. Peterborough, Something that roughens in the hand, like gold.
Hence ˈroughener, one who or that which roughens; ˈroughening vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 87 Graunt to vs milde passadge, and tempest mollifye roughning. 1728–46Thomson Spring 640 Far in the grassy dale, Or roughening waste. 1744J. Armstrong Art Pres. Health iii, The roughening deep expects the storm. 1825L. Hunt Bacchus in Tuscany 82 This letter [r]..he had learnt..most probably in Tuscany, where it is in great request, as the roughener of a soft language. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 706 There is often some evidence of recent endocarditis about the stricture in the form of roughening or small vegetations. |