| 释义 |
binary, a. and n.|ˈbaɪnərɪ|
[ad. L. bīnāri-us, f. bīnī two together.]
A. adj. Of, pertaining to, characterized by, or compounded of, two; dual:
a. gen. binary system (of classification): one by which each group and sub-group is perpetually divided into two, the one with a positive and the other with a negative character, till individuals (or genera) are reached.
1766Croker, etc. Compl. Dict., The cubitus..is composed of a binary number of bones. 1835W. Swainson Geogr. & Class. Anim. §250 Binary or dichotomous systems, although regulated by a principle, are among the most artificial arrangements that have been ever invented. 1885J. Lecky in Proc. Philol. Soc. 19 Dec., A stress-group might have a ternary effect when only containing two syllables, and a binary effect when containing three.
b. in Music. binary measure: that which has two beats to a bar. binary form: the form of a movement which is founded on two principal themes or subjects.
1597Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., That circle..with the binarie cipher following it, signified the lesse moode perfect, and time vnperfect. 1609Douland Ornithop. Microl. 50 The Song is..[to] end in a Binarie measure. 1782Burney Hist. Mus. II. v. 454 All measure was then, as at present, reducible to two standards of proportion, the Ternary and Binary, or perfect and imperfect, which we now call Triple and Common Time. 1875Ouseley Mus. Forms 70 Handel's longer airs are written in..the ancient binary form.
c. in Astron. binary stars or binary system: two stars or suns, one of which revolves round the other, or both of which revolve round a common centre.
1802W. Herschel in Phil. Trans. XCII. 481 The binary sidereal system which we are now to consider. 1878Lockyer Star-gaz. xxiv, The binary stars, those compound bodies, those suns revolving round each other.
d. in Chem. and Min. binary compound: one consisting of two elements. binary theory: that which considers all acids as compounds of hydrogen with a radicle simple or compound (as H + Cl, H + NO3), and all salts as similar compounds with a metal replacing hydrogen (as K + Cl, K + NO3).
1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. Pref. 12 Acidiferous substances..and their binary combinations with oxygene. 1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 365 Mica-schist..is a binary compound of quartz and mica. 1863Watts Dict. Chem. I. 42 In 1816 Dulong proposed the theory, since known as the binary or hydrogen-theory of acids.
e. in Cryst. (See quot.)
1816R. Jameson Char. Min. (1817) 216 A crystal is named binary, bibinary, tribinary, when it experiences one, two, or three decrements by two rows.
f. in Math. binary arithmetic: a method of computation in which the binary scale is used, suggested by Leibnitz. binary scale: the scale of notation whose ratio is 2, in which, therefore, 1 of the ordinary (denary) scale is expressed by 1, 2 by 10, 3 by 11, 4 by 100, etc. binary logarithms: a system invented by Euler for use in musical calculations, in which 1 is the logarithm of 2, and the modulus is 1·442695. Cf. j below.
1796C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. I. 206/1 Binary number, that which is composed of two numbers. Binary arithmetic, that in which two figures or characters, viz, 1 and 0, only are used; the cipher multiplying every thing by 2, as in the common arithmetic by 10: thus, 1 is one, 10 is 2, 11 is 3, 100 is 4, 101 is 5. 1823J. Mitchell Dict. Math. & Phys. Sci. 327/2 Therefore 1810 = 11100010010 in the binary scale. 1858Cayley Math. Papers (1889) II. 527 Certain binary quantics, viz. the quadric, the cubic, and the quartic. 1860[see ternary a. 1 e]. 1861Binary scale [see scale n.3 6 b]. 1871Cayley in Messenger of Math. V. 53 A covariant of the binary form U. 1898― Math. Papers (Suppl.) 78 Tables of Binary Quadratic Forms. 1929L. E. Dickson Introd. Theory Numbers v. 63 The function q = ax2 + bxy + cy2 is called a binary quadratic form. 1941D. H. Lehmer Guide to Tables in Theory of Numbers 37 These tables give the primes also in the binary scale, or rather in a condensed form of binary scale. 1957Encycl. Brit. I. 607/2 Forms in two variables are called binary... Consider a binary quadric: —f(x) = x21-x22.
g. binary colour U.S. (see quots.).
1876S. R. Koehler tr. von Bezold's Theory of Color p. xxiii, The other colors of the spectrum are called secondary or binary, since..each is composed of two primary colors. 1919H. D. Eberlein et al. Interior Decorating ii. ii. 192 The primary colours are yellow, red and blue, and the binary colours (those composed of two) are orange (yellow and red), violet (red and blue) and green (yellow and blue). 1937Discovery July 217/1 Binary colours, that is to say, colours obtained by combining two of the above [sc. the primary colours].
h. In Biol., binary fission: the division of a cell or organism into two (see fission n. 2).
1897Parker & Haswell Textbk. Zool. I. i. 14 It is mainly by this simple process of division into two, or binary fission as it is called, that reproduction or multiplication takes place in the Amœba. 1910Encycl. Brit. IX. 317/1 The division of the nucleus is effected by the process called binary fission; that is to say, it divides into two, then each of these divides simultaneously again into two, giving four nuclei; each of these after a pause again simultaneously divides into two.
i. Logic. Involving two items or terms.
1933Mind XLII. 203, a × b, or simply ab, is the result of a binary operation on a and b. 1951W. V. Quine Math. Logic i. 13 Conjunction and alternation are binary, in that they combine statements two at a time. 1956A. Church Introd. Math. Logic 33 A connective is called singulary, binary, ternary, etc., according to the number of its operands.
j. binary digit, one of the two digits (conventionally 0 or 1) in a binary system of notation; also = bit n.1 binary number, binary system, esp. with reference to electronic computers.) Cf. f above.
1946A. W. Burks et al. Electr. Computing Instr. in von Neumann's Works (1963) V. 42 An accuracy of ten decimal digits requires at least 40 binary digits. 1946Electronic Engin. XVIII. 373/1 The internal working of the machine will be entirely in the binary system, in which a number is represented by a series of 1's and 0's, the 1's being pulses and the 0's the spaces between them. 1948Ibid. XX. 209 For mathematical reasons..it was decided to make provision for 34 binary digits in each number. 1948[see bit n.4]. 1951Electronic Engin. XXIII. 140 Binary numbers can be conveniently represented in electrical circuits. 1953Sci. News XXX. 83 Elemental areas of the track magnetized with positive and negative polarity represent the binary digits. 1957Encycl. Brit. XII. 350A/1 The simplest type of choice is a choice from two possibilities, each with probability ½... It is convenient to use the amount of information produced by such a choice as the basic unit and it has been called a binary digit or, more briefly, a ‘bit’.
k. Linguistics. Having two elements or aspects.
1921E. Sapir Language ii. 25 We may..analyze the words sings, singing, and singer as binary expressions involving a fundamental concept of subject matter (sing), and a further concept of more abstract order. 1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form 6 The modern fashionability of the binary opposition. 1953J. B. Carroll Stud. Lang. ii. 34 These distinctive features [of the phoneme] consist of binary, two-valued oppositions or contrasts, such as voiced/unvoiced, high/low, rounded/unrounded.
l. Designating a system of higher education (see quot. 1965).
1965Sun 2 Nov. 11/5 The present Government have decided..to establish what they call a binary system of education. On the one hand would be the universities and the colleges of education. On the other hand would be the local authority regional and area colleges of technology, cut off from the universities and getting their degrees and other diplomas and certificates from a quite independent source. 1969Listener 27 Mar. 414/1 People complain of what they call the binary system of higher education. It's quite wrong, we're told, to set the universities apart from other institutions of advanced education.
m. Mil. Designating a weapon in which two harmless chemicals are combined after firing to form the charge.
1973Nature 5 Oct. 231/1 Binary weapons open up the possibility of getting rid of the stockpiles of lethal nerve gases that are now stored in army depots throughout the United States. 1980Sci. Amer. Apr. 34/2 Requests by the U.S. Army for funds to build production facilities for a new generation of poison-gas artillery projectiles, called binary munitions, have been rejected by Congress and the Administration. 1981Observer 19 July 6/9 The two men shipped binary liquid explosives from America through Britain to..Uganda.
B. n.
1. A combination of two things; a couple, pair, ‘two’; duality. ? Obs.
1460J. Capgrave Chron. 3 Make eke thre binaries. As for the first, think that ye be mad of to natures—body and soule. a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. ii. x. §4 (1622) 307 If you desire to make Two, or a Binary. [1627Bacon Sylva §608 This same Binarium of a Stronger and a Weaker..doth hold in all Living Bodies.] 1782Burney Hist. Mus. I. 65 The Alpha, or unit..and the Beta, or binary. 1837Fraser's Mag. XVI. 405 The invariable opposition..of the binaries of boats and Anubises.
2. Astron. A binary star or system. Cf. A c.
1868Lockyer Heavens 351 The elliptical or oval form of this binary [ξ in Ursa Major]. 1882Athenæum 27 May 670/1 Binaries, or stars known to be physically double.
3. Mil. A binary weapon.
1974Nature 5 Apr. 467/1 The weapons, which are called binaries,..will consist of two chemical components neither of which is lethal by itself, but which will form a highly potent nerve agent when they are mixed together. 1981Observer 19 July 4/8 Binaries stored..in Europe would make resupply much easier. 1986City Limits 29 May 8 The new generation of ‘binaries’ (delivered by missile or any other operational delivery system) are as significant a military event as the plan to build neutron bombs in the late 1970s.
Add: [c indigo][A.] n.[/c] binary tree (Computing): a tree in which each node has two or fewer subtrees or pointers, esp. a balanced tree of this kind; a configuration that can be represented in this way. Cf. *B-tree n.
1960Computer Jrnl. III. 84/2 Any other point [than the root] is connected to one and only one point in the next lower level and up to n points in the next higher level. For a binary tree, n = 2 and we shall discuss only binary trees in what follows. 1968D. E. Knuth Art of Computer Programming I. ii. 315 General trees are usually represented in terms of some equivalent binary tree inside a computer. 1983P. Linz Programming Concepts & Problem Solving x. 255 Arithmetic expressions can also be represented by binary trees. 1984Sci. News 16 June 380/2 Underpinning NON VON's architecture is a structural configuration known as a ‘binary tree’. In it, a single, tiny processor is connected to two identical ones beneath it, each of which is in turn connected to two more below it, and so on.
Add:[A.] [j.] binary-coded decimal adj. phr., designating or expressed in a system of notation according to which each digit of a decimal number is expressed as its binary equivalent, with four binary digits for each decimal digit; also as n., a number expressed in this notation.
1948Math. Tables & Other Aids to Computation III. 286 Decimal numbers must also be..stored in the binary-coded decimal notation to a normal precision of 8 decimal digits. 1959E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer iv. 47 As indicated previously, humans are trained to think decimally, but computers operate in a binary mode. This gap is bridged by the use of binary-coded decimal (bcd) systems. 1960Gregory & Van Horn Automatic Data-Processing Syst. ii. 48 The conversion of a decimal number into a binary-coded decimal..is simpler than its conversion into binary. 1985Practical Computing July 35/4 The best cure for this sort of nonsense is to perform all arithmetic using the binary-coded decimal (BCD) notation of four bits per decimal unit. |