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Roentgen, roentgen
(ˈrœntɣən, ˈrœntçən; now usu. anglicized, as ˈrʌntjən; also ˈrɜːnt-, ˈrɒnt-; -gən, -ʒən)
Also Röntgen, röntgen.
[The name of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923), German physicist, who discovered X-rays in 1895 (Sitzungsber. d. Phys.-Med. Ges. z. Würzburg 132).]
1. attrib. († or in the possessive), as Roentgen rays, X-rays. Hence Roentgen photograph, Roentgen therapy, etc. Occas. written as a prefix (cf. roentgen-, roentgeno-). Now chiefly U.S.
1896Thomson in Proc. Royal Soc. LIX. 274 The Röntgen rays, when they fall upon electrified bodies, rapidly discharge the electrification. 1896― in Nature 27 Feb. 391 The methods of producing Röntgen photographs. 1896McClure's Mag. Apr. 405 The Röntgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling, in many respects, rays of light, which are set free when a high pressure electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube. 1896Lancet 1 Feb. 326/2 Do Roentgen's rays possess germicidal properties? Ibid. 22 Feb. 477/1 Two preliminary short exposures to Roentgen rays indicated that the metal..was probably embedded among the bones of the wrist. 1898Sir W. Crookes Addr. Brit. Assoc. 24 No other source for Röntgen rays but the Crookes tube has yet been discovered, but rays of kindred sorts are recognized. 1910Arch. Roentgen Ray XV. 85 In Roentgentherapy the filter has brought the treatment of hypertrichosis once more into the domain of practical politics. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 695/1 The radiation..from tin is as penetrating as that given out by a fairly efficient Röntgen tube. Ibid., The incidence of Röntgen rays on matter causes the matter to emit cathodic rays. 1933U. V. Portmann in O. Glasser Sci. of Radiol. xii. 221 In the beginning of roentgen therapy only skin diseases and some superficial malignant conditions were treated. 1940H. K. Pancoast et al. (title) The head and neck in roentgen diagnosis. Ibid. xi. 773 The chest should always be included as a part of any roentgen examination of the neck, particularly in infants and young children. 1953A. J. Delario Roentgen, Radium & Radioisotope Therapy iii. 17 Because roentgen rays have such short wave-lengths, they cannot be diffracted by various diffraction gratings, as can visible light. 1956L. A. Hadley Spine iv. 95 By this method it is possible to furnish roentgen evidence of ligamentous or soft tissue injury. 1959W. T. Moss Therapeutic Radiol. ii. 35 With few exceptions all roentgentherapy techniques, by necessity, entail skin irradiation. 1959W. T. Murphy Radiation Therapy xxxvi. 770 Roentgen sickness is not frequently seen after pelvic irradiation. 1972H. L. Kundel in E. J. Potchen Current Concepts in Radiol. I. i. 1 (heading) Factors limiting roentgen interpretation—physical and psychologic. 1978S. Sheldon Bloodline ii. 33 A Roentgen desk in the library.
2. (Usu. in the form roentgen.) In full roentgen unit. The unit of exposure to X or gamma radiation, equal to the quantity of radiation that gives rise to ions carrying a total charge of 2·58 coulombs (regardless of sign) per kilogramme of air. Abbrev. r. [Proposed (in Fr.) by I. Solomon 1921, in Arch. d' Électr. méd. expér. & clin. XXIX. 362.]
The precise definition of this unit has been altered several times. Cf. rem n.1, rep7.
1922[see R II. 4]. 1932Radiology XVIII. 95/2 At the second International Congress of Radiology in 1928..the measurement of air ionization was accepted as the basis of international dosage measurement and a definition was given of the unit of dosage designating a roentgen unit and written in abbreviated form as ‘r’. 1938R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xxiv. 258 The maximum daily dosage of γ-rays that a human being can tolerate without apparent harm is 0·1 röntgen unit. 1950Radiology LV. 744/1 As our exciting energies increased, we were placed in a position of having continually to modify the definition of the roentgen in order to cope with the new properties of the higher-energy radiations. Because of this situation, minor modifications in the definition of the roentgen were made in 1931, 1934 and 1937. 1955Bull. Atomic Scientists Sept. 257/2 It is known that radiation dosages in the levels of 400 roentgen units..are lethal to about half the individuals exposed. 1956Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXIX. 355/2 The radiation dose in röntgens within any volume element is determined by the number and energy of the photons passing through that element during the exposure, irrespective of the local distribution of matter. Ibid. 356/1 Difficulties have only arisen when we have tried to make the röntgen do service for a unit of absorbed dose. 1959Listener 26 Nov. 929/2 The fall-out from testing bombs gives a thirty-year dose of ·1 roentgen... The dose from natural radiation is about 3–5 roentgens. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxiii. 4/2 The same exposure (in roentgens) may result in different absorbed doses (in rads) in different tissues. 1977[see protocol n. 3].
Hence † ˈRoentgenism; † ˈRoentgenized ppl. a., subjected to the action of X-rays; also † ˈRoentgenize v. trans. (rare: in quot. fig.); † ˌRoentgeniˈzation.
1897Phil. Mag. XLIII. 243 The effect can in no way be due to conduction through the Röntgenized air. 1899Proc. Royal Soc. LXV. 120 The analogy between the conductivity of salt vapours and that of Röntgenised gases. 1900Dunglison's Med. Dict. App., Roentgenism, morbid condition induced by X-rays. 1907Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 9 Nov. 760/2 In the use of radium, if enclosed in aluminium or mica receptacles, we utilize the beta or cathode ray. This we cannot do in Roentgenisation. 1909E. Reich Nights with Gods 17 It [sc. jealousy] has Röntgenised the most hidden interiors. 1920Arch. Radiol. & Electrotherapy XXIV. 270/1 Röntgenisation of the lymphatic glands should always supplement radium therapy. |