| 释义 |
Pareto|pæˈreɪtəʊ, -ˈiːtəʊ|
The name of the Italian economist and sociologist, Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), used attrib. and in the possessive to indicate his theories or methods and esp. the law, or mathematical formula, in which he claimed that the distribution of income for any society could be expressed.
1920A. C. Pigou Econ. of Welfare v. ii. 699 When these points are conceded, the general defence of ‘Pareto's law’ as a law of even limited necessity rapidly crumbles. 1930E. R. A. Seligman in Political Sci. Q. XLV. 341. His Cours d'economie politique..contained among other notable contributions the first formulation of the principle which subsequently became known as Pareto's law. This was a generalization which attempted to express the relation between the amount of income and the number of its recipients. 1937Yule & Kendall Introd. Theory Statistics (ed. 11) vi. 100 In economic statistics this form of distribution [sc. the extremely asymmetrical] is particularly characteristic of the distribution of wealth in the population at large.., and the curve to which it gives rise has been called the ‘Pareto line’, after Vilfredo Pareto. 1949[see ergodicity]. 1962Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Aug. 634/1 The Pareto coefficients measuring such interspatial and intertemporal differentials of remuneration show ‘a very considerable consistency’. 1967[see impossibility 4]. 1968Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. XI. 406/1 Thus, Pareto's law is nothing else than the ordinary negative exponential distribution, truncated at the left to log h. 1971I. J. Good in Public Choice X. 99 The definition of a Pareto-optimal set is a set such that every point outside it is dominated by at least one point inside it, whereas no point inside it is dominated by any other point in it. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XIX. 680/1 The right-hand tail of the Pareto curve for disposable income distribution is curved downward considerably by taxation. 1974Times 25 Mar. 17/8 We were warned of the dangers of Pareto's law—to spend 80 per cent of the time on 20 per cent of the people.
Add:b. Special collocation. Pareto-optimal a., pertaining to or designating a distribution of wealth, etc., among individuals which is such that any redistribution which is beneficial to one or more individuals is detrimental to one or more others.
1954Économie Appliquée VII. 211 Unless the conditions, under which the search for Pareto-optimal points is to take place, are explicitly indicated, the definition of a Pareto-optimal region has no sense. 1968J. M. Buchanan Demand & Supply of Public Goods vi. 113 Once a point within the Pareto set is attained..any shift must harm at least one person; no Pareto-optimal moves can be made. 1971I. J. Good in Public Choice X. 99 The definition of a Pareto-optimal set is a set such that every point outside it is dominated by at least one point inside it, whereas no point inside it is dominated by any other point in it. 1980A. J. Jones Game Theory v. 239 A two person non-cooperative game with payoffs P1, P2 to player 1 and 2 respectively is a game of pure conflict or an antagonistic game if all outcomes are Pareto optimal. 1986Oxf. Econ. Papers XXXVIII. ii. 313 The competitive solution is paretooptimal for given expected paths for demand, supply, and technology. |