| 释义 |
rheo-|ˈriːə, riːˈɒ|
also reo-,
used as comb. form of Gr. ῥέος stream, current, chiefly in names of electrical apparatus: ˈrheobase Physiol. [ad. F. rhéobase (L. Lapicque 1909, in Compt. Rend. Soc. de Biol. LXVII. 283), f. base base n.1], the minimum electrical stimulus which, applied continuously, can excite a nerve or muscle; cf. chronaxie, chronaxy; hence rheoˈbasic a.; ˈrheochord, -cord, a wire used in measuring the resistance or reducing the strength of an electric current; † ˈrheocline [Gr. κλίνη couch], a form of air-bed; ˌrheo-eˈlectric a., producing electric currents; ˌrheogoniˈometer Physics, a form of goniometer which can be used to measure shearing stresses in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids; hence ˌrheogoniˈometry; ˈrheogram Physics, any diagram exhibiting experimental results pertaining to rheology (see quots.); rheoˈmorphism Geol. [ad. G. rheomorphose (H. G. Backlund 1937, in Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala XXVII. 234), f. Gr. µορϕ-ή form], the process by which a rock becomes mobile and partially or completely fused, usu. the result of heating by the addition of extraneous magmatic material; so rheoˈmorphic a.; ˈrheomotor, an apparatus by which an electric current is generated; ˈrheophil(e) a. Zool. [-phil, -phile], tending to seek or inhabit an environment of flowing water; also as n., such an organism; hence rheoˈphilic, rheˈophilous (also stressed -ˈphilous) adjs.; rheoˈphobic a. Zool. [-phobic], tending to avoid or not to inhabit an environment of flowing water; so ˈrheophobe, such an organism; ˈrheophore [F. rhéophore; Gr. -ϕορος bearing], (a) Ampère's name for the connecting wire of a voltaic cell; (b) one of the poles of a voltaic battery; an electrode; hence rheoˈphoric a.; ˈrheophyte Bot. [-phyte], a plant that is confined to flowing water; hence rheoˈphytic a.; ˈrheoreceptor Zool., a sensory receptor that is sensitive to the flow of the surrounding water; hence ˈrheoreceptive a.; ˈrheotome [Gr. -τοµος cutting], a device for interrupting an electric current; = interrupter b; ˈrheotrope [Gr. -τροπος turning], an instrument for reversing an electric current.
1924Nature 22 Mar. 427/1 The *rheobase is the intensity in volts of a constant current closed instantaneously which will just excite if continued indefinitely. 1944Electronic Engin. XVII. 27/2 In measuring chronaxie a current value is found which, when caused to flow for infinite time, will produce a minimal contraction in the muscle under observation. (For this purpose any period in excess of one second can be referred to as infinity.) This current value is called the Rheobase. 1952Ibid. XXIV. 334/1 The ratio of this current to the rheobase depends on the rate of accommodation of the nerve. 1965S. Ochs Elements Neurophysiol. ii. 21 A utilization or utilized time also occurs during the..shorter times of excitation found when using stimulating pulses stronger than rheobase. 1976Exper. Neurol. L. 71 The C-fibers had a rheobase of 0·033 mA and a utilization time of 7·80 msec.
1942Chem. Abstr. XXXVI. 6636 With faradization the *rheobasic effect was decreased, the chronaxia increased. 1944Electronic Engin. XVII. 27 Chronaxie is defined as that period of time for which a current, having twice the rheobasic value, must flow in order to produce the same minimal contraction. 1965S. Ochs Elements Neurophysiol. ii. 20 When a rheobasic current is used, the nerve actually becomes excited a short time after the onset of the step pulse current.
1865Tyndall Heat §508 It was only necessary, by means of the tangent compass and *rheocord, to keep the current constant. 1890in Phil. Trans. (1892) CLXXXII. 326 note, The rheochord readings are in decimals of a volt.
1851Hooper Physician's Vade-Mecum 315 The water-bed or the *rheiocline, should be resorted to in the more severe class of cases. 1860F. Nightingale Nursing viii. 46 An iron bedstead, with rheocline springs, which are permeable by the air up to the very mattress.
1843J. Nott in Rep. Brit. Ass. Notices & Abstr. (1844) 16, I insulated the ring, and connected it with the resinous conductor of the *rheo-electric machine.
1946Nature 2 Nov. 614/2 The practical application of the Weissenberg *rheogoniometer. 1949K. Weissenberg in Princ. Rheol. Measurement (Brit. Rheologists' Club) iii. 39 It has therefore become necessary to design a new instrument, termed Rheogoniometer, which measures the macroscopically observable forces and displacements in a sufficiently comprehensive manner. 1974[see rheometric a.]. 1974Physics Bull. Jan. 20/2 These theories..led to the design of..the ‘rheogoniometer’ which allowed for the first time the movements and forces in flowing fluids to be measured as functions of time and in all three dimensions in space.
1976Nature 5 Feb. 389/1 *Rheogoniometry seems to measure Ts as accurately as previous methods.
1933Schofield & Blair in Proc. R. Soc. A. CXXXIX. 558 A study was made of the rate of elongation of cylinders of unyeasted dough hung vertically by their upper ends and allowed to extend under the action of gravity... It has been found convenient to mark on the dough cylinders a series of fine parallel lines accurately spaced 1 mm. apart. The marks were made by successive turns of a fine wire wrapped round a frame, which are wetted with enamel, the marks remaining wet long enough to be subsequently printed off on to a strip of duplicator paper... The print (which may be called a *rheogram) is available for whatever analysis appears suitable. 1941J. Stanley in Industr. & Engin. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) June 404/2 These facts are secured from the rheograms. 1944G. W. S. Blair Surv. Gen. & Appl. Rheol. x. 123 Stanley..used the word ‘rheogram’ to describe a rate-of-shear stress curve. This is confusing, since such flow curves are quite different from the charts so described by Schofield and Scott Blair. 1974P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Practices Manual vi. 224 One procedure suggested by Forbes includes construction of a regular rheogram chart of shear stress versus shear rate.
1937Proc. Geologists' Assoc. XLVIII. 275 The quartz-felspar intergrowths of the *rheomorphic veins are less perfectly micropegmatitic. 1954Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCLII. 602 The term ‘rheomorphic’ in accordance with its derivation means ‘flow form’. It was introduced by Backlund (1937) to describe the flowage of rocks where there is no evidence to show that the rocks concerned were melted and capable of liquid flow. 1962E. A. Vincent tr. Rittmann's Volcanoes vi. 199 Migmatitic granites thus frequently show very well marked rheomorphic structures on solidification.
1937Proc. Geologists' Assoc. XLVIII. 260 These are clearly cases of *rheomorphism. [Note] Backlund has introduced the term rheomorphism for the process whereby a pre-existing rock becomes partially or completely mobilised or fused as a result of the introduction of migrating materials (in great or small amount) with concomitant rise of temperature. 1964L. U. de Sitter Struct. Geol. (ed. 2) xxix. 402 In some of these pockets of recrystallized nonoriented rock the random orientation of gneissic or schistose inclusions or xenoliths proves that this disturbance can develop into flow. This phenomenon has been called ‘rheomorphism’.
1843Wheatstone in Phil. Trans. 306, I shall..employ the word *Rheomotor to denote any apparatus which originates an electric current. 1873F. Jenkin Electr. & Magn. (1881) xxii. §2 The sending battery, or other rheomotor.
1934Webster, *Rheophile, -phil adj. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 417 It appears as though A. chiajei is a slow-growing sediment feeder..whereas A. filiformis is a more rheophile suspension feeder with rapid growth. 1965B. E. Freeman tr. Vandel's Biospeleol. xvii. 294 Gammarus are stream animals and are essentially rheophiles. 1974Nature 8 Feb. 395/1 Rheophobic species may co-exist with the rheophiles.
1963L. Birkett tr. Nikolsky's Ecol. of Fishes i. 76 *Rheophilic fishes are also at the same time oxyphilic, i.e. they require plenty of oxygen. 1979Rheophilic [see rheophobic adj. below].
1951L. H. Hyman Invertebrates II. x. 192 Some turbellarians are *rheophilous, i.e., limited to flowing water.
1965B. E. Freeman tr. Vandel's Biospeleol. xxiv. 391 According to Poulson (1961) Amblyopsis spelaeus is rheophilous. Ibid. xvii. 294 Niphargus orcinus virei is a ‘*rheophobe’. 1979E. N. K. Clarkson Invertebr. Palaeont. & Evol. ix. 220/2 Some rheophobes live in deeper waters, so that a fair amount of detrital material has accumulated by the time it reaches them.
1965B. E. Freeman tr. Vandel's Biospeleol. xxiv. 395 The fish, Typhlichthys subterraneus, is probably *rheophobic. 1974Rheophobic [see rheophile adj. above]. 1979E. N. K. Clarkson Invertebr. Palaeont. & Evol. ix. 220/2 Rheophobic crinoids live in current-free waters though most deep water crinoids are rheophilic.
1843Wheatstone in Phil. Trans. 307 The word *Rheophore was employed by Ampère to designate the connecting wire of a voltaic apparatus as being the carrier or transmitter of the current. 1880M. Mackenzie Dis. Throat & Nose I. 421 To carry out this treatment, either the double laryngeal rheophores or my single electrode may be used.
1843Wheatstone in Phil. Trans. 307 The method of obtaining the constants of a *rheophoric circuit.
1932Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 3rd Ser. XII. 201, I draw the attention towards the remarkable fact that the leaves of Neonauclea rheophila and Nauclea angustifolia agree entirely with those of other well-known *rheophytes. 1950Flora Malesiana I. iv. p. lvii, Rheophytes are plants restricted to riverbeds. 1981C. G. G. J. van Steenis (title) Rheophytes of the world.
1975T. C. Whitmore Trop. Rain-Forests Far East 187 Garcinia cataractalis, a *rheophytic shrub with narrow willow-like stenophyllous leaves and crimson fruits.
1951L. H. Hyman Invertebrates II. x. 93 *Rheoreceptive cells have been identified in Mesostoma and Bothromesostoma.
1948Nature 25 Dec. 1000/2 *Rheoreceptors [in Tunicata]: margins of the siphons—not only do the siphons bend to face a water-current, but also bend upwards against gravity. 1971J. D. Carthy in J. E. Smith et al. Invertebr. Panorama x. 220 (caption) A section through the head of the flatworm Mesostoma to show four of the eight rheoreceptors, the two groups of chemoreceptors and four tactile receptors.
1843Wheatstone in Phil. Trans. 307 *Rheotome. 1879G. B. Prescott Sp. Telephone 117 One of the numerous apparatus called rheotomes, or cut-currents.
1843Wheatstone in Phil. Trans. 307 *Rheotrope. 1884Sprague Electr. (ed. 2) 636 Rheotrope.—A reversing commutator.
Add: ˌrheoigˈnimbrite Petrogr. [ad. It. reoignimbrite (A. Rittmann 1958, in Bollettino d. Sedute d. Accad. Gioenia in Catania IV. 524)], an ignimbrite whose character has been altered after formation by partial melting and flow.
1958Bollettino d. Sedute d. Accad. Gioenia in Catania IV. 533 A. Rittmann..defines ignimbrites... He discusses..their occurrence, structure and texture, comparing and contrasting them with flows of acid lavas and with secondary flows of ignimbrites, for which he proposes the term ‘*rheoignimbrite’. 1966Earth-Sci. Rev. I. 165 If the entire depositional unit became mobilized, it may be exceedingly difficult to distinguish a rheoignimbrite from a lava flow. 1976A. & L. Rittmann Volcanoes (1978) 49 Rheo-ignimbrites..look like fairly flat, thick lava-flows lying in the middle of the ignimbrite sheet from which they came... The lower part..looks more homogeneous, and its glassy splinters are no longer so clearly defined as in ordinary ignimbrites. |