| 释义 |
▪ I. protocol, n.|ˈprəʊtəʊkɒl|
Forms: 6 prothocoll, protocole, (prothogoll, 6–8 -gall, -call, 7 protocal), 8 protocoll, 7– protocol.
[Early mod.E. prothocoll, a. OF. prothocole (a 1200 in Godef. Compl.), prothecolle, mod.F. protocole (= Prov. prothcolle, It. protocollo, Sp. protocolo), ad. med.L. prōtocoll-um, ad. Gr. πρωτόκολλ-ον the first leaf of a volume, a fly-leaf glued to the case and containing an account of the MS., f. πρωτο- proto- first + κόλλα glue.
The history of the sense-development of this word belongs to mediæval Latin and the Romanic languages, esp. French; in the latter it has received very considerable extensions of meaning: see Du Cange, Cotgr., Littré, Hatz.-Darm., etc. The word does not appear to have at any time formed part of the English legal vocabulary; in Sc. from 16th c. probably under French influence; otherwise used only in reference to foreign countries and their institutions, and as a recognized term of international diplomacy in sense 2, until its comparatively recent entry into the general vocabulary of English in senses 5 b, c.]
1. a. The original note or minute of a transaction, negotiation, agreement or the like, drawn up by a recognized public official, notary, etc. and duly attested, which forms the legal authority for any subsequent deed, agreement, or the like based on it; † sometimes applied to a book or register in which these were written by the official concerned, as they were drawn up by him; = protocol book: see 7 (obs.).
In the parts of the United States acquired from Mexico, the name is used for the original record of a grant, transfer, etc. of land; under the Spanish law this was an entry made in his book by the official recorder of such transactions.
1541[see 7]. 1552Huloet, Prothocoll, loke in wrytynge fyrste drawen. 1560Rolland Crt. Venus iv. 309 The prothogoll heirof I wald haif drawin In writ, for cost to be my Vidimus. 1578in Maitland Cl. Misc. (1840) I. 6 The prothogall of the chancellarie of France. 1682J. Scarlett Exchanges 223 In all Fairs there are but few,..and in some but one Notary Publick allowed of, who is to protest, and must keep a Protocal of every Protest, to which every one must have free access to see and know what Bills for Non acceptance, and what Bills for Non-payment are protested. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 304 An Original is in other Terms stiled the Protocol, or Scriptura Matrix; and if the Protocol, which is the Root and Foundation of the Instrument, does not appear, the Instrument is not valid. 1745in Scott Wav. l, A corresponding entry was made in the protocol of the Lord High Chamberlain. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 283 The current Price of the Vellum or Parchment for the Time. For the first Sheet that it fills up of the Clerk's Prothocall as Notary 4 0 0.
b. fig. An original authority.
1580J. Haye in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 37 Hawing for all learning ane onlie protocole of thair preachings, some Inglishe buikes, quhilks skairslie thay wnderstude thame selwes.
2. a. spec. The original draught, minute, or record of a dispatch, declaration, negotiation, treaty, stipulation or other diplomatic document or instrument; esp. a record of the propositions agreed to in a conference, signed by the parties, to be embodied in a formal treaty. Also fig.
1697Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 222 The plenipotentiaries have agreed that point shal be entred in the protocol or register of the mediator. 1700Rycaut Hist. Turks III. 563 The Minutes or Protocolls of what was propounded. 1711Lond. Gaz. No. 4802/2 The Ministers..have given in their Reasons to be entred in the Protocoll. 1815Earl Cathcart in Gurw. Wellington's Desp. (1839) X. 119 A copy of the Protocol of the military conference on the 19th Instant which has been signed by all the Field Marshals and general officers who were present. 1829Mackintosh Sp. Ho. Com. 1 June, Wks. 1846 III. 515, I consider the protocol as the minutes of conferences, in which the parties verbally agreed on certain important measures, which, being afterwards acted upon by others, became conclusively binding. 1868Daily News 18 Nov., The representatives of all the Powers signed the protocol, whereby the question..is satisfactorily settled. This protocol is to serve as the basis of an international convention.
fig.a1861Mrs. Browning Garibaldi vii, Men feared this man At Como, where this sword could seal Death's protocol with every stroke. 1923A. Huxley Antic Hay xii. 184 The parting kiss..was already in the protocol, as signed and sealed before her departure by giggling Molly.
b. transf. (familiar) A preamble, a preliminary.
1897Mrs. Rayner Type-writer Girl xi. 126 When all protocols were settled he went on, ‘Can you come in at once?’
c. [In Gr. sense.] The first sheet of a roll of papyrus, bearing the manufacturer's official mark; this mark itself.
1885Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 233/1 The first sheet of a roll was named πρωτόκολλον... On the Arab conquest of Egypt in the 7th century, the manufacture was continued, with the substitution of Arabic in marking the protocol. 1905W. E. Crum Catal. Coptic MSS. Brit. Mus. 181 Upon the 1st selis, above the Coptic text, is part of the protocol in large Kufic characters. 1912E. M. Thompson Introd. Gk. & Lat. Palaeogr. 25 After their conquest of Egypt in the seventh century, the Arabs continued the manufacture of papyrus and also affixed protocols to their rolls.
d. Protocols of the (Learned) Elders of Zion: a spurious publication of Russian origin purporting to describe Jewish plans for the domination of the world. Also, Protocols of Zion.
1920(title) The Jewish peril: protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. 1921Times 16 Aug. 9/6 The so-called ‘Protocols of the Elders of Sion’ were published in London last year under the title of ‘The Jewish Peril’. 1937H. G. Wells Star-Begotten vii. 128 These Reds—Moscow—Bernard Shaw—New Dealers—Atheists—Protocols of Zion, all of that—mere agents. 1941― You can't be too Careful v. i. 238 You can study how the new pogromism was revived in that curious and impudent forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. 1974Jewish Chron. 20 Dec. 15/4 The antisemitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion have gone through more editions in Arabic than any other language. 1979O. Sela Petrograd Consignment 142 Wasn't he desperate to read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion again; wasn't another pogrom all he lived for.
e. Philos. A statement which forms an essential part of a person's description of something experienced or perceived; a basic statement that can be verified or assessed.
1936Mind XLV. 275 N[eurath] expresses Protocol-propositions in the form ‘Charles's protocol (there is a table in the room perceived by Charles)’. 1956J. O. Urmson Philos. Analysis viii. 121 Protocols are direct reports of the given and are justified with reference to the given... I choose between the possible protocols ‘This is red’ and ‘This is green’ by seeing which correctly reports experience. 1965P. Caws Philos. Sci. xi. 74 A set of protocol sentences..constitutes a protocol.
3. A formal or official statement of a transaction or proceeding; spec. the detailed record of the procedure and results in a scientific experiment; hence, experimental procedure.
1880Times 9 Feb. 11/6 [In] St. Petersburg..all..vehicles which carry lamps..are compelled to light their lamps simultaneously with the lighting of the street lamps. Should the coachman fail to comply with this regulation, the police draw up a ‘protocol’ of the case, which is handed to a justice of the peace. 1884[cf. quot. in 7]. 1887Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. I. 136 The protocol here is admirable, taken on the spot by Mr. Birchall and printed in full, and Mr. Guthrie is very positive in stating that there were a large number of ‘complete successes’. 1897Trans. Amer. Pediatric Soc. IX. 104 Autopsy... Made and protocol dictated by Dr. Flexner. 1910Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. XXVII. 36 The protocols of the experiments above discussed follow. 1923[see intratracheally adv. s.v. intra-]. 1929I. A. Richards Pract. Crit. 4, I lectured the following week partly upon the poems, but rather more upon the comments, or protocols, as I call them... I asked each writer to record on his protocol the number of ‘readings’ made of each poem. 1947Ann. Rev. Microbiol. I. 357 The data are not given, but from the protocols it appears probable that the hemagglutinin persists while toxicity and infectiousness are lost. 1961Lancet 22 July 213/2 Not only the urinary but also the fæcal porphyrin excretion must be considered. Protocols of published cases [of porphyria] frequently lack this vital information. 1973Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. CXXII. 192 Each S's protocol was scored in terms of the number of responses to critical items which indicated a preference for balance. 1976Amer. Speech 1974 XLIX. 12 The phonetic transcriptions and marginal notes made from that record and entered in the workbooks are a protocol, and they are regarded as working notations. 1977Lancet 9 Apr. 805/1 The most common treatment protocol appears to have been a series of 6 treatments (range 1–30) at a dose of 250 (range 100–400) roentgens per treatment.
4. An official of police in some foreign countries.
1865Baring-Gould Werewolves xiv, When taken before the Protokoll at Dabkow.
5. a. In France, The formulary of the etiquette to be observed by the Head of the State in official ceremonies, relations with ambassadors, foreign sovereigns, etc.; the etiquette department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the office of the Master of the Ceremonies. Also used of analogous departments in other countries.
1896Daily News 4 Mar. 7/7 M. Crozier, who fills the, to the public, mysterious office of Director of the Protocol, came up to the President and informed him that Mr. Gladstone, on a visit to Cannes, desired to pay him his respects. 1899Westm. Gaz. 21 Feb. 2/1 This will be a change indeed, for in M. Faure's time the contrary was the rule, thanks largely to the Protocol, to whose flummery the deceased President so weakly surrendered himself. Ibid. 9 Mar. 10/1 People interested in French matters have read something about the Protocol, which is virtually the etiquette department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1975M. Sinclair Long Time Sleeping xii. 150 ‘I wonder when was the last time we refused to accept an Ambassador?’ ‘I'll ask Protocol in the morning.’ 1980J. Hone Flowers of Forest i. 13 His job..had been in Protocol... It was his function to control liaison..between our own and other allied intelligence services.
b. An official form of procedure and etiquette in affairs of state and diplomatic relations; the observance of this.
1945in Webster Add. 1949Washington Post 22 Mar. 1/3 He [sc. President Truman] felt that it would not be good protocol for him to be away hobnobbing with an Englishman out of office at the very time that the man now in charge of Britain's foreign affairs is in Washington. 1953Economist 12 Dec. 799/1 Alleged breaches of diplomatic protocol at the Bermuda conference. 1957Listener 5 Sept. 337/2 Dr Adenauer..chatted gaily and frankly... Protocol and affairs of state were set aside. 1980J. Cartwright Horse of Darius iii. 46 Our sovereign is coming here... The protocol is very important. Who comes to visit. How we keep in touch with Tehran.
c. In extended and general uses, any code of conventional or proper conduct; formally correct behaviour.
1952Daily Express 27 Mar. 4/3 He punctuates his work with a gay laugh..and a first-name informality with colleagues... Not that protocol is in danger. For behind his exuberance is a tough grasp of ceremonial and what is due. 1954W. Faulkner Fable 18 The old generalissimo turned, his two confreres..flanking him in rigid protocol. 1954Times 27 Nov. 6 The ceremony was taking its course in accordance with academic protocol. 1959Woman's Own 20 June 37/2 Prince Edward and Princess Alexandra had a childhood as free from protocol as their mother's had been. 1971B. W. Aldiss Soldier Erect 20 That sort of American approach was even harder to master than the Ancient British protocol but, once mastered, it gave positive results.
6. Diplomatics. The official formulas used at the beginning and end of a charter, papal bull, or other similar instrument, as distinct from the text, which contains its subject-matter.
The initial protocol consists, according to Giry, of the Invocation (e.g. In the name of God, Amen); the Subscription or Superscription (e.g. We, Edward, by the grace of God..King); the Address (e.g. To all our faithful subjects), and the Salutation (e.g. Greeting). The final protocol, sometimes called eschatocol, consists of the Date, the Apprecation (anciently ‘feliciter’, ‘Deo gratias’, or ‘Amen’), and the Validation (signatures and seals of witnesses).
[1867De Sickel Acta Karolinorum I. 208 Das Protokoll oder Formular. 1894A. Giry Manuel de Diplomatique 528 Le texte et le protocole réunis forment la teneur de l'acte.] 1908H. Hall Eng. Official Hist. Doc. 189 The distinction between the Protocols, or official formulas which occur at the beginning and end of the charter, and the Text, or body of the instrument, is not indicated at all. Ibid. 192 The description of the boundaries..is..usually inserted between the Text and the Final Protocol.
7. attrib. as protocol book, protocol register (one in which protocols were written, a notary's register); (sense 2 c) protocol sheet; (sense 5 a) protocol department, protocol section.
1541Records of Elgin (New Spald. Cl. 1903) I. 64 Ane..instrument transsumit out of Master Androu Cheves prothogall buik. 1857J. Paterson Hist. Regality Musselburgh 31 The burgh had a protocol record. 1865Daily Tel. 18 Oct. 6/5 The ‘Protocol’ King, as German newspapers delighted to call Christian IX, was really and truly the lawful heir and successor of Frederick VII. 1884Mind Jan. 103 A second person sitting at the other side of the table reads off and records in the protocol-book the distance of each excursion. 1899Daily News 6 Oct. 5/3 M. Loubet..has no taste for those pomps and protocol ceremonies which his predecessor so intensely enjoyed. 1912E. M. Thompson Introd. Gk. & Lat. Palaeogr. 24 Among the Romans the protocol-sheet was inscribed with the name of the Comes largitionum..and with the date and the name of the place where it was made. 1958L. Durrell Mountolive vi. 133 Then, turning, he completed his devoirs to the Protocol section. 1977‘S. Leys’ Chinese Shadows (1978) viii. 182 Masses can always be arranged by appointment: one should apply at the Protocol Department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
b. spec. in Philos. (sense 2 e), as protocol language, protocol proposition, protocol sentence, protocol speech, protocol statement.
1933Philosophy VIII. 98 Carnap then considers the ‘protocol language’. Scientific evidence is derived from protocol propositions that describe our perceptions, feelings, thoughts, etc. Ibid., Finally, Carnap develops the thesis that protocol speech is part of physical speech. 1935Analysis II. 59 The form of protocol statements cannot be found, but must be fixed by a convention. 1937A. Smeaton tr. Carnap's Logical Syntax of Lang. v. 317 The statement of the protocol-sentences is the affair of the physicist who is observing and making protocols. 1965P. Caws Philos. of Sci. xi. 73 A protocol sentence must be such that a decision as to its empirical truth or falsity can be reached after a finite number of observations.
Add:[5.] d. Computing and Telecommunications. A (usu. standardized) set of rules governing the exchange of data between given devices, or its transmission via a given communications channel.
1966Marill & Roberts in Proc. AFIPS Conf. XXIX. 428/1 The establishment of a message protocol, by which we mean a uniform agreed-upon manner of exchanging messages between two computers in the network. 1972Proc. IEEE LX. 1402/2 Sites with mass storage will generally wish it to be accessible from other computers in the net, which generally requires the implementation of a full set of standard and specialized network protocols. 1980Sci. Amer. Sept. 126 (Advt.), Other interface protocols are also available, including RS–232C, GP–I0 (parallel), and BCD. 1986TeleLink Sept./Oct. 9/3 The modem..has set the standard for mobile modem communications using its own widely-accepted protocols.
▪ II. ˈprotocol, v.
[f. prec. n. Cf. med.L. prōtocoll-āre, Ger. protokollieren.]
1. intr. To draw up protocols.
1832[see protocolling vbl. n.]. 1835Marryat Olla Podr. vii, Lord Palmerston protocol-ed while Marshal Gerard bombard-ed. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. II. vi. iii, Serence Highnesses, who sit there protocolling, and manifestoing. 1871Daily News 17 Jan., The diplomatists..will have an opportunity to prose and protocol over Turkey.
2. trans. To bring (into something) as by a protocol, or by diplomatic means. nonce-use.
1832Examiner 663/1 [Her] half-coaxing, half-bullying manner of protocolling him into submission was inimitable.
3. To record in a protocol.
1886W. J. Tucker E. Europe 286 They succeeded in protocolling their direct descent from the Romans, and even boldly laid claims to hereditary distinctions by the aid of various armorial and heraldic forgeries which they most cunningly devised. 1895Daily Chron. 8 Nov. 4/5 We do not say the whole should be protocolled.
Hence ˈprotocolling vbl. n.
1832Lincoln Herald 13 Jan. p. iv, That our wise whig ministers were completely over-reached in the art of protocoling in the affair of Belgium. 1864Duke of Manchester Court & Soc. I. xxiii. 391 In spite of all this protocolling..the young people..patiently bided their time. |