| 释义 |
perform, v.|pəˈfɔːm|
Forms: α. 4–6 par-, perfourme(n, parforme(n, (6 perfurme), 4–7 performe, 5– perform. β. 4–5 par-, perfourne(n, perforne(n; par-, perforny, perfourny.
[ME. a. OF. par-, perfourmer, -furmer, -former (rare, and chiefly AF.; 1291 in Godef.). This may have been originally f. par- (= per- 2) + former form v., or forme form n., so that the etymological sense would be ‘to carry through in due form’; on the other hand, it may have arisen as an etymologizing or a merely phonetic alteration of the much more frequent OF. parfournir (in AF. also rarely parfourner, 1st conj.) to accomplish entirely, achieve, complete, f. par- + -fournir to furnish: see perfurnish v. Whatever the formal etymology may have been, the AF. parfourmer and its Eng. representative derive their meaning entirely from parfournir. In the last quarter of the 14th c., some Eng. writers substituted par-, perfo(u)rn(e, in imitation of the form generally current in Fr., for the older par-, perfo(u)rme. The innovation, however, was soon abandoned: the forms with n occur in some 15th c. MSS. of Langland, Chaucer, and Gower, but our quotations exhibit no examples from works originally written later than 1400.]
†1.
a. trans. To carry through to completion; to complete, finish, perfect (an action, process, work, etc.). Obs.
αc1374Chaucer Troylus iii. 417 Þis grete emprise Parforme it out, for now is most nede. 1382Wyclif Phil. i. 6 He that bigan in ȝou a good work, schal performe til into the day of Jhesu Crist [1611 will performe it (marg.) or will finish it; 1881 R.V. will perfect it]. c1440Alph. Tales 159 Þer chiftan..chargid hym to perform at he had begon. 1481Caxton Myrr. i. xx. 60 The sonne..hath perfourmed his cours round aboute therthe. 1535Coverdale 1 Chron. xxvii. 24 Ioab..had begonne to nombre them, and perfourmed it not. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike 32 Confirmed by appetite, or affection, performed by nature, and outward adiuuants.
βc1386Chaucer Merch. T. 551 (Ellesm.) Parfourned [so Heng.; 5 MSS. par-, perfo(u)rmed] hath the sonne his Ark diurne.
b. To complete or make up by addition of what is wanting. Also with up. Obs.
c1391Chaucer Astrol. ii. §10 Than shal the remenant þat leueth performe the howr inequal by nyght. 1494Fabyan Chron. v. lxxxiv. 62 Then to furnysshe or perfourme the Story of Vortiger, nedefull it is or necessary to retourne to the matier where we before laft. 1530Privy Purse Exp. Hen. VIII (1827) 26 Delivered..to performe up A somme .xls. 1537in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. lxxxviii. 229 That the sacrament of Confirmation is a sacrament performing the sacrament of Baptism.
βc1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 553 (Ellesm. & Heng.) The Confessour..Shal parfourne vp the nombre of his Couent.
c. To make up or supply (what is wanting).
a1533Ld. Berners Huon cli. 577, I pray to god to parfourme that she wantethe. 1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (1895) 170 The lacke of the one is performed and fylled vp with the aboundaunce of the other.
†2.
a. To finish making, complete the construction of (a material object or structure). bed performed, a bed fully furnished, a bed complete. Obs.
c1450Lovelich Grail xliv. 191 And whanne the towr performed Is, thanne schal it be Clepid with-Owten Mys; ‘the towr Of Merveilles’. c1483Caxton Dialogues 33 Donaas the doblet maker Hath performed [orig. parfaicte] my doublet. 1494in Somerset Med. Wills (1901) 323 To performe my bed abovesaid a paire of shetes owte of my cofer. 1531in Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 77 To my servante Margery,..a crocke, a flockebed performyd.
b. esp. To complete by addition of ornament, to ‘finish off’, decorate, trim. Obs.
1420E.E. Wills (1882) 46 Also a dosen of peutre vessell performyd. 1483in Antiq. Rep. (1807) I. 40 The furr of the same trappour perfourmed with xxij ermyn bakks. 1530in Weaver Wells Wills 18 Half a dossyn of pewter vessells performyd. 1612Wardr. Acc. P'cess Elizabeth's Marriage, Rich white florence cloth of silver to make one goun for a bride maiden, and to performe another.
†3.
a. To make, construct (a material object); to execute (a piece of work, literary or artistic). Obs.
1463in Bury Wills (Camden) 43 That my executours performe [ed. pfoore] and do make Seynt Marie awter, Rysbygate, and y⊇ croos beforn my gate. 1478[see performing vbl. n. 3]. 1505in Gage Hist. Suffolk (1838) 145 Paid to Oliver mason for..performing a dore. 1535Coverdale Ecclus. Prol., I laboured and dyd my best to perfourme this boke. 1610Map Nottinghams., Performed by Iohn Speede and are to be sold in Popes head Alley. 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 6 A Ship..may be as well performed as such large Buildings. 1766Entick London IV. 408 The goodness of the pavement, lately performed with Scotch stone. 1774J. Bryant Mythol. II. 442 A garland..of Mosaic, or inlaid work, and not ill performed.
b. absol. or intr. To compose a work or treatise; to write (upon a subject). Obs. rare.
1703S. Parker Eusebius vi. 107 Hyppolitus..another of the Writers of that time,..perform'd upon the Six Days-Creation, and upon part of the Sacred History immediately following it.
†4. To bring about, bring to pass, cause, effect, produce (a result). Also with obj. clause. Obs.
α13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 542 Lo! suche a wrakful wo..Parformed þe hyȝe fader on folke þat he made. 1382Wyclif Prov. xvi. 30 That..thenketh shreude thingis,..parformeth euel. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xvi. 173 Al þe witt of þis worlde..Can nat performen a pees..Profitable for boþe parties. 1548Gest Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life (1840) App. i. 91 O holy Trinite performe that thys sacryfyce..may be acceptable to the. 1610Shakes. Temp. i. ii. 194 Hast thou, Spirit, Performd to point, the Tempest that I bad thee? 1700Maidwell in Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 313 This beneficial act..may perform the support of this..academy. 1715Desaguliers Fires Impr. Title-p., Altering..Chimneys..already Built, so that they shall perform the same Effects.
βc1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. ii. 67 (Add. MS.) Certys þer nys non oþer þing þat may so weel perfourny [v.r. performe] blisfulnesse as an estat plenteuous of alle goodes. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiii. 78 Þis goddes gloton..he perforneth [v.r. performeþ; C. xvi. 87 perfourneþ] yuel. 1390Gower Conf. III. 351 Ovide ek seith that love to parforne [rime Satorne] Stant in the hond of Venus the goddesse.
5. To carry out in action (a command, request, promise, undertaking, etc.); to carry into effect, execute, fulfil, discharge.
α [1291in R. de Avesb. Mirab. Gesta (1720) 18 Qil..eit la seisine de tut la terre & des chastiels Descoce tauntqe droit soit fait & performe.] c1350Will. Palerne 1558 Wenestow þat i wold his wille now parfourme? c1391Chaucer Astrol. Prol., There ben some conclusions þat wole nat in alle thinges performen hir byhestes. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xxi. (1859) 22 Yf it so were that he had ony tyme perfourmed his promysse. 1535Coverdale Ps. lx[i]. 8 Yt I maye daylie perfourme my vowes. 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 385 He was not onely not able to perform his threats, but also unable to defend himself. 1728Young Odes to King 22 Our Fleet, if war, or commerce, call, His will performs. 1875G. W. Dasent Vikings I. 148 Sigvald had..performed the first of the two conditions.
β1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 290 Pore men perfornen [C. xix. 128 parfournen] þe comaundement. Ibid. xv. 320 Who perfourneth þis prophecye of the peple þat now lybbeth?.. If any peple perfourme þat texte, it ar þis pore freres! c1380Sir Ferumb. 355 Yf þou þyn auaunt perforny myȝt, a-rys vp anon and diȝt þe. Ibid. 1994 By Mahoun,..parforny y wol þy red. 1390Gower Conf. III. 131 Which of his kinde mot parforne The will of Marte and of Satorne. 1395E.E. Wills 10 To parfourne trewly this testament.
6. a. To carry out, achieve, accomplish, execute (that which is commanded, promised, undertaken, etc., or, in extended sense, any action, operation, or process undertaken or entered upon); to go through and finish, to work out, do, make.
α13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 406 Þenne al..Par-formed alle þe penaunce þat þe prynce radde. 1382Wyclif John v. 36 The workis that my fadir ȝaf to me that I performe hem, the ilke workis that I do. 1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 26 Than fynt he hymself..More strong to performyn his journe. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 16 b, Let euery persone..go forth strongly..performynge his pilgrymage to our lorde god. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa viii. 313 The inhabitants of Cairo..will promise much, but performe little. 1605Shakes. Macb. iii. iv. 77 Murthers haue bene perform'd Too terrible for the eare. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 271 They performe this office for three yeeres. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 335 That Sea-Fight perform'd between the French Fleet..and the English Fleet. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. i. ii. 36 To perform the foregoing Problem Arithmetically. c1750in ‘Bat’ Crick. Man. (1850) 30 It [cricket] is performed by a person who..defends a wicket. 1797A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) V. 270 While this operation was performing [= being performed], another carriage was heard. 1799Hull Advertiser 23 Mar. 1/4 The Lazaretto where the French were performing quarantine. 1849Thackeray Pendennis xxvii, I have had to go up and perform the agreeable to most of them. 1868Lockyer Elem. Astron. ix. (1879) 319 The Moon's nodes perform a complete revolution in nineteen years.
β [1315Rolls of Parlt. I. 351/2 Qe les busoignes tochauntes li et son Roiaume ne seient faites ne perfurnies sanz assent de li.] 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 405, I parfourned [v.r. performed] neure penaunce as þe preste me hiȝte. c1386Chaucer Doctor's T. 151 (Ellesm. & Heng.) How þat his lecherie Parfourned sholde been ful subtilly.
†b. Loosely, in antithesis to promise, etc.: To grant, furnish, give, pay, that which is promised.
a1569[see performed ppl. a. below]. 1582N. T. (Rhem.) John xii. 19 note, He [Holy Ghost] is promised and performed onely to the Church and chiefe gouernors and general councils thereof. a1661Fuller Worthies, Sussex (1662) 167 Performing Life to those to whom he promised it.
c. absol. or intr. To do or carry out what one has to do, or has undertaken; to discharge one's function, do one's part; to do, act (well, ill, etc.).
1382Wyclif 2 Cor. viii. 11 Now forsothe and in dede performe ȝe. 1607Shakes. Cor. i. i. 271 Though he performe To th' vtmost of a man. 1696Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 109 All their utensils and moulds..which performed with great dexterity. 1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 84 Horses..that would perform better upon a Journey than such as eat twice the Quantity. 1858Bushnell Nat. & Supernat. ii. (1862) 29 Paul found it present with him to will, but could not find how to perform. 1886St. Stephen's Rev. 13 Mar. 11/2 Florin [racehorse]..performed most moderately.
7. a. spec. To do, go through, or execute formally or solemnly (a duty, public function, ceremony, or rite; a piece of music, a play, etc.).
[c1386Chaucer Prioress' T. 4 Noght oonly thy laude precious Parfourned is by men of dignitee, But by the mouth of children thy bountee Parfourned is.] 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 62 They abhorred the killing of Kine, but performed much worship to them. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 109 Four Churches..where Divine-Service is performed but once a year. 1709Steele Tatler No. 4 ⁋4 The Opera of Pyrrhus and Demetrius was performed with great Applause. 1766Entick London IV. 447 Several..songs are performed. 1771T. Hull Sir W. Harrington (1797) III. 102 All the time the ceremony was performing [= being performed]. 1804–6Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 175 Any air..performed upon such an instrument as the bagpipe. 1848Whewell in Todhunter Acc. His Writ. (1876) II. 343 His brother..had then just written a play which was performing at the Français. 1848Dickens Dombey iii, The funeral..having been performed to the entire satisfaction of the undertaker. 1872J. L. Sanford Estimates Eng. Kings, Chas. I 334 The mass performed by the priest at the altar.
b. To act, play (a part or character).
1610Shakes. Temp. iii. iii. 83 Brauely the figure of this Harpie, hast thou Perform'd (my Ariell). 1711Steele Spect. No. 141 ⁋2 In Acting, barely to perform the Part is not commendable, but to be the least out is contemptible. 1802tr. Ducray-Duminil's Victor III. 272 One of my people..in the habit of an ecclesiastic performed the hypocrite to admiration. 1805W. Cooke Mem. S. Foote I. 67 Foote himself performed the character of Buck at Drury-lane.
c. absol. or intr. To act in a play; to perform music, play or sing; to go through a performance.
1836Lane Mod. Egypt. (1849) II. vii. 113 Players of low and ridiculous farces..called Mohhabbazee'n..frequently perform at the festivals prior to weddings and circumcisions. 1842Macaulay Ess., Fredk. Gt. (1887) 695 He..performed skilfully on the flute. 1903Daily Chron. 23 Nov. 5/1 Much better adapted..to a soloist—whether performing on larynx, violin or piano.
†d. trans. To play upon, play (a musical instrument). Obs. rare.
1811Busby Dict. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v. Master of Song, To teach the children of the chapel-royal to sing, and to perform the organ.
e. intr. To display extreme anger or bad temper; to swear loudly; to make a great fuss. Austral. slang.
1901M. Franklin My Brilliant Career xix. 163 Bad⁓tempered is a tame name for it. You should have seen the dust he raised the other day with old Benson. He just did perform. 1911L. Stone Jonah v. 45 Ow'l Chook perform, if 'e ain't at Ada's? 1959Baker Drum (1960) ix. 68 We say that a man performs when he is indulging in a frenzy of anger or vituperation.
Hence perˈformed ppl. a.
c1440Promp. Parv. 383/1 Parformyd.., perfectus, completus. c1530Pol., Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 31 A performyd towre & a baare cofyr make, ovyr late, the greate bilder wyse. 1538Elyot Dict., Actus.., performed. a1569A. Kingsmill Man's Est. ix. (1580) 51 The promise of the hoped and performed Saviour. [Cf. 6 b above.]
Add:[6.] d. spec. To copulate or have sexual intercourse (esp. satisfactorily). slang.
1901Farmer & Henley Slang V. 173/2 Perform,..to copulate. 1974in H. & R. Greenwald Sex-Life Lett. 139 My problem is that when I have sex with my wife..I am potent, strong, and virile; but when I go to bed with any other woman I am quite impotent and unable to perform. 1978K. Amis Jake's Thing iv. 41 ‘I..performed. Not with any distinction, but adequately..afterwards..I kept thinking about the trout.’.. ‘Hunger is a normal reaction on completion of sexual intercourse.’ 1979J. Scott Clutch of Vipers i. 10 Frankie had..[put] her in charge of one of his brothels... She did a good job, but never performed herself.
e. Comm. Of an investment: to yield a high (low, etc.) return; esp. to be profitable.
1967Institutional Investor Apr. 16/1 The original favorites were sold simply because they ceased to perform. 1968Rolo & Nelson Anat. Wall St. v. 49 ‘Performance funds’ as a group had indeed performed well. 1973L. Rukeyser How to make Money in Wall St. iv. 25 Make..each registered representative's compensation a function of how well his accounts have performed. 1984Observer 26 Feb. 27/2 Our shares have underperformed since 1977, but this time we have performed. 1987Times 26 Aug. 19/5 We also want our {pstlg}120 million investment in the company to perform and it is not performing at present. |