| 释义 |
personalism|ˈpɜːsənəlɪz(ə)m|
[f. personal a. (n.) + -ism.]
a. The quality or character of being personal: variously used to denote some theory, doctrine, principle, system, method, characteristic, etc. that is, or involves something that is, personal.
a1846Q. Rev. cited in Worcester. 1865J. Grote Explor. Philos. i. 146 The idealism, personalism, or whatever it may be called, which lies at the root of all that I have said. 1887W. M. Rossetti Life Keats 208 Personalism of a wilful and fitful kind pervades the mass of his handiwork. 1890Atlantic Monthly June 770/2 Hampered by this impotent system of personalism..the party in possession of the executive power soon begins to drift helplessly upon a sea of troubles. 1901Caldecott Philos. & Relig. xii. 81 Against the claim that Reason is the sole faculty of supersensible apprehension, Personalism opposes its assertion that here also Feeling and Will come into action.
b. A philosophical view, usually theistic and positing God as supreme Person, that reality has meaning only through the conscious minds of persons; a view of social organization that places primary emphasis on the person and his involvement in it rather than on the material means necessary for achieving such organization.
1908B. P. Bowne (title) Personalism. Ibid. iii. 111 We have now to consider the phenomenality of the physical world. This is the next step in the establishment of personalism. 1917Encycl. Relig. & Ethics IX. 771/2 Aristotle laid the foundation for personalism by affirming self-consciousness as the highest being. 1938tr. Mounier's Personalist Manifesto i. 1 Personalism is for us at present a sort of general pass-word. We are using it as an inclusive term for various doctrines that in our present historical situation can be made to agree upon the elementary physical and metaphysical conditions of a new civilization. 1947Partisan Rev. XIV. 396 Berdyaev developed into one of the outstanding religious writers of our time, preaching a synthesis of socialism, personalism, and corporate Christianity. 1957M. P. Fogarty Christian Democracy iii. 29 Personalism, as distinct from individualism, is held by Christian Democrats to imply a certain ‘solidarist’ conception of the individual's responsibility to and for the society around him. 1959Pacific Affairs XXXII. 77 Since 1956 the Ngo brothers and officials high and low in the government have referred to Personalism (and humanism) as the philosophical basis of the national revolution. 1966F. Copleston Hist. Philos. VIII. iii. xiii. 296 The basic tenet of personalism has been stated as the principle that reality has no meaning except in relation to persons; that the real is only in, of or for persons. 1971A. R. Caponigri Hist. Western Philos. V. vi. v. 349 He [sc. the person] finds the plenitude of his self-affirmation and of the affirmation of his vertical relation to God in the recognition of, and cooperation with, other persons. This has been called the social dimension of Stefanini's personalism.
c. Allegiance to a person, esp. a political leader, rather than to a party or ideology.
1937Times 4 Sept. 11/6 Personalism is a characteristic of Argentine politics. A party is the personal following of a man. 1964M. C. Needler Polit. Syst. Lat. Amer. xxi. 518 Personalism stands in inverse relation to permanence of party organization, the extreme case of personalism being found in the party organized solely to support the candidacy of one individual. 1970N. A. Victoria in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. xv. 557 One of the conditions which may favor the emergence of such leadership is an element of ‘personalism’, or the extraordinary extension of the personal and emotional sphere. 1976Encounter June 79 General Franco instinctively sensed something of the communal dangers inherent in Spanish personalism (‘individualism’ is the conventional term, but it fails to convey the whole meaning).
So ˈpersonalist, (a) a writer of personal notes, anecdotes, etc.; (b) a believer in or advocate of personalism (in any sense); also attrib.; personaˈlistic a., of or pertaining to a person considered as different and separate from other people, esp. of the psychological study of the individual in relation to his personal experience (see quots.); also occas. personaˈlistics n. pl. (treated as sing.).
1876Nation (N.Y.) 15 June 382 As a witty and slashing political personalist,..he was considered by friend and foe as without an equal. 1901Caldecott Philos. & Relig. xii. 85 If, however, a Personalist is found..secretly relying upon some peremptory intellectual or moral deliverances really universal in character, these must be brought to light, and he is passed from the school of pure Personalism to some other, accordingly. 1917Encycl. Relig. & Ethics IX. 771/2 In this sense Eucken, Howison, Bergson, James.., and others of the modern school may be called personalists. 1937Times 4 Sept. 11/6 The Radicals who remained faithful to the ‘Chief’ were known as Personalist or Irigoyenist Radicals. 1938tr. Mounier's Personalist Manifesto i. 1 We shall apply the term personalist to any doctrine or any civilization that affirms the primacy of the human person over material necessities and over the whole complex of implements man needs for the development of his person. 1929H. Klüver in G. Murphy Hist. Introd. Mod. Psychol. xxv. 424 But returning..to personalistic theory, some further implications of the ‘psychophysical neutrality’ of ‘person’ should be considered. 1936Mind XLV. 247 The ‘personalistic’ Psychologists go so far as to insist on the uniqueness of every combination of dispositions. 1938G. Reavey tr. Berdyaev's Solitude & Society 33 Personalist philosophy, as I understand it, has nothing in common with the subjectivist, individualist, empirical or nominalist currents of to-day. 1938H. D. Spoerl tr. Stern's Gen. Psychol. from Personalistic Standpoint p. vii, In spite of this basic concern with the whole fabric of psychological specialties, our book will maintain a thoroughly distinctive and novel point of view... This is the personalistic point of view, which here finds its first occasion to demonstrate its fitness to formulate and interpret a particular empirical science. Ibid. xxvii. 494 The author..points to this personalistic basis of transfer without knowing anything about personalistics. 1939Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXIX. 411 Stephenson..proposed to substitute a modified system of his own, which, he maintains, should lead to ‘an entirely new branch of psychometry, for which the term Personalistics may be coined’. Ibid. XXX. 65 The roots of ‘personalistics’ clearly go back to the classical researches embodied in the Differentielle Psychologie. 1956Jrnl. Theol. Stud. VII. 165 He [sc. Luther] maintains a thoroughly personalistic idea of grace, which is received by faith alone. 1962S. E. Finer Man on Horseback ix. 131 Paraguay..the parties—Colorados and Azules—are personalist cliques. 1969C. Davidson in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 359 The hippy movement has served to make many of our people withdraw into a personalistic, passive cult of consumption. 1970B. Brewster tr. Althusser & Balibar's Reading Capital (1975) ii. viii. 172 This is a stumbling-block for all the interpretations of Marxism as a ‘philosophy of labour’, whether ethical, personalist or existentialist. 1970D. Goldrich et al. in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. v. 190 APRA..the personalist party of former dictator General Odría. 1976H. A. Williams Tensions vi. 99 Personalist pastors, perhaps more than public campaigners, sometimes try (unsuccessfully) to impose a totalitarian tyranny upon scholars and thinkers. |